Phyllis Altman
| ụdịekere | nwanyị  |
|---|---|
| aha enyere | Phyllis |
| aha ezinụlọ ya | Altman |
| ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya | 25 Septemba 1919 |
| Ụbọchị ọnwụ ya | 18 Septemba 1999 |
| ọrụ ọ na-arụ | trade unionist |
| ebe agụmakwụkwọ | Jeppe High School for Girls |
| nnọchiaha nkeonwe | L484 |
Phyllis Altman (25 Septemba 1919 – 18 Septemba 1999) bu otu na ime ndi ahia na onye na-akwado apartheid na South Africa . Altman bụ onye ọrụ South Africa Congress of Trade Unions (SACTU). [1] Ọ bụkwa onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke International Defense and Aid Fund (IDAF), [2] na onye ode akwụkwọ akụkọ ifo. [3]
Phyllis Miriam Altman (née Sachs), bụ ada nke ndị Juu kwabatara na Lithuania Morris na Beile Sachs. [2] Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Jeppe maka ụmụ agbọghọ . [4] Altman, dị ka ụmụ agbọghọ ndị ọzọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, na-akwa akwa "maka ndị ogbenye ojii" na Thursday. [1] Altman gara Mahadum Witwatersrand na mbinye ego sitere na Ngalaba Mmụta Transvaal nke kwuru na ọ na-akụzi mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ. [4] N'oge ọ nọ na mahadum, o so na ihe ngosi ụmụ akwụkwọ na -eme mkpesa na " Greyshirts na bulldozing nke Sophiatown ." [4] O nwetara akara ugo mmụta mahadum wee gụchaa nzere Honors na History tupu ọ nọrọ otu afọ na kọleji Ọzụzụ Ndị Nkụzi na Johannesburg . [4] Ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ịchụpụ ya na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ọzụzụ Ndị Nkụzi n'ihi mkpali ya, mana ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ ma nọrọ afọ atọ nkuzi na "ụlọ akwụkwọ ocha niile." [4] Mgbe ọ kụzichara ihe, ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ maka ndị agha na-emegide fascist Springbok Legion . [1] Na Springbok Legion, o nyere aka na-akwado ndị bụbu ndị ọrụ agba, [2] ebe ọ nwere ike ịhụ "mmetụta jọgburu onwe nke usoro Apartheid na ụmụ nwoke Afrika." [1]
Ruo afọ atọ, Altman na di ya bụ́ Ray Altman, bụ́ onye na-arụkọ ọrụ n’ịzụ ahịa South Africa, biri na London . [4] Na 1952, o bipụtara Iwu nke Vultures . [4] [5] Akwụkwọ ahụ dabere na ahụmịhe ya na ndị agha Springbok na-arụkọ ọrụ. [4] N’oge na-adịghị anya ka e bipụtasịrị ya na ezigbo nnabata ndị mba ụwa, otu prọfesọ na Mahadum Witwatersrand kpọrọ akwụkwọ ahụ “na-emebi iwu,” nke mere ka ọtụtụ ndị na-ere akwụkwọ weghachi akwụkwọ ahụ. [4]
Altman sonyeere South Africa Congress of Trade Unions (SACTU) na 1956 wee banye ngwa ngwa na nzukọ a. [1] Altman bụ naanị onye ọrụ na-akwụ ụgwọ oge niile nke SACTU n'etiti afụ 1956 na 1963, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye enyemaka odeakwụkwọ ukwu. [1] N'oge a, ọ nọgidere na-akpakọrịta na ndị otu South Afrika na òtù mba ụwa, ha abụọ. [6] Nkesa ihe ọ na-ekesa na ụlọ akwụkwọ ọbá akwụkwọ na otu ndị ahịa na gburugburu ụwa nyere aka idobe ihe ndị bụ isi metụtara SACTU. [1] Altman nọchitere anya SACTU na Congress nke anọ nke World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) na 1957. [1] N'oge mkpochapụ gọọmentị na 1960, nke mere ka ndị mmadụ ghọọ "ndị eji eji mberede," Altman gbagara na Swaziland . [7] A machibidoro ya na afọ 1964 n'okpuru Iwu Suppression of Communism nke gbochiri ya ịkụzi na ịrụ ọrụ na ndị otu. [2] Ọ hapụrụ South Afrika na 1964. [1] Altman ka na-enyere SACTU aka, na-arụ ọrụ na ndị ọzọ na London. [8]
Mgbe Solly Sachs hapụrụ International Defense and Aid Fund (IDAF) na 1967, John Collins goro Altman ka ọ bụrụ onye na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara nhazi. [9] Altman bụ odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke ihe a maara dịka Mmemme 1, bụ nke nyere aka na nzuzo nye ego maka ndị ọka iwu gbachitere na South Afrika. [6] Ọ nọ na nzuzo nke ukwuu banyere usoro ahụ, na-eji koodu nzuzo na kọntaktị ya na usoro siri ike ịgbawa. [2] Altman nwekwara ike mebie mgbalị South Afrika nledo Craig Williamson mere, ịbanye IDAF. [6]
Altman dezikwara akwụkwọ maka IDAF n'okpuru aha Akwụkwọ Kliptown. [2] Collins nwụrụ na 1982, ma Altman nọrọ mgbe nke a gasịrị ogologo oge iji hụ na nhazigharị ahụ 'e guzosiri ike,' wee lara ezumike nká. [6]
Altman sokwa na mmemme gụrụ akwụkwọ "Ndị ojii Rhodesian etinyere n'ogige." [2] Ọkara nke ndị minista Robert Mugabe nwere ogo ha nwetara site n'enyemaka Altman. [2]
Ọrụ Altman na-arụ ọrụ na IDAF bịara mara mgbe a tọhapụrụ Nelson Mandela . [2] Altman nwụrụ na 18 Septemba afọ na 1999 na London. [2]
Akwụkwọ akụkọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Iwu nke Udele (1952)
- Laghachi, Afrika! Akụkọ dị mkpirikpi nke iri na anọ sitere na South Afrika na afọ (1968)
Hụkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Ndepụta ndị mmadụ nọ n'okpuru mmachibido iwu n'okpuru ịkpa ókè agbụrụ
Ndemsibia
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Nkọwapụta
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Isi mmalite
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Herbstein (2004). White Lies: Canon Collins and the Secret War Against Apartheid. James Currey Publishers. ISBN 9780852558850.
- Sithole (2006). "The Revival of the Labour Movement, 1970–1980", The Road to Democracy in South Africa. University of South Africa, Pretoria. ISBN 1868884066.
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Luckhardt. Organize... or Starve! - The History of the SACTU. South African Congress of Trade Unions. South African History Online. Retrieved on 7 September 2016.
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 Herbstein. "Phyllis Altman", The Guardian, 24 September 1999. Retrieved on 10 September 2016.
- ↑ David Attwell (12 Jan 2012). The Cambridge History of South African Literature. Cambridge University Press.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 Phylllis Altman. South African History Online (17 February 2016). Retrieved on 10 September 2016.
- ↑ Van der Vlies (2016). "The Novel and Apartheid", in Gikandi: The Novel in Africa and the Caribbean Since 1950. Oxford University Press, 187. ISBN 9780199765096.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 The International Defence and Aid Fund (IDAF). South African History Online (14 February 2013). Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved on 10 September 2016.