Periscope

^[1]^[2]periscope bụ ngwá ọrụ maka ile anya, gburugburu ma ọ bụ site na ihe, ihe mgbochi ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ nke na-egbochi ile anya anya kpọmkwem site na ọnọdụ onye na-ekiri ugbu a.

N'ụdị ya kachasị mfe, ọ nwere igbe dị n'èzí nke nwere enyo na njedebe ọ bụla nke a na-etinye n'akụkụ ibe ya na 45° angle. Ụdị periscope ^[2], na mgbakwunye na nke abụọ dị mfe lenses, jere ozi maka nleba anya nzube na trenches n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ. Ndị agha na-ejikwa periscopes na ụfọdụ egbe turrets na n'ụgbọala ndị agha agha.

Ihe periscopes ndị siri ike na-eji prisms ma ọ bụ fiber optics dị elu karịa enyo na inye nkwalite na-arụ ọrụ na ụgbọ mmiri okpuru mmiri na n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke sayensị. Nhazi nke periscope okpuru mmiri nke oge gboo dị nnọọ mfe: teliskop abụọ na-atụ aka na ibe ya. Ọ bụrụ na teliskop abụọ ahụ nwere mmụba dị iche iche nke onye ọ bụla, ọdịiche dị n'etiti ha na-ebute mmụba ma ọ bụ mbelata n'ozuzu ya.

Ihe Nlereanya Mbụ

Johannes Hevelius kọwara periscope mbụ (nke ọ kpọrọ "polemoscope") nwere oghere anya na 1647 n'ọrụ ya Selenographia, sive Lunae descriptio [Selenography, ma ọ bụ akụkọ nke ọnwa]. Hevelius hụrụ ngwa agha maka ihe o mepụtara.

N'afọ 1854, Hippolyte Marié-Davy mepụtara periscope ụgbọ mmiri mbụ, nke nwere tube kwụ ọtọ nwere obere enyo abụọ a na-etinye na njedebe ọ bụla na 45 °. Simon Lake jiri periscopes mee ihe n'ụgbọ mmiri ya n'okpuru mmiri na 1902. ^[3]Sir Howard Grubb meziri ngwaọrụ ahụ na Agha Ụwa Mbụ. Morgan Robertson (1861-1915) kwuru na ya gbalịrị inweta ikike nke periscope: ọ kọwara ụgbọ mmiri n'okpuru mmiri na-eji periscope eme ihe n'ọrụ akụkọ ifo ya.

Periscopes, n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ a na-ejikọta ya na égbè, rụrụ ọrụ na Agha Ụwa Mbụ (1914-1918) iji mee ka ndị agha nwee ike ịhụ n'elu trenches, si otú a zere ikpughe ọkụ ndị iro (karịsịa site n'aka ndị na-agba égbè). A hụkwara iji égbè periscope mee ihe n'oge agha ahụ - nke a bụ égbè ndị agha nke a hụrụ site na periscope, ya mere onye na-agba égbè nwere ike ịtụ ma gbaa égbè ahụ site n'ọnọdụ dị nchebe n'okpuru mgbidi trench.

N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ (1939-1945), ndị na-ekiri ogbunigwe na ndị ọrụ uwe ojii na-eji binoculars periscope arụpụtara kpọmkwem nke nwere mgbago dị iche iche. Ụfọdụ n'ime ha kwekwara ka ha tụọ anya ebe a na-atụ anya, ebe e mere ha ka ọ bụrụ ndị na-achọpụta ihe stereoscopic rangefinder. ^{[citation needed]}

Periscopes nke ụgbọ agha

Ụgbọ ala na ụgbọ ala ndị agha na-eji periscopes: ha na-enyere ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala, ndị isi ụgbọ mmiri na ndị ọzọ nọ n'ụgbọala aka inyocha ọnọdụ ha site n'elu ụlọ. Tupu e mechaa periscopes, a na-egbutu oghere ọhụụ ozugbo na ngwa agha ka ndị bi na ya hụ. Periscopes na-enye ohere ka anya n'èzí ụgbọ ala na-enweghị mkpa ibelata oghere ọhụụ ndị a na-esighị ike n'ihu na n'akụkụ, na-echebe nke ọma ụgbọ ala na ndị nọ n'ime ya.

Protectoscope bụ ngwaọrụ ọhụhụ periscopic yiri nke emebere iji nye windo n'efere agha, dị ka mgbawa ọhụụ ozugbo. Otu periscope kọmpat n'ime ihe nchekwa nchekwa na-enye ohere ka e were efere nwere ihe agha kpuchiri oghere ahụ oghere. Nke a na-egbochi ohere ịbanye maka obere ọkụ ogwe aka, na-enwe naanị obere ọdịiche dị na elu ọhụụ, mana ọ ka na-achọ ka e belata ngwa agha ahụ.

N'ihe gbasara ụgbọ agha agha, dị ka tankị, enwere ike ịkpọ ngwaọrụ ọhụụ periscopic dị ka episcope. N'ọnọdụ a, periscope na-ezo aka na ngwaọrụ nke nwere ike ịtụgharị iji nye ohere dị obosara (ma ọ bụ na-edozi ya n'ime nzukọ nke nwere ike), ebe a na-edochi episcope n'ọnọdụ.

Enwere ike ịkpọ periscopes site na slang, dịka ọmụmaatụ. "shufti-scope"^[4]

Gundlach na Vickers 360-degree periscopes

Otu mmepe dị mkpa, Gundlach rotary periscope, tinyere elu na-agbagharị agbagharị na prism ọzọ a na-ahọrọ nke gbanwere anya. Nke a nyere onye isi tankị ohere inweta ebe a na-ahụ 360-degree n'ebughị oche ya, gụnyere anya azụ site na itinye aka na prism ọzọ. Nhazi a, nke Rudolf Gundlach nyere ikike n'afọ 1936, bụ nke mbụ e ji mee ihe na tankị ọkụ Polish 7-TP (nke e mepụtara site na 1935 ruo 1939).

Dị ka akụkụ nke ndị agha Polish-British tupu Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, e rere patent ahụ nye Vickers-Armstrong ebe ọ hụrụ n'ihu mmepe maka ojiji na tankị Britain, gụnyere Crusader, Churchill, Valentine, na Cromwell ụdị dị ka Vickers Tank Periscope. MK.IV.

E kesara teknụzụ Gundlach-Vickers na Ndị agha America maka iji ya na tankị ya gụnyere Sherman, nke e wuru iji mezuo ihe ndị Britain na US chọrọ. Nke ^[5] hụrụ esemokwu mgbe agha gasịrị site n'omume iwu: "Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ na ogologo agha ụlọ ikpe gasịrị, na 1947 ya, Rudolf Gundlach, natara nnukwu ụgwọ maka ikike periscope ya site n'aka ụfọdụ n'ime ndị na-emepụta ya. "

USSR depụtakwara atụmatụ ahụ ma jiri ya mee ihe nke ukwuu na tankị ya, gụnyere T-34 na T-70. Ntinye ndị ahụ dabeere na ụgbọ ala ndị Britain Lend-Lease, ọtụtụ akụkụ na-anọgide na-agbanwere. Germany mekwara ma jiri ya mee ihe. ^[5]

Mgbọ égbè Periscopic

E webatara anya periscopic n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. N'iji ya eme ihe na Britain, e nyere Vickers periscope akara ngosi, na-eme ka prisms n'ihu na n'azụ dị n'usoro iji nweta ntụziaka ziri ezi. Na tankị ndị ọzọ dị ka Churchill na Cromwell, episcope yiri nke ahụ nyere usoro nyocha ndabere nke jikọtara ya na anya vane n'elu ụlọ elu.

Mgbe e mesịrị, tankị Sherman nke US rụrụ na tankị Centurion na Charioteer nke Britain jiri ezigbo anya periscopic dochie anya anya anya anya isi anya anya anya. A na-ejikọta anya periscopic na égbè ahụ n'onwe ya, na-enye ohere ijide elu (a na-edozi ntụgharị dị ka akụkụ nke ụlọ elu na-agbagharị). Ihe ngosi ahụ bụ akụkụ nke periscope n'ozuzu ya, na-enye onye na-agba égbè ọhụụ zuru oke karịa ka o kwere omume na mbụ na anya telescopic. ^[6]FV4201 Chieftain jiri TESS (TElescopic Sighting System) mepụtara na mbido afọ 1980 nke e mesịrị ree dị ka ihe karịrị akarị maka iji na ụgbọ elu RAF Phantom. ^[7]

Periscopes AFV pụrụ iche nke oge a

N'iji ya eme ihe n'oge a, periscopes pụrụ iche nwekwara ike inye ọhụụ abalị. Embedded Image Periscope (EIP) nke Kent Periscopes mepụtara ma nye ikike ikike na-enye ọrụ periscope ọhụụ maka nlele nke oge ehihie nke gburugburu ụgbọ ala tinyere ikike igosi ihe oyiyi dijitalụ site na ihe mmetụta na igwefoto dị iche iche (gụnyere okpomọkụ na ìhè dị ala) nke mere na onyinyo ahụ na-apụta "etinye" n'ime otu ahụ ma gosipụta ya n'ọnọdụ dị mma.

Iji ụgbọ mmiri eme ihe

Periscopes na-enye ohere ka ụgbọ mmiri dị n'okpuru mmiri, mgbe ọ dị n'ime mmiri n'ebe na-adịghị omimi, chọọ ihe ndị dị nso na egwu n'elu mmiri na n'ime ikuku. Mgbe a na-ejighị ya mee ihe, periscope nke Ụgbọ mmiri n'okpuru mmiri na-agbadata n'ime ahụ. O^[8] isi ụgbọ mmiri n'okpuru mmiri n'ọnọdụ dị iche iche ga-eme ihe n'ụzọ dị nro mgbe ọ na-eji periscope ya, ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-emepụta anya a na-ahụ anya (ma nwee ike ịchọpụta site na Radar), ^[9] na-enye ọnọdụ ụgbọ mmiri n"okpuru mmiri.

Marie-Davey rụrụ periscope ụgbọ mmiri dị mfe, nke a na-ejighị n'aka na 1854. Thomas H. Doughty nke United States Navy mechara mepụta ụdị prismatic maka iji ya mee ihe na Agha Obodo America nke 1861-1865.

Submarines adopted periscopes early. Captain Arthur Krebs adapted two on the experimental French submarine Templeeti:Ship in 1888 and 1889. The Spanish inventor Isaac Peral equipped his submarine Templeeti:Ship (developed in 1886 but launched on September 8, 1888) with a fixed, non-retractable periscope that used a combination of prisms to relay the image to the submariner. (Peral also developed a primitive gyroscope for submarine navigation and pioneered the ability to fire live torpedoes while submerged.^[10]Templeeti:Unreliable source?) A na-ejikwa periscopes mee ihe na ụgbọelu maka ngalaba ndị nwere obere anya. Ojiji mbụ a maara nke ụgbọelu periscope bụ na Mmụọ nke St. Louis. Vickers VC10 nwere periscope nke enwere ike iji mee ihe n'ebe anọ nke fuselage ụgbọelu, ^[11] V-Bombers dị ka Avro Vulcan na Handley Page Victor ^[12] na Nimrod MR1 dị ka "n'elu anya". Ụgbọelu bọmbụ ^[13] dị iche iche dị ka B-52 jiri periscopes sextant maka igodo eluigwe tupu iwebata GPS. ^[14] nyekwara ndị ọrụ ụgbọelu ohere ịnya ụgbọ mmiri n'ejighị astrodome na fuselage. [1] [2] A na-eji periscope mberede mee ihe na ụdị Boeing 737 niile arụpụtara tupu afọ 1997 nke a chọtara n'okpuru "Seat D" n'azụ ahịrị mpụga elu iji dozie ihe na-ada. Ụgbọelu na-agba ọsọ na hypersonic dị ka North American X-15 jiri periscope.

Hụkwa

Aquascope
Coincidence rangefinder
Anya ndị ọzọ
Rangefinder
Vickers Tank Periscope MK.Nke anọ

Edensibia

↑ (1928) The Submarine Periscope: An Explanation of the Principles Involved in Its Construction, Together with a Description of the Main Features of the Barr and Stroud Periscopes. Barr and Stroud Limited.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Walker, Bruce H. (2000). Optical Design for Visual Systems. SPIE Press. ISBN 978-0-8194-3886-7.
↑ Robertson, Morgan (March 26, 1913) The Schenectady Gazette, Friday morning, p. 19
↑ Partridge (2006). A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. Routledge, 1065–. ISBN 978-1-134-96365-2.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Łukomski, Grzegorz and Stolarski, Rafał E. (1999) Nie tylko Enigma... Mjr Rudolf Gundlach (1892–1957) i jego wynalazek (Not Only Enigma... Major Rudolf Gundlach (1892–1957) and His Invention), Warsaw-London.
↑ The Way of the J. – British Phantom Aviation Group.
↑ TESS :: David Gledhill.
↑ Ousborne (1997). "A Periscope Detection Radar". Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest 18: 125. Retrieved on 2017-11-29.
↑ Petty. The US Navy – Fact File: AN/SPS-74(V) Radar Set (en). www.navy.mil. Archived from the original on 2019-02-14. Retrieved on 2017-11-29.
↑ El Arma Submarina Española. Archived from the original on 2009-12-17. Retrieved on 2009-10-21.
↑ Oddities & Innovations.
↑ Bob's Tale of Phantoms – Victor XM715.
↑ Periscope Aircraft Sextant | Pritzker Military Museum & Library | Chicago.
↑ Campbell (1956). "Aircraft Flight by an Optical Periscope". Journal of the Optical Society of America 46 (11). DOI:10.1364/JOSA.46.000944.

[1] (1928) The Submarine Periscope: An Explanation of the Principles Involved in Its Construction, Together with a Description of the Main Features of the Barr and Stroud Periscopes. Barr and Stroud Limited.

[Walker2000-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Walker, Bruce H. (2000). Optical Design for Visual Systems. SPIE Press. ISBN 978-0-8194-3886-7.

[3] Robertson, Morgan (March 26, 1913) The Schenectady Gazette, Friday morning, p. 19

[4] Partridge (2006). A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. Routledge, 1065–. ISBN 978-1-134-96365-2.

[r1-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Łukomski, Grzegorz and Stolarski, Rafał E. (1999) Nie tylko Enigma... Mjr Rudolf Gundlach (1892–1957) i jego wynalazek (Not Only Enigma... Major Rudolf Gundlach (1892–1957) and His Invention), Warsaw-London.

[6] The Way of the J. – British Phantom Aviation Group.

[7] TESS :: David Gledhill.

[8] Ousborne (1997). "A Periscope Detection Radar". Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest 18: 125. Retrieved on 2017-11-29.

[9] Petty. The US Navy – Fact File: AN/SPS-74(V) Radar Set (en). www.navy.mil. Archived from the original on 2019-02-14. Retrieved on 2017-11-29.

[10] El Arma Submarina Española. Archived from the original on 2009-12-17. Retrieved on 2009-10-21.

[11] Oddities & Innovations.

[12] Bob's Tale of Phantoms – Victor XM715.

[13] Periscope Aircraft Sextant | Pritzker Military Museum & Library | Chicago.

[14] Campbell (1956). "Aircraft Flight by an Optical Periscope". Journal of the Optical Society of America 46 (11). DOI:10.1364/JOSA.46.000944.

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