Phuthi language
Phuthi bụ asụsụ Nguni Bantu a na-asụ n'ebe ndịda Lesotho na mpaghara ndị dị na South Africa dị n'akụkụ otu ókèala ahụ.[1][2] Onye ikwu kacha nso nke Phuthi bụ Swati (ma ọ bụ Siswati), nke a na-asụ na Eswatini na mpaghara Mpumalanga nke South Africa. Ọ bụ ezie na enweghị mmekọrịta mmekọrịta ọha na eze ma ọ bụ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, Phuthi bụ akụkụ asụsụ nke asụsụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na Swati. Asụsụ Sesotho na Xhosa gbara ya gburugburu na-emetụta Phuthi nke ukwuu, mana ọ na-ejigide isi okwu na ụtọ asụsụ dị iche iche a na-adịghị ahụ na Xhosa ma ọ bụ Sesotho, ma chọta naanị akụkụ na Swati n'ebe ugwu.
Enwere ike ị nweta akwụkwọ akụkọ sitere na Phuthi na Bourquin (1927), mana na ntụaka ndị ọzọ oblique karịa 100 afọ site ugbu a (Ellenberger 1912). Ruo n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, edekọbeghị asụsụ a nke ọma gbasara njirimara asụsụ ya. Naanị ihe ọmụmụ dị ịrịba ama na mbụ (mana nwere data na-enweghị isi, yana echiche asụsụ nwere oke) bụ Godfrey Mzamane (1949).
Ọdịdị ala na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]E mere atụmatụ na ihe dị ka mmadụ 20,000 na South Africa na Lesotho na-eji Phuthi dị ka asụsụ ha, mana ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ nwere ike ịdị elu karịa. Enweghị data ọnụ ọgụgụ banyere ndị na-asụ Phuthi sitere na South Africa ma ọ bụ Lesotho. Asụsụ ahụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ n'ezie.[3]
A na-asụ Phuthi n'ọtụtụ (ma eleghị anya ọtụtụ) nke obodo ndị gbasasịrị n'ókè dị n'etiti ebe ugwu Eastern Cape zutere Lesotho: site na Herschel n'ebe ugwu na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, na mpaghara Matatiele nke ugwu ọwụwa Anyanwụ Transkei; na n'ofe ndịda Lesotho, site na Quthing na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ, site na mpaghara ndịda anyanwụ nke Ugwu Moorosi, ruo n'obodo ugwu ugwu nke Qacha (Qacha's Nek).
N'ime Phuthi, enwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala mpaghara asụsụ abụọ, dabere na njirimara asụsụ: Mpapa / Daliwe vs. mpaghara ndị ọzọ niile. Nchịkọta a dabere na otu (ma ọ dị oke mkpa) akara ụdaume (ọnụnọ / enweghị egbugbere ọnụ nke abụọ). Mpapa na Daliwe (Sesotho Taleoe [taliwe]) bụ obodo nta dị na ndịda Lesotho, n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ugwu Moorosi, n'okporo ụzọ ájá na-eduga na Tosing, wee gaa Mafura (n'onwe ya obodo na-asụ Phuthi), na n'ikpeazụ Mpapa / Daliwe. Ebe ndị ọzọ na-asụ asụsụ Phuthi (nke niile e nyere na orthography Sesotho) gụnyere Makoloane [makolwani] na Mosuoe [musuwe], nso Quthing, na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Lesotho; Seqoto [sińɔtɔ] (Xhosa Zingxondo, Phuthi Sigxodo [siɡńɔdɔ]); Makoae [makwai] (Phuthi Magwayi) n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ; na ọtụtụ obodo nta n'ebe ugwu na ọdịda anyanwụ nke Qacha's Nek. (Qacha bụ isi obodo ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ na Lesotho, na Qacha's Nek District). Ebe ndị na-asụ asụsụ Phuthi (ya bụ, ihe nketa) gụnyere obodo Transkei dị n'ebe ugwu nke Gcina [g /ina] (n'okporo ụzọ na-aga n'ókè Tele Bridge) na Mfingci [mfiŋ / i] (n"ofe Osimiri Tele, n'ihu Sigxodo, ihe dịka).
Akụkọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Onye ndú Phuthi a ma ama n'akụkọ ihe mere eme bụ onye isi dị ike, Moorosi (amụrụ na 1795). O yiri ka ihe dị ka ala ndịda nke Osimiri Orange na Lesotho nke oge a na-asụ asụsụ Phuthi n'oge onye kachasị ukwuu n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Basotho, Moshoeshoe I ♡ naanị afọ asaa karịa ikike Moorosi ♡ na 1830s, Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị ikpuchi mpaghara Lesotho nke ugbu a. Ruo 1820, e nwere naanị "obodo nta ole na ole dịpụrụ adịpụ nke Basotho, na obere ezinụlọ nke Baphut[h]i, nke Moshoeshoe gosipụtara ọchịchị a na-akọwaghị nke ọma".[4] Ọtụtụ Phuthis, na Moorosi, nọ n'ebe ndịda Thaba Bosiu, n'ebe Ndịda Osimiri Orange, n'ụzọ Moshoeshoe.
Moorosi ga-anwụ n'ọnọdụ a na-amaghị ama na Ugwu Moorosi (Sesotho Thaba Moorosi) na 1879, mgbe ndị Britain nọchibidoro ọnwa itoolu, Boer (ya bụ. Ndị ọrụ ugbo Afrikaner) na ndị agha Basotho (gụnyere ntinye aka agha nke Cape Mounted Riflemen). A na-akpọkarị nnọchibido a "Mgbaghara Moorosi". Okwu nke kpatara nnọchibido ahụ bụ ebubo ohi anụ ụlọ na mpaghara Herschel. Mgbe nnọchibido ahụ gasịrị, ndị Phuthi gbasara n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ebe ndịda Lesotho na mpaghara Transkei nke dị n'ebe ugwu, iji gbanahụ mmeri nke ndị na-achị ala. Ọ bụ n'ihi nke a, a na-eche, na obodo nta Phuthi (gụnyere Mpapa, Daliwe, Hlaela, Mosifa na Mafurańall n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ugwu Moorosi, na Lesotho) na-ahụkarị na mpaghara ugwu dị otú ahụ, nke ndị si n'èzí nwere ike ịnweta naanị nnukwu isi ike). [citation needed]
Mgbe nnọchibido nke "nnupụisi Moorosi" gasịrị, e jidere ọtụtụ ndị Phuthi, ma manye ha iwu àkwà mmiri ahụ (ugbu a, àkwà ụgbọ mmiri ochie) na Aliwal North nke gafere Senqu (Orange River). Tupu 1879, o yiri ka a na-ewere Moorosi n'ụzọ ụfọdụ dị ka onye na-asọmpi na-eyi egwu na Chief Moshoeshoe I. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-anọchite anya ya ugbu a na gọọmentị Lesotho na Maseru, mgbe nnupụisi nke 1879 gasịrị, ndị Phuthi na-apụ n'anya site na akụkọ mere eme nke Lesotho na Eastern Cape nke oge a. [citation needed]
Nchịkọta
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Phuthi bụ asụsụ Bantu, n'ụzọ doro anya n'ime mpaghara ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ S (cf. Guthrie 1967 na 1971). Mana n'ime ndịda Afrịka, a na-ele Phuthi anya dị ka asụsụ Nguni ma ọ bụ asụsụ Sothozwana, n'ihi ọkwa dị elu nke ngwakọta gosipụtara na usoro niile nke ụtọ asụsụ (lexicon, phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax). [citation needed]
Mana Phuthi na-ejikọta ya na Zulu, Hlubi, Xhosa, ugwu na ndịda Ndebele, na Swati n'ezie asụsụ Nguni. Ya mere, a ga-agụnye ya na otu S.40 n'ime mpaghara S, na-agbaso nhazi Guthrie. Ọzọkwa, n'inye ọnụọgụ nke okwu, ụdaolu na ọbụna mmetụta ụdaolu dị ala nke yiri ka ọ na-ekerịta fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ naanị Swati, enwere ike ịhazi Phuthi n'enweghị mgbagha dị ka asụsụ Tekela Nguni, ya bụ, na akụkụ nke Nguni nke gụnyere Swati, ụfọdụ nsụgharị nke Southern Ndebele, na asụsụ ndị fọdụrụ n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Cape, Bhaca na Hlubi. [citation needed]
Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke oge a na ọdịdị nke Phuthi na-akwado nkwupụta ọkọlọtọ (dịka. Godfrey Mzamane 1949) na Phuthi na-egosipụta njikọ siri ike na mmetụta dị larịị site na ogologo oge ya na Sesotho (maka oge ma eleghị anya karịa narị afọ atọ). Enwere, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọkwa dị elu nke 'lexical doublets' maka ọtụtụ ihe, maka ọtụtụ ndị ọkà okwu, dịka -ciga "iche echiche" (Nguni-isi iyi), na -nakana "iche echiche' (Sesotho-isi iyi). Ntinye aha klas Phuthi fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụdị CV- (ya bụ, ha na-agbaso ọdịdị ụdaume Sesotho, ọ bụghị ọdịdị Nguni VCV- n'ozuzu). [citation needed]
E nwere ụdaume abụọ superclose, nke a na-ahụkwa n'asụsụ Sesotho. Na orthography Phuthi, a na-egosi ha na circumflex diacritic, ya mere:
- ↑ The second and third vowels in this word Síphùthì are both superclose. In the adapted IPA needed to represent Sesotho vowels, subscript commas are used for transcribing superclose vowels. Such superclose vowels would be represented in the same way in the phonetic transcription of Phuthi (but are given as Templeeti:Angbr in the proposed Phuthi orthography).
- ↑ Basic historical, linguistic and geographical information about Phuthi is found in the Donnelly (1999) reference.
- ↑ Donnelly 1999:114–115.
- ↑ V. Ellenberger, 1933:18 (reader translation).