Prætextatus (bishọp nke Rouen)
Saint Prætextatus (French: Prétextat/Prix de Rouen; nwụrụ na 25 Febụwarị 586), nke a na-akpọkwa Praetextatus, Pretextat (anyị), ma mara dị ka Saint Prix, bụ bishọp nke Rouen site na 549 ruo mgbe e gburu ya na 586. Ọ pụtara dị ka onye ama ama na Gregory nke Tours" Historia Francorum (Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Frank).[1] Nke a bụ isi iyi nke enwere ike inweta ozi gbasara ndụ ya. Ọ pụtara n'ọtụtụ akụkụ ya ndị a ma ama, gụnyere ndị metụtara ikpe ya na Paris (na 577) na asọmpi ya na Queen Fredegund nke Merovingian. Ihe omume nke ndụ ya, dị ka Gregory nke Tours gosipụtara, dị mkpa na mmepe nke nghọta nke oge a banyere akụkụ dị iche iche nke ọha mmadụ Merovingian, dị ka iwu, asọmpi dị n'etiti ndị eze na ndị bishọp, kansụl ụka, na ike nke ndị eze nwanyị.
Akụkọ ndụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Alụmdi na nwunye nke Merovech na Brunhild, ikpe na nchụpụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ọ nọ na Council nke Paris 557, ebe a kwupụtara alụmdi na nwunye n'ime ogo ụfọdụ nke ndị ikwu, na Council nke Tours (566). N'afọ 575, Prætextatus duziri dị ka onye ozi maka agbamakwụkwọ nke Merovech nke Soissons, nwa Eze Chiperic nke Neustria, na Brunhild, nwanyị di ya nwụrụ nke Eze Sigebert nke Austrasia na nwanne nne Merovech, na diocese ya nke Rouen.[2] Eze Chiperic megidere alụmdi na nwunye a ma mesịa boo Prætextatus ebubo, na-ebo ya ebubo na ọ na-enye ndị ya onyinye iji mee ka ha megide ọchịchị ya. A chụpụrụ Prætextatus nwa oge ma nzukọ ndị bishọp gbakọtara na Chọọchị nke Saint Peter the Apostle na Paris iji kpebie ọdịnihu ya. Na kansụl a, nke mere na 577, Chilperic boro Prætextatus ebubo na ọ na-eme ihe ọjọọ, gụnyere nkata aghụghọ, imebi iwu (iwu chọọchị) na izu ohi. Gregory nke Tours kwuru n'ụzọ siri ike na ebubo ndị a bụ ụgha, dịka Edward James kwuru.[3] Ozugbo Eze lara ezumike nká, Gregory kwuru okwu maka bishọp ahụ, na-ekwu okwu ogologo banyere isiokwu ahụ. Prætextatus mechara kwupụta mpụ ya, ọ bụ ezie na Gregory na-egosi na a na-eduhie ya ime ya. Chilperic mepụtara akwụkwọ ndị kwuru na a ga-achụpụ bishọp nọ n'ọnọdụ Prætextatus. Gregory kwupụtara ya ọzọ, mana ọ baghị uru: A manyere Prætextatus ka ọ gaa mba ọzọ n'àgwàetiti Jersey.
Nlaghachi Site n'Agbapụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Prætextatus si n'ebe a chụgara ya n'ike lọta na arịrịọ nke ndị Rouen oge ụfọdụ mgbe ọnwụ Chilperic na 584.[4] Mgbe ọ laghachiri, ọ gara Eze Guntram nke Burgundian na-arịọ ka e nyochaa ikpe ahụ e kpere megide ya na 577. Fredegund, nwanyị di ya nwụrụ ugbu a nke Chilperic, megidere arịrịọ a ma kwuo na ekwesighi inye Praetexatus diocese ochie ya n'ihi na a chụgara ya mgbe mkpebi nke ndị bishọp iri anọ na ise gasịrị. Guntram gara kpọọ kansụl ọzọ iji dozie nsogbu a mana tupu a kpọọ ya Bishop Ragnemond nke Paris kwuru maka Prætextatus, na-ekwu na ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị ọ ga-eme n'okwu ya ga-abụ na ọ ga-emeghị penance, ọ bụghị ka a chụpụ ya.[5] N'ihi ya, e weghachiri Prætextatus dị ka bishọp nke Rouen.
N'oge a, Praetexatus pụtara na Council of Mâcon.[6] Na kansụl a, ọ gụrụ ụfọdụ ekpere nke o dere n'onwe ya mgbe ọ nọ n'ebe a chụgara ya, ọ bụ ezie na a nabatara ha n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma. Yitzhak Hen kwuru nke a dị ka ihe atụ nke 'ihe okike liturgical' nke jupụtara n'oge ahụ.[7]
Ọnwụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
E gburu Praetextus na chọọchị nke ya na Rouen na 24 Febụwarị 586.[8] Gregory nke Tours na-egosi n'ụzọ siri ike na ọ bụ Queen Fredegund haziri nke a. Ogbugbu ahụ, ka o dere, mere n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe "okwu obi ilu" n'etiti ha abụọ.[9] Fredegund gara Prætextatus n'elu àkwà ọnwụ ya. Na nzukọ a, o boro ya ebubo na ọ haziri ihe niile. O yikarịrị ka nke a bụ ebubo ziri ezi n'ihi na Fredegund mechara tie nwoke ahụ mere ihe ahụ ihe - nwoke a mechara tinye ya na atụmatụ igbu ọchụ ahụ.[10] Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị ihe doro anya na Fredegund bụ onye na-akwado ogbugbu ahụ, dị ka ihe atụ nke akụkụ nke Eze Guntram na-ezo aka na ihe omume ahụ dị ka onye kwesịrị nyocha.[11]
Otu nwoke a na-akpọ nwa nwanne ya gburu onye gburu Prætextatus, mgbe ọ kwupụtara mmehie ya, nke na-egosi na bishọp ahụ nwere ọ dịkarịa ala otu nwanne.[12] Nke a bụ naanị ihe a na-ezo aka na onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị ezinụlọ ya.
Joaquin Martinez Pizarro ekwuola na asọmpi Praextextatus na 'Jezébel-dị ka Fredegund' bụ akụkụ nke ọdịnala, nke Gregory nke Tours gbasoro, nke mere ka asọmpi nke oge a n'etiti ndị bishọp na ndị ọchịchị na-egosipụta asọmpi Agba Ochie n'etiti Ndị amụma na ndị eze.[13]
Ihe Nketa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ndụ Prætextatus bụ ihe a ma ama n'ihi ihe dị iche iche. Ntinye aka ya siri ike n'ọtụtụ kansụl ụka, otu n'ime ha bụ ikpe nke ya, pụtara na ọ sonyere na ụfọdụ n'ime ihe omume ndị na-ekpughe ihe n'oge Merovingian, ọ dịkarịa ala n'ihe gbasara ọrụ nke ụka na mmekọrịta ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụwa. Hen na-ekwu na kansụl ndị a 'bụ [...] ọkwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ebe ndị bishọp nwere ike ịlụ ọgụ maka ike, nchịkwa na ùgwù, na ebe Eze na ndị ikom ya nwere ike idozi nsogbu na ndị bishọw na-ekwesịghị ntụkwasị obi.[14] Ọ na-ekwu na ikpe Prætextatus bụ ihe atụ kachasị mma. Ọzọkwa, Gregory Halfond kwuru na n'ikpe a, ọ bụ ezie na a na-ekpe ya ikpe maka ịgba ọchịchị mgba okpuru na izuru ihe onwunwe eze, a ka ga-eweta Prætextatus n'ihu ụlọ ikpe ndị bishọp: nke a na-eme ka ike nke chọọchị Merovingian pụta ìhè, ọbụlagodi megide ndị eze na-eme ihe ike dị ka Chilperic.[15]
Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme atụwokwa aro na ikpe nke Prætextatus na-eje ozi dị ka ihe atụ dị mkpa nke Gregory nke Tours "nkụzi nkuzi, ebe ọtụtụ n'ime ihe omume ndị ọ na-ese bụ iji bụrụ ihe atụ na-akụzi ihe nke omume ụka kwesịrị ekwesị. Martin Heinzelmann kwuru okwu Gregory na Prætextatus dị ka ihe atụ bụ isi nke a.[16] N'ihi ya, ihe omume a na ndụ Prætextatus bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ebumnuche edemede Gregory.
Ihe odide[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Isi Iyi[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Gregory nke Tours, Akụkọ ihe mere eme, trans. L. Thorpe, Gregory nke Tours: Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Frank (Harmondsworth, 1974).
Ebe Ndị Ọzọ E Si nweta ya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Heinzelmann, M, 'Gregory of Tours: The Elements of a Biography' na A.C. Murray, A Companion to Gregory of Tours (Leiden, 2016), peeji nke 7-34.
- Hen, Y, 'The Church in Sixth-Century Gaul' na A.C. Murray, A Companion to Gregory of Tours (Leiden, 2016), peeji nke 232-255.
- James, E, 'Beat pacifici: ndị bishọp na iwu na narị afọ nke isii nke Gaul' na J. Bossy (ed.), Esemokwu na ebe obibi: iwu na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ọdịda anyanwụ (Cambridge, 1983), peeji nke 25-46.
- Pizarro, J.M., 'Gregory of Tours and the Literary Imagination: Genre, Narrative Style, Sources, and Models in the Histories', na A.C. Murray, A Companion to Gregory of Tours (Leiden, 2016), p. 337-374.
Ihe edeturu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- ↑ Gregory of Tours, Histories, trans. L. Thorpe, Gregory of Tours: The History of the Franks (Harmondsworth, 1974).
- ↑ Hist., V.2.
- ↑ E. James, ‘Beat pacifici: bishops and the law in sixth-century Gaul’ in J. Bossy (ed.), Disputes and settlements: law and human relations in the west (Cambridge, 1983), p.28.
- ↑ Hist., VII.15.
- ↑ Hist., VII.15.
- ↑ Hist., VIII.20.
- ↑ Y. Hen, ‘The Church in Sixth-Century Gaul’ in A.C. Murray, A Companion to Gregory of Tours (Leiden, 2016), p.251.
- ↑ Hist., VIII.31.
- ↑ Hist., VIII.31.
- ↑ Hist., VIII.41.
- ↑ Hist., IX.20.
- ↑ Hist., VIII.41.
- ↑ J.M. Pizarro, ‘Gregory of Tours and the Literary Imagination: Genre, Narrative Style, Sources, and Models in the Histories’, in A.C. Murray, A Companion to Gregory of Tours (Leiden, 2016), p.342.
- ↑ Y. Hen, ‘The Church in Sixth-Century Gaul’ in A.C. Murray, A Companion to Gregory of Tours (Leiden, 2016), p.244.
- ↑ G.I. Halfond, The Archaeology of Frankish Church Councils, AD 511-768 (Leiden, 2010), p.118.
- ↑ M. Heinzelmann, 'Gregory of Tours: The Elements of a Biography' in A.C. Murray, A Companion to Gregory of Tours (Leiden, 2016), p.25.