Public interest
Mmasị ọha na eze bụ "ọdịmma ma ọ bụ ọdịmma nke ọha na eze" na ọha mmadụ.[1]
Nkọwapụta
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Onye na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba Lok Sang Ho na Public Policy and the Public Interest na-arụ ụka na a ghaghị ịtụle ọdịmma ọha na eze n'eleghị mmadụ anya n'ihu, ya mere, ọ na-akọwa ọdịmma ọha na eze dị ka "ex ante welfare of the representative individual".[2][3] N'okpuru nnwale echiche, site n'iche na enwere ohere nhata maka mmadụ ịbụ onye ọ bụla na ọha mmadụ ma, ya mere, nwere ike irite uru ma ọ bụ taa ahụhụ site na mgbanwe, mmasị ọha na eze na-abawanye site na nkọwa mgbe ọ bụla a họọrọ mgbanwe ahụ karịa ọnọdụ quo ex ante. Usoro a bụ "ex ante", n'echiche na a naghị atụle mgbanwe ahụ mgbe eziokwu ahụ gasịrị kama a na-enyocha ya tupu eziokwu ahụ n'amaghị ma mmadụ ga-erite uru ma ọ bụ taa ahụhụ site na ya.
Usoro a na-agbaso usoro "ihe mkpuchi nke amaghị ihe", nke John Harsanyi bu ụzọ kwuo mana John Rawls mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe ama ama na 1971 Theory of Justice .[4] Otú ọ dị, n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a pụrụ ịchọta ụzọ ahụ na John Stuart Mill, onye, n'akwụkwọ ozi o degaara George Grote, kọwara na "obi ụtọ mmadụ, ọbụnadị nke mmadụ, n'ozuzu ya, na-agbaso nke ọma site n'ime ihe n'iwu n'ozuzu, karịa site n'ịtụle ihe ga-esi na omume ọ bụla pụta; nke a ka bụ ihe gbasara obi ụtọ n'ozuzu ya, ebe ọ bụ na atụmatụ ọ bụla ọzọ agaghị ahapụ naanị onye ọ bụla ejighị n'aka ihe ọ ga-atụ anya ya, kama ọ ga-agụnye esemokwu na-adịgide adịgide..."[5]
Ụlọ ọrụ Institute of Chartered Accountants na England na Wales na-arụ ụka na itinye nkọwa zuru ezu nwere ike ịkpata ihe ndị a na-atụghị anya ya, na Ime ihe maka ọdịmma ọha na eze (2012). Kama nke ahụ, a ghaghị inyocha ọnọdụ ọ bụla dabere na ụkpụrụ dịka ọha na eze dị mkpa, ọchịchọ, na mgbochi. Isi ihe iji nyochaa mkpebi ọ bụla gbasara ọdịmma ọha na eze bụ nkwuwa okwu nke usoro ime mkpebi, gụnyere ịhazi ọdịmma asọmpi.
Iwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
"Iwu ọdịmma ọha na eze" bụ okwu nke a nabatara n'ọtụtụ ebe na United States n'oge na mgbe ọgba aghara ọha na eze nke afọ 1960. O wuru n'elu ọdịnala nke Louis Brandeis gosipụtara, onye tupu ọ ghọọ onye ọka ikpe ziri ezi nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke United States tinyere nkwado maka ọdịmma nke ọha na eze n'ime ọrụ iwu ya. N'okwu a na-eme ememe n'afọ 1905, Brandeis katọrọ ọrụ iwu, na-eme mkpesa na "ndị ọka iwu nwere ike ikwe ka ha bụrụ ndị mmekọ nke nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ ma leghara ọrụ ha anya iji ikike ha maka nchebe nke ndị mmadụ. "[6] N'ọgwụgwụ afọ 1960 na afọ 1970, ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ iwu nke America malitere ịchọ "ihe dị mkpa" n'ọrụ ha - na-achọ inwe mmetụta na nsogbu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke a na-ahụ anya ma na-arụrịta ụka n'ime ọha mmadụ America n'oge ahụ. Ha kọwara onwe ha dị ka ndị ọka iwu na-ahụ maka ọdịmma ọha na eze iji mee ka ha dị iche na "ndị na-akwado ụlọ ọrụ" nke Brandeis zoro aka na ya.[7]
Iwu ọdịmma ọha na eze anaghị akọwa otu iwu ma ọ bụ ngalaba iwu; a nakweere okwu ahụ iji kọwaa onye ndị ọka iwu ọdịmma ọha na eze na-anọchite anya ya, kama ihe ha ga-arụ ọrụ. Kama ịnọchite anya ọdịmma akụ na ụba dị ike, ha họọrọ ịbụ ndị na-akwado ndị ọzọ na-anọghị na ha. N'ihi ya, nnukwu oge dị ugbu a n'ịkwado ọdịmma ọha na eze na-ekwusi ike mgbe niile mkpa ọ dị inye ndị dara ogbenye ọrụ iwu. Otú ọ dị, okwu ahụ etoola iji gụnye ọtụtụ ọrụ nke ndị ọka iwu na ndị na-abụghị ndị ọka iwu na-arụ ọrụ maka ọtụtụ ebumnuche, gụnyere ikike obodo, nnwere onwe obodo, ikike ụmụ nwanyị, ikike ndị ahịa, nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi, na ihe ndị ọzọ. Ka o sina dị, otu aha maka ndị ọka iwu na-ahụ maka ọdịmma ọha na eze na United States na ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke mba ka bụ ụkpụrụ omume nke “ịlụ ọgụ maka obere nwoke” - ya bụ, na-anọchite anya akụkụ ndị na-anọghị n'okpuru na ndị na-adịghị ike nke ọha mmadụ.[8]
Gọọmentị
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A na-ewere mmasị ọha na eze dị ka isi nke "echiche ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nke gọọmentị" ma na-ejikọkarị ya na echiche abụọ ndị ọzọ, "ịdị mfe" na "mkpa". na United States, mmasị ọha na eze, ịdị mma na mkpa pụtara na nke mbụ ya na Iwu Ụgbọ njem nke 1920 ma pụta na Iwu Radio nke 1927.[9] Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, echiche atọ a ghọrọ ụkpụrụ dị oke mkpa maka ịme iwu nkwukọrịta na idozi ụfọdụ esemokwu metụtara ya.
Leekwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Ihe kpatara iwu
- Ihe ọma nkịtị
- Ihe mgbagwoju anya Condorcet
- General will
- Mmasị mba
- Pareto optimality
- Iwu redio nke 1927
- Iwu nkwukọrịta nke 1996
- Usoro Ebe E Si Nweta Ọha
- Injinia mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya
- Software na Mmasị Ọha
Ndetu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ "Public interest", Random House Dictionary.
- ↑ Routledge, 2012 (first published in 2011).
- ↑ Public Policy and the Public Interest: 1st Edition (Hardback) - Routledge (en). Routledge.com. Retrieved on 2019-06-19.
- ↑ Rawls, John (1971) A Theory of Justice, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
- ↑ Francis E. Mineka and Dwight N. Lindley (ed.), The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, Volume XIV - The Later Letters of John Stuart Mill 1849-1873 Part I, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1972, Vol. XV, p. 762, 1862.
- ↑ Edwin Rekosh, et al.,ed. "Pursuing the Public Interest, A Handbook for Legal Professionals and Activists" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200103042235/https://www.pilnet.org/component/docman/doc_download/35-pursuing-the-public-interest-a-handbook-for-legal.html); Scott L. Cummings, The Politics of Pro Bono, 52 UCLA L. Rev. 1, 13-14(2004)
- ↑ Rekosh, supra; See also Joel F. Handler, Ellen Jane Hollingsworth & Howard S. Erlanger, Lawyers and the Pursuit of Legal Rights 24-39 (1978); Note, The New Public Interest lawyers, 79 Yale L.J. 1069, 1069-70 (1970)
- ↑ Scott L. Cummings & Ingrid V. Eagly, After Public Interest Law, NWU L. Rev. 1251, 1251-1259, 2075-2077(2006)
- ↑ Napoli, Philip M. (2001). Foundations of Communications Policy. Principles and Process in the Regulation of Electronic Media. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press