Presumption of guilt

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Echiche nke ikpe mara bụ echiche ọ bụla dị ná mpaghara usoro ikpe ziri ezi na mmadụ bụ onye ikpe mara maka mpụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ echiche na onye a na-enyo enyo bụ onye ikpe mara ọ gwụla ma ọ bụ ruo mgbe egosiri na aka ya dị ọcha.[1]

Nkọwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Dị ka Herbert L. Packer si kwuo, "Ọ ga-abụ ihie ụzọ iche echiche nke ikpe ọmụma dị ka ihe dị iche na echiche nke aka ya dị ọcha nke anyị na-echekarị echiche dị ka isi nke usoro mpụ na nke ... nọ n'ọnọdụ dị mkpa na Usoro Kwesịrị Ekwesị. "[2] Echiche nke ikpe ọmụma nà akwalite ímé ọsịsọ nà arụmọrụ karịa ntụkwasị obi, ma na-emeri mgbe usoro kwesịrị ekwesị adịghị.[2]

Ihe ruuru mmadụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Na "Onye isi na-ahụ maka ikpe gbasara ọha v. Labavarde na Anor, Neerunjun C.J. kwuru na isiokwu 11(1) nke Nkwupụta Ụwa nke Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ na isiokwu nke 6(2) nke Nkwekọrịta maka Nchedo nke Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ na Nnwere Onwe Dị Mkpa ga-emebi ma ọ bụrụ na "ibu ahụ dum bụ . . . . . . na-agbachitere site na ịmepụta echiche nke ikpe ọmụma na naanị nhọrọ nke ebubo mpụ".[3][4]

Usoro Inquisitorial[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A na-ekwu mgbe ụfọdụ na n'ime usoro ase ajụjụ, onye a na-ebo ebubo bụ onye ikpe mara ruo mgbe egosiri na aka ya dị ọcha.[5] E kwukwara na nke a bụ akụkọ ifo na "echiche nkịtị nke ndị ọka iwu Bekee".[6][7][8]

Echiche nke ikpe ọmụma ekwekọghị na echiche nke aka ya dị ọcha ma na-akpali usoro ebubo nke ikpe ziri ezi n'ebe ndị na-ekpe ikpe mara.[9]

Echiche iwu nkịtị[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

E nweela ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụdị ikpe ọmụma abụọ n'okpuru iwu nke obodo England, nke malitere site na iwu nke iwu ma ọ bụ iwu usoro nke ụlọ ikpe ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ na-ekpe ikpe ma kpebie otú a ga-esi gosipụta eziokwu dị na ikpe ahụ, ma nwee ike ịbụ nke a na-agbagha ma ọ bụ nke a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha. Ndị ahụ bụ:[10]

  • Echiche nke ikpe ọmụma sitere na omume nke ndị otu a na-ebo ebubo
  • Echiche nke ikpe ọmụma sitere na inwe ihe onwunwe zuru ohi a pụrụ igosi

Nsonaazụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A na-ekwu na ịrịọ arịrịọ gụnyere echiche nke ikpe mara.[11] American Bar Association kwụrụ na ndị enweghi oke ego a na-ebo ebubo mpụ "na-achọta onwe ha ka usoro nke na-eche na ikpe mara ha."[12] Echiche nke ikpe ọmụma n'akụkụ ndị nyocha nwere ike ime ka nkwupụta ụgha, dị ka e kwuru na Ime onye ogbu mmadụ, usoro ihe nkiri telivishọn nke America.[13][14]

Echiche na-akwadoghị, iwu na-akwadoghị na nke na-akwadoghị[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Echiche ikpe ọmụma a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha bụ iwu na-akwadoghị na United States.[15] N'agbanyeghị, njide na-abụkarị otu ma ọ bụ "njikọ" na ikpe ọmụma, na-ekwu Anna Roberts, onye prọfesọ iwu nke United States.[16] N'uche ndị jurors, onye a na-ebo ebubo aghaghị ime ihe ọjọọ.[14]

Leekwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Blackstone's ratio – Message that government and the courts must err on the side of innocence
  • Kangaroo court – Court with little or no judicial credibility
  • Prosecutor's fallacy – Fallacy of statistical reasoning
  • Cancel culture – Modern form of ostracism

Edensibia[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. ↑ Raj Bhala. Modern GATT Law: A Treatise on the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Sweet & Maxwell. 2005. Page 935.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Packer (November 1964). "Two Models of the Criminal Process" (in en). University of Pennsylvania Law Review 113 (1): 1–68. DOI:10.2307/3310562. Retrieved on 7 May 2019. 
  3. ↑ Director of Public Prosecutions v. Labavarde and Anor. (1965) 44 International Law Reports 104 at 106; Mauritius Reports, 1965 72 at 74, Mauritius, High Court
  4. ↑ Lauterpacht (1972). International Law Reports, International Law Reports 160 Volume Hardback Set. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-46389-8. Retrieved on March 11, 2020. 
  5. ↑ For example, Scottish International, vols 6 to 7, p 146
  6. ↑ Dammer and Albanese. Comparative Criminal Justice Systems. Wadsworth. 2014. p 128.
  7. ↑ Roberts and Redmayne. Innovations in Evidence and Proof: Integrating Theory, Research and Teaching. Hart Publishing. Oxford and Portland, Oregon. 2007. p 379.
  8. ↑ For the origins of this belief in South Africa, see (1970) 87 South African Law Journal 413
  9. ↑ Ingraham (1996). "The Right of Silence, the Presumption of Innocence, the Burden of Proof, and a Modest Proposal". Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology 86 (2). Retrieved on 31 August 2021. 
  10. ↑ Roscoe (1840). A Digest of the Law of Evidence in Criminal Cases. Retrieved on March 11, 2020. 
  11. ↑ "5. The Presumption of Guilt" (1973) 82 Yale Law Journal 312; "The Skeleton of Plea Bargaing" (1992) 142 New Law Journal 1373; (1995) 14 UCLA Pacific Basin Law Journal 129 & 130; (1986) 77 Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology 950; Stumpf, American Judicial Politics, Prentice Hall, 1998, pp 305 & 328; Rhodes, Plea Bargaining: Who Gains? Who Loses?, Institute for Law and Social Research, 1978, p 9.
  12. ↑ Lewis. On the Presumption of Guilt. American Bar.
  13. ↑ Green and Heilbrun, Wrightsman's Psychology and the Legal System, 8th Ed, Wadsworth, 2014, p 169; Roesch and Zapf and Hart, Forensic Psychology and Law, Wiley, 2010, p 158, Kocsis (ed), Applied Criminal Psychology, Charles C Thomas, 2009, p 200; Michael Marshall, "Police Presumption of Guilt Key in False Confessions". 12 November 2002. University of Virginia School of Law.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Findley. Opinion | The presumption of innocence exists in theory, not reality. Washington Post. Archived from the original on 18 August 2019. Retrieved on 11 March 2020.
  15. ↑ Florida Businessmen for Free Enterprise v. State of Fla (1980) 499 F.Supp. 346. See United States Code Annotated.
  16. ↑ Roberts (April 23, 2018). "Arrests As Guilt". 

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