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Priscilla Jana

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Devikarani Priscilla Sewpal Jana (5 Disemba 1943 – 10 Ọktoba 2020) bụ onye ọka iwu ruuru mmadụ, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye nnọchi anya mba South Africa. Dị ka onye otu African National Congress (ANC) n'oge ngagharị iwe apartheid, o sonye na mmemme n'iwu yana n'okpuru ala iji kwụsị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Ọ nọchitere anya ọtụtụ ndị ama ama na mmegharị ahụ, gụnyere onye isi ala South Africa Nelson Mandela, Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, Steve Biko, Govan Mbeki, Walter Sisulu na Archbishop Desmond Tutu. Jana bụ otu n'ime ndị South Africa ole na ole nwere ohere ịnweta ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, gụnyere Mandela, n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Robben Island kacha nchekwa, ma jee ozi dị ka onye ozi maka ozi koodu n'etiti ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndị isi ANC.

Mgbalị Jana mere mere ka ọ nọrọ ná mmanye ime ihe ike na n'ikpeazụ nye iwu mmachibido iwu. Mgbe ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya zuru ezu na South Africa bịarutere, ọ ghọrọ onye omebe iwu wee bụrụ onye otu nzuko omeiwu na ANC n'etiti 1994 na 1999. Ọ bụkwa onye nnọchi anya gọọmentị South Africa na Netherlands na Ireland, bụrụkwa onye kọmishọna na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị South Africa. South Africa Human Rights Commission. Ọ bụ onye so na kọmitii ikpe ziri ezi bụ onye na-ahụ maka mwepụta nke South Africa Truth and Reconciliation Commission.

Oge ọ malitere

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A mụrụ Devikarani Priscilla Sewpal na 5 Disemba 1943, na Westville, Natal (nke a na-akpọ kwaZulu-Natal ugbu a) n'akụkụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Durban.[1][2] Ọ bụ nwa nke abụọ n'ime ụmụ atọ nke Hansrani Sewpal na Hansraj Sewpal. Nne na nna Jana bụ ndị India kwabatara n'etiti klaasị ebe nna ya bụ onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị.[3] Aka nna ya na-ama ikpe na-ezighị ezi nke ọha mmadụ sitere na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ruo na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke ndị India, bụ mmetụta mbụ na ya.[1]

O buru ụzọ sonye na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke Pietermaritzburg, ebe ọ haziri njem njem dị ka akụkụ nke mpụ nduku mba na 1958 na-emegide mmeso nke ndị ọrụ ugbo ojii.[1] [2] Ọ malitere ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Durban na 1960 wee gaa India na agụmakwụkwọ gọọmentị India ka ọ mụọ ọgwụ na Sophia College for Women in Bombay (ugbu a Mumbai). Mgbe ọ laghachiri na South Africa, ọ malitere nzere bachelọ nke iwu na Mahadum South Africa (UNISA) na 1974, mana gafere na Mahadum Mahadum maka ndị India na Salisbury Island, Durban, ebe ọ bụ naanị nwa akwụkwọ nwanyị na klas ahụ. [3] Ọchụso ọ nweta akara ugo mmụta iwu megidere ọchịchọ mbụ nke nne na nna ya bụ́ ndị chọrọ ka ọ bụrụ dibịa kama. [2][3]

O tolitere n'oge mgbe agbataobi, ụlọ akwụkwọ, na ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze niile, bụ nke agbụrụ agbụrụ kewara. N'ịbụ onye na-ede na ncheta ya, Ịlụ ọgụ maka Mandela, ọ na-echeta nzukọ ya na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emegide apartheid Steve Biko mgbe ọ dị afọ 26 nke nyere aka mee ka echiche nke njirimara dị n'uche ya sie ike. Nzukọ ahụ, ọ na-ekwu, nyere aka mee ka o doo anya n'uche ya na onye "ekwesịghị ịbụ onye Africa iji kpọọ onwe gị onye ojii." Echiche ahụ nyeere ya aka ịchọta ịdị n'otu n'ìgwè. Ọ na-ede, sị, "Achọtala m ịdị n'otu. N'ikpeazụ, amaara m ebe m nọ.[3]

Ọrụ

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Afọ ndị mbụ

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Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1974, ọ sonyeere ụlọ ọrụ iwu nke Ismail Ayob, onye ọka iwu sitere na India. Ndị ahịa ụlọ ọrụ ahụ gụnyere ọtụtụ ndị na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, gụnyere Nelson Mandela.[3] N'afọ 1977, ọ gara njem mbụ ya n'ime ọtụtụ njem gaa Robben Island izute Mandela. Ọ ga-emecha dee, "N'otu oge m nọchitere anya onye mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọ bụla nọ na Robben Island".[3]

N'ileta Mandela na Robben Island na 1977 dị ka onye ọka iwu chọrọ mbinye aka ya, Jana ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ makụrụ Mandela n'ime afọ 13 nke mkpọrọ.[4] N'oge ahụ, ọbụna nwunye Mandela Winnie Madikizela-Mandela nwere ike ịhụ ya naanị site na panel iko.[4] Jana ghọrọ onye ọka iwu nke Mandela na ohere ya nyere ya ohere iziga ozi nzuzo site na nzukọ ANC na Mandela, mgbe ọ na-eme ihe ọchị ma na-akwa emo.[4] Dị ka otu n'ime ndị South Africa ole na ole nwere ike ịnweta Mandela n'oge a tụrụ ya mkpọrọ n'àgwàetiti ahụ, ọ weghachikwara ozi nzuzo site na Mandela na ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị ọzọ na ndị ndu ANC, gụnyere Onye isi ala Oliver Tambo.[1]

Dị ka onye odeakwụkwọ, ọ nọchitere anya ndị otu nnọchiteanya nke Soweto Students, megide obi ọjọọ nke steeti, na-esote 1976 Soweto Uprising.[4]

N'otu n'ime ikpe ya dị elu site n'oge a, ọ gbachitere onye na-eme ihe ike dị afọ iri abụọ na abụọ na onye otu UMkhonto we Sizwe (MK) , Solomon Mahlangu, onye mechara maa ikpe n'okpuru Iwu iyi ọha egwu, 1967 maka igbu ndị ọcha abụọ. A mara Mahlangu ikpe ọnwụ ma mesịa kwụgbuo ya, n'ihi iwu ndị a na-ahụkarị na-ekpe ikpe na-emetụta ya dị ka mpụ ahụ n'onwe ya. Ikpe ahụ kpatara iwe zuru ụwa ọnụ. Jana bụ otu n'ime ndị ikpeazụ na-akwado Mahlangu ịhụ ya n'abalị tupu e gbuo ya, wee lọta na-ebu ozi iji gaa n'ihu na ọgụ maka nnwere onwe. Ozi ikpeazụ ọ na-eziga site na ya gara n'ihu bụrụ mkpu maka ndị na-akwado ya, "Gwa ndị m na m hụrụ ha n'anya. Ha ga-aga n'ihu na ọgụ ahụ. Ọbara m ga-azụ osisi na-amị mkpụrụ nke nnwere onwe. "[3][4]

N'afọ 1979, Jana meghere ọrụ iwu nke ya, na-elekwasị anya na nnwere onwe obodo na ikpe ndị ruuru mmadụ.[2] Otú ọ dị, n'oge na-adịghị anya na 1980, e nyere ya iwu machibidoro iwu n'okpuru Iwu Mmachibido Iwu Kọmunist, 1950 ruo afọ ise, na-etinye ya iwu n'otu ntabi anya ma na-egbochi ya izute naanị otu onye, yana igbochi okwu ihu ọha ya.[3][1]

N'oge a, Jana sonyekwara n'òtù nzuzo nke African National Congress, UMkhonto we Sizwe, nke onye ga-abụ onye isi ala South Africa, Thabo Mbeki, si London, duziri, onye Jana na-agakwuru.[5][1] Ndị otu ahụ nwere Jackie Selebi, Beyers Naudé, na Cedric Mayson.[1]

Ịgide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ

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Site n'ọrụ ya, Jana nọchitere anya ọtụtụ ndị isi na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, gụnyere onye isi South Africa Nelson Mandela, Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, Steve Biko, Ebrahim Ebrahim, Ahmed Kathrada, Solomon Mahlangu, Govan Mbeki, Walter Sisulu, na Archbishop Desmond Tutu..[6]

Ọ malitere site n'ịnọchite anya Nelson Mandela na Winnie Madikizela-Mandela dị ka onye ọka iwu ha n'etiti 1970s. Ọ matara di na nwunye ahụ mgbe Mandela nọ na-eje ozi n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Robben Island.[1] Nke a bụ n'otu oge ahụ nwụchiri Madikizela-Mandela ma kpọchie ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ naanị ya tupu ebuga ya na obodo ndị isi ojii kewapụrụ na Orange Free State. Iwu metụtara agbụrụ n'oge ahụ pụtara na dị ka onye India, a ekweghị ka Jana nọrọ n'abalị ka ọ na-eleta onye ahịa ya.[1] Ọ gara n'ihu na-ejikọta ya na Madikizela-Mandela ka a tọhapụrụ ya na Brandfort wee malite ịrịọ ndị na-eme mkpesa na ndị na-eto eto bụ ndị weere ụdị mkpesa ọzọ na-emegide ndị ọchịchị..[3]

N'otu oge ahụ, Jana wepụrụ onwe ya mgbe a mara Madikizela-Mandela ikpe ịga mkpọrọ maka ịtọrọ nwata nwoke, Stompie Moeketsi, na-ekwu na omume a emeela ka ndị na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ banye n'okwu a ma bụrụ ndị e merụrụ n'ime usoro ahụ.[3] Ọ gara n'ihu na-ekwusi okwu a na Mandela mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ. O gosikwara akụkụ nke ya mgbe ọ katọrọ Mandela maka ịgbaghara ndị bụbu ndị na-emegide ya mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ.[3]

Ndị ọrụ gọọmentị lekwasịrị Jana anya n'etiti afọ 1980, ebe a tụrụ ụlọ ya bọmbụ na mwakpo Molotov cocktail. A na-awakpo ọfịs ya site n'oge ruo n'oge, na faịlụ na akwụkwọ na-agbakarị na mgbalị iji menye ya egwu. Ma, omume ndị a egbochighị ya. Ọ kpọọrọ onye ahịa Popo Molefe na nwa nwanyị nwunye ya Phinda Molefe, Albertina, mgbe nne ya hapụrụ ya n'ọfịs Jana na obi nkoropụ. [7][4] Ọtụtụ afọ ka e mesịrị, na 2001, Jana kuchiri Albertina.[4]

Jana nọchitekwara anya onye na-ede uri Benjamin Moloise, onye a mara ikpe ọnwụ site n'ịkwụgbu ya maka igbu onye uwe ojii na 1982. Mgbalị ya enyerela aka ịhazi uche zuru ụwa ọnụ na oku ndị ọzọ sitere n'aka òtù na gọọmentị zuru ụwa ọnụ rịọrọ gọọmentị South Africa n'oge ahụ ka ha nye ebere. Jana nọ na nne Moloise meworo agadi n'oge nche na 1985 mgbe ndị agha gbara ụlọ Moloise mepere emepe gburugburu ma na-agba mmiri.[8] Gọọmentị South Africa jụrụ arịrịọ mbụ ya maka ikpe ikpe ọzọ.[9][10] E gburu Moloise n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1985, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri atọ. [8] [11]

Na-anọchite anya Govan Mbeki, onye bụbu onye isi oche mba nke African National Congress, Jana nyere aka mee ka a tọhapụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Robben Island na 1987, mgbe ọ nọsịrị afọ 23 nke ikpe ndụ. Ntọhapụ nke onye dị afọ 77 bịara na mgbochi siri ike gụnyere ókèala ala maka ya ka ọ nọrọ n'ime mpaghara Port Elizabeth. A na-ewere ntọhapụ a dị ka "ikpe ikpe" maka ntọhapụ nke Nelson Mandela n'otu ụlọ mkpọrọ ahụ.[12]

Jana bụkwa akụkụ nke Black Consciousness Movement nke na-emegide òtù iji hụ na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ dị iche iche na African National Congress. N'okwu ikpe a ma ama, ọ gara South African Medical and Dental Council na 1984 iji gosipụta na ndị dọkịta abụọ na-elekọta onye na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na onye isi Black Consciousness Movement Steve Biko, mere ihe n'ụzọ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị mgbe Biko nwụrụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na 1977. [3][13] Ikpe ahụ mechara chọpụta na ndị dọkịta ọcha abụọ ahụ nwere ikpe n'afọ 1985. [3] [14] Ọ bụkwa onye na-eme ihe ike nke Democratic Women's Movement, ma kpọọ oku ka a kwụsị ntuli aka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ịmepụta iwu ịkpa ókè ọhụrụ, n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1985. N'ị sonye na mkpọsa iji gbochie ntuli aka ahụ, o kwuru, "Onye ọ bụla, onye na-acha ọbara ọbara ma ọ bụ onye India, nke na-ekere òkè na iwu ọhụrụ ahụ ga-abụ onye ikpe mara dịka ndị na-eme mpụ a megide ndị mmadụ. Onye na-ekerechi bụ onye sabo. "[15]

N'oge a, Jana bụ otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe ike n'iwu na-alụ ọgụ megide ikpe obodo na nke ikike mmadụ gafee mba ahụ iji kwụsị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ma webata ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na mba ahụ.[3] N'oge ọtụtụ ndị na-ahụ maka iwu hụrụ ọrụ ha n'ime usoro iwu, Jana na-agakarị n'ịbụ onye na-ahụkarị maka iwu. Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọka iwu na ikpe ndị ruuru mmadụ, a ga-ahụ ya ka ọ na-arụrụ ndị na-eme ihe ike n'okpuru ala n'abalị n'ụzọ ime ihe ike iji lụso ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ọgụ, gụnyere ibu AK-47s na buutu nke ụgbọ ala ya site na Soweto n'aha onye ahịa n'okpuru, iji gbochie nnweta ha. [3][4] N'oge a, ọ bụkwa onye otu Black People's Convention na Anti-Constitutional Committee na Federation of Transvaal Women . [13]

Afọ ndị sochirinụ

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Site na ọbịbịa nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na African National Congress (ANC) nọ n'ọchịchị na 1994, Jana sonyeere dị ka Onye omeiwu ANC, ma jee ozi dị ka onye otu ndị omeiwu n'etiti afọ 1994 na 1999.[16] Ọ nọchitere anya Krugersdorp . [17] Ọ bụkwa onye otu South African Law Commission, na onye otu Kọmitii ndụmọdụ onye isi ala.[18] Ọ bụ onye otu kọmitii ikpe ziri ezi nke na-ahụ maka mwepụta nke Truth and Reconciliation Commission . [4] Jana bụkwa onye nyere aka na Millennium Africa Recovery Programme (MAP) nke Onye isi ala Thabo Mbeki, nke na-anọchite anya atụmatụ pan-African iji mee ka Africa nwee ọganihu na uto na-adịgide adịgide, yana omume iji kpochapụ ịda ogbenye. N'ide akwụkwọ akpọrọ African Renaissance and the Millennium Action Plan, Jana kọwara usoro ahụ dị ka ijikọ ihe onwunwe Africa, gafee ngwakọta nke mineral na ihe onwunwa, ọdịiche dị iche iche, ọdịbendị, na ihe onyinyo mmadụ, iji nye ihe mgbaru ọsọ mmepe nke kọntinent dum.[19][20]

Ọ gakwara n'ihu na-eje ozi dị ka onye nnọchi anya South Africa na Netherlands site na 2001 ruo 2005 nakwa dị ka onye isi ala na Ireland site na 2006 ruo 2011, na-eje ije ozi dị ka ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta mba na mba ruo afọ itoolu.[16][1] Ọ malitere ọrụ dị ka onye kọmishọna na osote onyeisi oche nke South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC) na 2017. [16] [13]

Ọ bụ onye natara ihe nrite ndụ ya niile na Woza Awards na 2017, ihe nrite e guzobere iji mata ma mata ụmụ nwanyị na òtù iwu.[18]

Ndụ onwe onye

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Jana (nke bụ Sewpal n'oge ahụ) zutere di ya Reg Jana, onye bụ nwa akwụkwọ South Africa na-agụ akwụkwọ na India, mgbe ọ na-amụ ọgwụ na Sophia College for Women na Bombay. N'ide n'akwụkwọ ncheta ya banyere ndụ ya mgbe agbamakwụkwọ ya gasịrị, ọ na-ekwu maka nnukwu ezinụlọ di ya na atụmanya ọdịnala site n'aka nwunye nwa nke ezinụlọ ahụ dị ka ihe kpatara ọdịiche dị n'etiti ha. Ọ bụ ezie na Reg ga-anọgide na ya n'oge ọgụ ya, ọtụtụ ihe omume ya n'ime oge a mere ka Jana chọọ ịgba alụkwaghịm. Ọ na-ede na iwu mmachibido iwu ahụ bụ ihe kpatara nnukwu nrụgide na imebi ndụ ya na alụmdi na nwunye ya.[7] Alụmdi na nwunye ha biri na ịgba alụkwaghịm na 1989. Otú ọ dị, ọ nọgidere na-enwe aha ikpeazụ.[4] Ọ lụrụ Reagan Jacobus, onye ọka iwu mere onwe ya, alụmdi na nwunye ahụ dugara na ịgba alụkwaghịm n'etiti afọ ndị 1990.[3] N'afọ 2001, ọ kuchiri nwa ya nwanyị Albertina Jana Molefe, onye bụ nwa nwanyị nke onye ahịa na-eme ihe ike, Popo Molefe. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ kuchiri nwa nwanne ya nwoke, Shivesh Sewpal.[4]

Jana nwụrụ na 10 Ọktoba 2020 n'ụlọ nlekọta dị na Pretoria mgbe ọ dị afọ 76. A kọwaghị ihe kpatara ọnwụ ya.[3] Ọ hapụrụ nwa nwanyị, Alberta Jana Molefe, na nwa nwoke, Shivesh Sewpal.[3] Na nkwupụta, African National Congress, na-adọrọ uche gaa na àjà ya maka mmegide nnwere onwe ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, kwuru, "n'oge ọ gaara ahọrọ iji aka ya chụsoo akụ na ụba onwe ya na ọganihu ihe onwunwe. Kama nke ahụ, ọ ghọtara ọrụ ya dị ka oku, ijere ndị South Africa ozi, ọkachasị ndị ogbenye na ndị na-enweghị ike. "[18]

Akwụkwọ

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  • Jones (2016). Fighting For Mandela - The Explosive Autobiography of The Woman Who Helped to Destroy Apartheid. Metro Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78606-064-8.  

Ihe odide

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Devikarani Priscilla Jana | South African History Online. www.sahistory.org.za. Archived from the original on 7 December 2020. Retrieved on 25 November 2020. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":6" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Shoba (11 October 2020). Obituary 1943–2020: In memory of human rights lawyer Priscilla Jana (en). Daily Maverick. Archived from the original on 13 October 2020. Retrieved on 11 October 2020. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 Cowell. "Priscilla Jana, Lawyer Who Battled Apartheid, Is Dead at 76", The New York Times, 24 November 2020. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 Priscilla Jana obituary | Pat Devereaux (en). the Guardian (5 November 2020). Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved on 25 November 2020. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":5" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ 'Mandela must be turning in his grave' – Priscilla Jana (en-ZA). TimesLIVE. Archived from the original on 10 December 2020. Retrieved on 28 November 2020.
  6. ↑ Hassen (11 October 2020). Renowned Indian-origin South African human rights lawyer Priscilla Jana passes away (en-IN). Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on 14 October 2020. Retrieved on 11 October 2020.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Jana
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Rule. "Poet's Mother Is Target", The New York Times, 18 October 1985.
  9. ↑ Cowell. "PRETORIA REFUSES POET A NEW TRIAL", The New York Times, 16 October 1985.
  10. ↑ Rule. "SCATTERED UNREST IN SOUTH AFRICA", The New York Times, 19 August 1985.
  11. ↑ Says. ExecutedToday.com » 1985: Benjamin Moloise, revolutionary poet (en). Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved on 28 November 2020.
  12. ↑ "South Africa Restricts a Freed Dissident", The New York Times, 12 December 1987.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Tributes pour in for the 'people's lawyer' Priscilla Jana (en-gb). www.sahrc.org.za. Archived from the original on 9 December 2020. Retrieved on 28 November 2020. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":7" defined multiple times with different content
  14. ↑ Rule. "PRETORIA DOCTOR LOSES HIS LICENSE", The New York Times, 17 October 1985.
  15. ↑ Mbeki (1985). "The Struggle Inside South Africa". Africa Report 30 (1). Templeeti:ProQuest. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Human rights lawyer Priscilla Jana has died (en). News24 (10 October 2020). Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved on 12 October 2020. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content
  17. ↑ ANC Constituency Offices (8 July 1997). Archived from the original on 8 July 1997. Retrieved on 1 December 2020.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Renowned Indian-origin South African human rights lawyer Priscilla Jana passes away. The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 16 October 2020. Retrieved on 25 November 2020. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":4" defined multiple times with different content
  19. ↑ Bongmba (2004). "Reflections on Thabo Mbekis African Renaissance". Journal of Southern African Studies 30 (2): 291–316. DOI:10.1080/0305707042000215374. 
  20. ↑ Hensbroek (2002). "African Renaissance and Ubuntu". 
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