Sarah Wildes
| ụdịekere | nwanyị  |
|---|---|
| mba o sị | Ndi bekee |
| aha enyere | Sarah |
| ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya | 1627 |
| Ebe ọmụmụ | Chipping Norton |
| Ụbọchị ọnwụ ya | 19 Julaị 1692 |
| Ebe ọ nwụrụ | Danvers |
| Ụdị ọnwụ | capital punishment |
| ihe kpatara ọnwụ | hanging |
| convicted of | witchcraft |
| Ebe obibi | Topsfield |
Sarah Wildes |
|---|
Sarah Wildes (née Averell/Averill; e mere ya mmiri chukwu na March 16, 1627 – July 29, 1692 ) bụ onye a mara ikpe n’ụzọ na -ezighị ezi maka ịgba afa n’oge ọnwụnwa ndị amoosu Salem ma gbuo ya site n’ịkpọgide ya . Ọ kwadoro na aka ya dị ọcha n'oge usoro ahụ niile, ma emesịa wepụ ya . Nwunye mbụ di ya bụ onye òtù ezinụlọ Gould, ụmụnne ndị ikwu nke ezinụlọ Putnam, ndị isi ebubo, na akwụkwọ ndekọ ụlọikpe na-edekọ esemokwu ezinụlọ nke butere mkpagbu ya.
Ezinụlọ ya
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Sarah bụ otu n'ime ụmụaka asaa amụrụ William Averell [note 1] na Abigail Hynton, ndị si Chipping Norton, England kwabatara na Ipswich, Massachusetts . William bụ onye kotima na Chipping Norton n'afọ 1634, na ndekọ obodo Ipswich buru ụzọ kwuo ya n'afọ 1637, bụ nke na-akwado ịkwaga ha n'oge oge, mgbe Sarah dị ihe dịka 7–10 afọ. [1]
Sarah lụrụ onye mbata England John Wildes (a mụrụ c. 1615–1618 [note 2] ), onye di ya nwụrụ nke nwere ụmụ asatọ ma mụọ nwa nwoke, Efraim. Ifrem nọ n'ọnọdu onye- nchekwa ego na onye- ọchi -agha n'oge nke izu-ike ahu. [2] Ha bụ ndị bi na Topsfield, obodo Salem gbara agbata obi, na Massachusetts Bay Colony . John nwere ọtụtụ ọkwa na ọchịchị obodo ma jiri ịhụnanya kpọọ ya "Old Father Wildes". [3] : otu narị na iri na atọ Abụọ n'ime ụmụ nwanyị John, Sarah (Wildes) Bishop na Phoebe (Wildes) Day, na ọgọ nwoke, Edward Bishop Jr., bụkwa ebubo amoosu. Sarah Averill Wildes na Sarah Wildes Bishop, di ya, enweela mgbagwoju anya (dị ka Sarah Wildes Bishop na Bridget Bishop ).
Otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị Sarah, Jonathan, bụ onye ama ama maka omume dị ịtụnanya, nke ndị ozi obodo chere na ọ nwere ike bụrụ ndọpụ uche, nke ekwensu nwere, ma ọ bụ nke adịgboroja, akụkọ nke Mkpu. John Hale kọrọ n'oge a na-ekpe Sarah ikpe, na-eleghachi anya azụ na ọ ga-abụ ihe akaebe nke amoosu Sarah. Jonathan ama akpa ke ekọn̄ Edidem Philip, ndien idụhe ubiere oro akanamde. [4] : otu narị na iri asatọ na isii [5]
Hale kọkwara akụkọ banyere nwa nwa nwoke ọzọ, John, [note 3] bụ onye nwụkwara n'oge ọ bụ nwata (ma ya mere, ọ bụghị gburugburu iji gosi ma ọ bụ gbaghaa akụkọ ahụ). John, onye e kọwara dị ka “nwa okorobịa na-akwụwa aka ọtọ” gara n’ụlọ nwanne nna ya na nwanne nne ya, bụ́ Reddingtons, ịkọrọ ha nkwenkwe ya na nne di ya bụ, n’ezie, onye amoosu. [2]
Nwanne Sarah nke tọrọ, William Averill, Jr., onye nwere ọtụtụ ọkwa dị iche iche na Ipswich na Topsfield, nwụrụ n'afọ tupu e jide Sarah, ya mere enweghị ike ịgbachitere ya. William na John Wildes (Sr.) jere ozi ọnụ dị ka ndị a họpụtara ahọpụta . Sarah na John bụkwa ndị akaebe nye uche William, na-egosipụta mmekọrịta ntụkwasị obi. [3] : 86–87
Mmehie mbụ na esemokwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Sarah nwere aha ọma dị ka onye na-abụghị onye na-akwadoghị na Puritan Massachusetts, na mmejọ ndị gara aga nke nwere ike ime ka ọ bụrụ ebumnuche dị mfe maka ebubo amoosu. A na-ewere ya dị ka onye mara mma na n'ihu dịka nwa agbọghọ. [5] A mara ya ikpe ka a pịa ya ụtarị maka ịkwa iko ya na Thomas Wordell na November 1649, ma mesịa, na May 1663, boro ya ebubo iyi akwa silk . [6]
N’ihi na ọ laụrụ John n’oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nwunye mbụ ya nwụsịrị (ihe dị ka ọnwa 7 ka e mesịrị), ndị ọgọ John mbụ nwere ihe na- eweso ya iwe. Nke a bụ ihe a ma ama dịka ndị Goulds metụtara ezinụlọ Putnam, bụ ndị bụ ndị isi ebubo na mgbaasị amoosu. John Wildes gbara akaebe megide nwanne nwunye mbụ ya, Lieutenant John Gould, na ikpe aghụghọ, nke kpasuru ezinụlọ ahụ iwe. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, nwunye nwanne John mbụ, Mary Gould Reddington, malitere ịkọ asịrị na Sarah bụ onye amoosu. Mgbe John Wildes yiri egwu na ya ga-ebo ya ebubo nkwutọ, ọ weghaara ihe o kwuru. [5] John gbara ama na William Averill sochiri, nwalee eziokwu Mary site n'inyefe nwanne ya nwanyị n'onwe ya ma ọ bụrụ na o nwere mkpesa megide Sera, Meri kwukwara ọzọ na o nweghị ihe megide ya. [2]
N'afọ 1674, ụmụnne John na Joseph Andrews bịara n'ụlọ Wildes ka ha gbazite nsị, dịka nke ha gbajiri. John Wildes, Sr., anọghị ya na Sarah zara na ya enweghị onye ọ ga-agbazinye, ma onye agbata obi tụụrụ ha aka na John Wildes, Jr.'s, ha weere ya megide mkpesa Sarah, na-ekwe nkwa ịrịọ ikike John nke nta. E kwuru na Efraim, bụ nwa okorobia, e kwuru na a chụrụ ha n’azụ, na-ekwu na ọ ga-abụrụ ha “ụkpa ọnwụ” ma ọ bụrụ na ha eweghachighị ya. Mgbe ha gbuchara ahihia ha, ha nwere ọtụtụ ihe ọjọọ na ụgbọ ala ha na ehi ha, bụ nke ha kwuru na ọ bụ nhịahụ Sera mere. Mgbe e mesịrị, Elizabeth Simmons née Andrews, nwanne ha nwanyị, na nne ha gara ileta Reddingtons wee soro Sarah gafere ụzọ. Nne ha gwara ya akụkọ banyere nsogbu ụmụ ya nwere, Sera kwukwara na o nweghị ihe jikọrọ ya na ya. Mgbe nne ha nọgidere na-ekwesị ntụkwasị obi, Sera siri ọnwụ na ọ ga-egosi na o nwere aka na ya. Elizabeth kwuziri na nkwonkwo ịma jijiji metụrụ ya ozugbo mgbe Sarah lere ya anya, na otu anụ ọhịa dị ka nwamba bịara leta ya n'abalị ahụ, ebe ọ dara ogbi. Ọ gara n'ihu kwuo na ya nwere ihe mgbu azụ mgbe Sarah gafere ya na chọọchị. [2]
Ephraim gbara ama na ya na ada Elizabeth Simmons agbaala ndụ, nke ọ kwụsịrị ka o zutechara Oriakụ. Simmons banyere asịrị ọ nụrụ maka mkpesa ya gbasara nne ya (nke ọ gọrọ), na na ọ na-eweso ya iwe kemgbe ahụ. [2]
Thomas Dorman kọrọ na Sarah zụtara ụlọ aṅụ n'aka ya, ma, mgbe e mesịrị, ọ tụfuru ọtụtụ anụ ụlọ ya, gụnyere geese na ehi. N'ime ihe omume nke afọ 1692, Ann Putnam, Jr. gwara nwunye ya na Sarah Wildes gburu ehi ha, bụ nke ọ hụrụ dị ịrịba ama dị ka ha jụrụ oyi na January 1686.
Ihe ọzọ kpatara esemokwu bụ ọnọdụ John dị ka onye nyocha maka Topsfield. Esemokwu dị n'ókè n'etiti Salem na Topsfield pụtara na ihu ọma Topsfield. [7]
Ọnwụnwa ndị amoosu Salem
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Jide
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Na 21 Eprel 1692, John Hathorne na Jonathan Corwin nyere Sarah iwu, ya na di ya, Sarah Wildes Bishop, di Sarah Bishop, Edward Bishop, na isii ndị ọzọ ( William na Deliverance Hobbs, Nehemiah Abbot, Mary Eastey, Mary Black, na Mary English ) ka ejide ya na "nnukwu enyo" nke amoosu mere na Ann Putnam, Jr., Mercy Lewis, Mary Walcott, na ndị ọzọ, n'ihi mkpesa nke Thomas Putnam na John Buxton.
Sarah e jidere Marshall, George Herrick, bụ onye nyere iwu Constable Ephraim Wildes ka ijide Deliverance Hobbs. Hobbs, ma ọ bụ site na mmanye ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị, mere nkwupụta ụlọ mkpọrọ wee tinye Sarah Wildes dị ka onye amoosu. Ephraim n'onwe ya gbara ama na ya kwenyere na ebubo Hobbs bụ ịbọ ọbọ megide ya maka ijide ya. [2]
Nyocha
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Emere nyocha ya n'echi ya. A na-akpọ Sarah Bibber aha kpọmkwem n'akwụkwọ ndekọ ụlọ ikpe dịka ọ dabara adaba, na-ekwu na ọ na-ahụ ihe nkiri Sarah "n'elu osisi", ndị ọzọ boro ebubo sochiri ya. Ann Putnam, Jr. mechara gbaa akaebe na ya onwe ya tara ahụhụ n'oge nyocha Sarah nakwa na ọ hụrụ ahụhụ nke Mary Walcott, Mercy Lewis, na Abigail Williams . Sarah kwuru na aka ya dị ọcha, ruo n'ókè n'ikwu na ya ahụtụbeghị ndị na-ebo ya ebubo mbụ. Ebubo ochie nke nwanne di John mbụ, Mary Reddington ("John Herricks [nzọụkwụ] nne [ther]"), maliteghachiri.
N'oge nyocha nke onwe ya, Deliverance Hobbs kwuru na ọdịdị Sarah, yana nke Mercy Lewis, 'na-adọkasị (ya) na mbụ. [ " ka o dinara n'ihe ndina ya. Ọ gara n'ihu na Sera kpọbatara ya n'ọrụ ka ọ gaa n'ọgba ojii, ma nye ya ka ọ kwụsị imekpa ya ahụ ma were uwe kwụọ ya ụgwọ maka ntinye aka na akwụkwọ ekwensu. [2]
Mkpọrọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Na 13 Mee 1692, e zigara Sarah na Boston Gaol . [8] E zigara ya na Salem na 18 June, tinyere George Burroughs, George Jacobs, Sr., Giles na Martha Corey, Ann Pudeator, Sarah Cloyse, Sarah Root, na Dorcas Hoar . [4] : 172–173 N'arịrịọ o mesịrị rịọ maka nkwụghachi, Efraim kwuru na ya ma ọ bụ nna ya na-eme njem iji leta ya otu ugboro ma ọ bụ ugboro abụọ n'izu, na-akpata nnukwu ego. [2]
Mkpegbu ya
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Tinyere Sarah Good, Rebecca Nurse, Susannah Martin, na Elizabeth Howe, a nwara Sarah Wildes na 30 June 1692. Ndị gbara akwụkwọ gbakwasịrị ụkwụ n'ihe akaebe pụtara ìhè.
Mary Gould Reddington anwụọla n'oge ikpe ahụ, mana nwanne ya nwoke John na Rev. John Hale kọrọ akụkọ amoosu ọ na-ekwu megide onwe ya na nzọ ụkwụ Sarah. Elizabeth Simmons, yana ụmụnne ya nwoke, John na Joseph Andrews, gbara akaebe na e megburu ha. Humphrey Clark kwuru na otu mgbe Sarah pụtara n'ime ime ụlọ ya n'etiti abalị. Thomas Dorman kọrọ akụkọ banyere geese na ehi ya.
A kpasuru m iwe kemgbe mmalite nke njem mụ na nwanyị gwara m aha ya bụ willds nakwa na o si Topsfeild bịa mana na 22 Eprel 1692 Sarah willd mere m ahụhụ nke ukwuu n'oge nyocha ọrụ ya na M wee hụ na Sarah chọrọ bụ nnọọ nwaanyị ahụ nke gwara m aha ya bụ willds nakwa n'ụbọchị ọrụ ya ahụrụ m Sarah willds or hir Apperence most greviously tortor and afflect mary walcott, Mircy lewes na Abigail willia [ms] and multiplel times sence Sarah wilds ma ọ bụ hirs Apperance atagbuola m nke ukwuu wee mekpaa m ahụhụ dị iche iche dịka site n'ịkpọ m na tuo m na ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ kụgbuo m. [2]
Mary Walcott kwuru n'otu aka ahụ:
na mmalite nke Appril 1692, otu nwanyị bịakwutere m nke m na-amaghị ma ọ na-ata m ahụhụ nke ukwuu site n'ịkụba m ma gwa m na aha ya bụ anụ ọhịa nakwa na ọ bi na Topsfeil na-ewute m nke ukwuu site na. ugboro na-agwa ụbọchị nke ya Examination nke bụ ụbọchị 22 nke Appril 1692: na mgbe ahụ, ahụrụ m na Sarah wildes bụ nnọọ otu nwanyị ahụ na-agwa m aha ya bụ wildes na sarah ọhịa na-ata m ahụhụ nke ukwuu n'oge oge nyocha maka ya. mgbe ọ bụla o mere ma lee m anya ọ ga-akụ m ma ọ bụ ọ fọrọ nke nta ka m gbuo: nakwa na ụbọchị ma ọ bụ hir Examination m hụrụ sarah Wilds or hir Apperance most grviously torment and afflect mercy lewes [s] Abigaill Williams na Ann putnam Jun site n’igbu ha na [ọpụpụ] ịmagbu ha ka ha gbuo. Ọtụtụ ugboro sence Sarah willds ejirila ụdị mmekpa ahụ dị iche iche na-ata m ahụhụ nke ukwuu ma ekwere m n'ezie na ọ bụ wicth kacha dị egwu [2]
Nathaniel Ingersoll na Thomas Putnam kwadoro nkwupụta ndị a site n'ikwu na ha hụrụ mwakpo a na-alụso ụmụ agbọghọ niile nọ n'ahụhụ.
Na mgbachitere Sera, John na Ifrem gbara ama maka ebumnobi ezighi ezi nke ezi na ụlọ Hobbs, Gould na Simmons. Ifrem kwuru na ya ahụbeghị nne ya ka o mejọrọ onye ọ bụla n’okwu ma ọ bụ omume, na ọ na-akụziri ya nke ọma mgbe nile n’okpukpe Ndị Kraịst .
Ụlọikpe Essex County katọrọ Sarah Wildes maka ime amoosu. William Stoughton bịanyere aka na akwụkwọ ikike maka igbu ya na 12 Julaị 1692. [4] : 197
Ogbugbu ya
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Egburu Wildes na Julaị 19, 1692 site n'ịkogide na Gallows Hill na Salem, Massachusetts, yana Elizabeth Howe, Susannah Martin, Sarah Good, na Nurse Rebecca . Tupu e gbuo ya, Rev. Nicholas Noyes gwara ha ka ha kwupụta, ma okwu ikpeazụ Good bụ, "Ị bụ onye ụgha! Abụkwaghị m onye amoosu kama ịbụ onye dibịa afa, ma ọ bụrụ na i wepụ ndụ m, Chineke ga-enye gị ọbara ka ị ṅụọ.” [9]
Mgbe e mesịrị kwenye na saịtị nke ogbugbu ahụ na January 2016 site na Gallows Hill Project, nke Prọfesọ Emerson Baker nke Salem State University na-edu, ọ dịghị ihe fọdụrụ mmadụ ka a hụrụ na-eji radar na-abanye n'ala, na-akwado nkwenkwe ọdịnala na ezinụlọ nke ndị ahụ metụtara laghachiri na. abalị iji nwetaghachi ahụ ha ma tinyeghachi ha n'ebe ọzọ. [10]
N'ikpeazụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]E jidere Stepdaughter Phoebe Wildes Day na September 1692, ma ọ dịghị ndekọ ọ bụla na-aga ikpe. Nwa nwa nwanyị Sarah Wildes Bishop na di ya, Edward, ebe e bufere ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Boston, gbapụrụ na October 1692 wee zoo.
N'akwụkwọ ya bụ Wonders of the Invisible World, Cotton Mather gbalịrị ịgbachitere òkè ya na ule ndị ahụ, na-ewepụta ihe ọ weere dị ka ikpe kachasị ike maka ezi amoosu. Ọ gụnyeghị nke Sera.
Na 26 June 1693, John Wildes lụrụ Mary, nwanyị di ya nwụrụ nke George Jacobs, Sr. (E gburu George maka amoosu, nakwa). Ọ nwụrụ na 14 Mee 1705, na Topsfield.
Nchụpụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ụlọikpe General Massachusetts wepụrụ Sarah n'afọ 1710, yana ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ mara ikpe. Nwa ya nwoke Ifrem, na-aza na "nhụsianya nke enyi… enweghị ike ịmegharị" [ , e nyere pound ịrị na anọ ka nkwụghachi. [2]
Di nke otu n'ime ụmụ Sarah, onye nnọchi anya steeti Paul Tirone, nyere aka na ikpochapụ ndị ikpe ise ikpeazụ site na omume nke ndị omebe iwu na October 31, 2001 ( Halloween ). [11]
Ememe ncheta
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ihe ncheta ọnwụnwa nke Salem Witch gụnyere bench nke edere aha ndị niile gburu, gụnyere Sarah Wildes. Arthur Miller, bụ onye dere Crucible, egwuregwu dabeere na ule ndị ahụ, kwuru okwu na nraranye, dị ka onye lanarịrị Mgbukpọ Nobel na Elie Wiesel mere. [12] Obodo Danvers mekwara ihe ncheta nye ndị ahụ metụtara. E mechara chọpụta ebe ogbugbu ahụ na Jenụwarị 2016, site na Mahadum Virginia 's Gallows Hill Project, obodo ahụ na-ezube imepụta ncheta ọhụrụ nye ndị ihe metụtara ebe ahụ. [13]
Ihe ndetu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Edensibia
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Avery (1922). Supplement for Insertion in the Averell-Averill-Avery Family. Retrieved on December 30, 2013.
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 Staff. Sarah Wilds Executed July 19, 1692. Salem Witch Trials Documentary Archive and Transcription Project. University of Virginia. Archived from the original on May 23, 2015. Retrieved on December 22, 2013.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Avery (1906). The Averell-Averill-Avery Family: A Record of the Descendants of William and Abigail Averell of Ipswich, Mass.. Retrieved on August 7, 2015.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Roach (2004). The Salem Witch Trials: A Day-by-day Chronicle of a Community Under Siege. Taylor Trade Publications. Retrieved on July 31, 2015.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 - Salem Witchcraft Trials: The Convicted and Executed: 19 Victims Who Did Not Survive, NationalGeographic.com; accessed July 30, 2015.
- ↑ Robinson (1992). The Devil Discovered. Hippocrene Books. ISBN 9780781801041. Retrieved on December 30, 2013.
- ↑ Topsfield and the Witchcraft Tragedy. (Topsfield: Topsfield Historical Society 1992) 1-12.
- ↑ Institute (1906). Essex Institute Historical Collections, Volume 42. Retrieved on July 30, 2015.
- ↑ Calef (1700). More Wonders of the Invisible World, 102.
- ↑ Baker (11 January 2016). The Gallows Hill Project. Emerson W. Baker. Archived from the original on 3 July 2019. Retrieved on 19 July 2019.
- ↑ "Massachusetts Clears 5 From Salem Witch Trials", New York Times, November 2, 2001. Retrieved on August 13, 2015.
- ↑ Salem Massachusetts – Salem Witch Trials The Stones: July 10 and July 19, 1692, salemweb.com; accessed December 24, 2014.
- ↑ Caroline Newman, "X Marks the Spot", UVA Today, 16 January 2016, accessed 28 April 2016
Ọgụgụ ọzọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Upham, Charles (1980). Salem Amoosu. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., v. 2, p. 135, 268, 480 .
- "Ọnwụnwa Salem Witch: Documentary Archive and Transcript Archive" (2002)
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