Silvopasture


obere ụdị nke	agroforestry
A gụrụ aha	forest

Silvopasture (silva bụ ọhịa na Latin) bụ omume nke ijikọta osisi, nri, na ịta anụ ụlọ n'ụzọ bara uru.^[1] Ọ na-eji ụkpụrụ nke ịta ahịhịa na-achịkwa, ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị agroforestry dị iche iche.^[2]

Silvopasture nke a na-achịkwa nke ọma nwere ike ịbawanye nrụpụta mkpokọta yana ego na-adịte aka n'ihi mmepụta nke osisi, nri nri, na anụ ụlọ n'otu oge, ma nwee ike inye uru gburugburu ebe obibi ma na-eme ya n'ọtụtụ akụkụ ụwa ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ. Silvopasture abụghị otu ka ịta nri a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa n'ime ọhịa.

Uru

Usoro ịta ahịhịa na-emeghe bụ nsonaazụ nke mgbukpọ ọhịa, na-ebelata mmiri, na-abawanye ihe na-edozi ahụ n'ala ruo n'ókè nke na-emebi ma usoro okike ma ụmụ mmadụ.^[3] Uru bụ isi nke silvopasture bụ mmụba nke iji ala ugbo eme ihe - silvopathure nwere ike itinye ọhịa ndị a na-ejighị eme ihe na mmepụta ma mepụta ọtụtụ ngwaahịa n'otu mpaghara. Nke a na-eme ka ihe ndị na-enweta ego n'ugbo dị iche iche ma na-eme gore ọrụ ugbo dịkwuo mma. Achọpụtara na ịkpa anụ ọhịa na-amụba ọtụtụ anụ ọhịa na ụdị dị iche iche.

Anụ ụlọ

Osisi ndị dị na sistemụ silvopasture na-enye anụ ụlọ nchebe pụọ na anyanwụ na ifufe, nke nwere ike ịbawanye nkasi obi anụmanụ ma melite mmepụta. Osisi nwere ike inye ndò n'oge okpomọkụ na ikuku ikuku n'oge oyi, na-ekwe ka anụ ụlọ na-eme ka okpomọkụ nke onwe ha gbanwee. Ejikọtala nrụgide okpomọkụ na anụ ụlọ na mbelata oriri nri, ịba ụba nke mmiri, na mmetụta ọjọọ na mmepụta, ahụike ọmụmụ, mkpụrụ mmiri ara ehi, ahụike na ogologo ndụ..^[4]^[5]

Ụdị osisi ụfọdụ nwekwara ike ịbụ nri anụ ụlọ. Osisi nwere ike ịmị mkpụrụ ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi nke anụ ụlọ nwere ike iri mgbe ha ka nọ n'osisi ma ọ bụ mgbe ha dara. Akwụkwọ osisi nwere ike ịbụ ihe oriri, ndị na-ahụ maka ịta ahịhịa nwere ike iji osisi mee ihe dị ka ihe oriri site n'ịkpụ osisi ahụ ka anụ ụlọ wee rie ya, ma ọ bụ site na iji coppicing ma ọ bụ pollarding iji kwalite akwụkwọ ebe anụ ụlọ nwere ike ịnweta ya.^[1]

Nchọgharị

Usoro silvopasture a na-achịkwa nke ọma nwere ike ịmepụta ọtụtụ nri dị ka usoro ịta ahịhịa mepere emepe n'ọnọdụ dị mma. A hụwokwa usoro ịta ahịhịa iji mepụta nri na-edozi ahụ karịa nri na-abụghị ịta ahụhịa n'okpuru ọnọdụ ụfọdụ. A hụla mmụba nke nnweta nri na usoro silvopasture ma e jiri ya tụnyere usoro ịta ahịhịa mepere emepe n'okpuru ọnọdụ ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, ebe njikọta nke ndò sitere na osisi na mmiri sitere na mgbọrọgwụ osisi nwere ike belata mmetụta ụkọ mmiri.^[1]

Osisi

Silvopasture dakọtara na mkpụrụ osisi, akị na mmepụta osisi. Ịta nri nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ahịhịa na-eri ego na ụzọ iji chịkwaa ahihia. Silvopasture nwekwara ike inye aka belata pests na ọrịa n'ubi mkpụrụ osisi - mgbe ewebatara ya n'ubi mkpụrụ osisi mgbe owuwe ihe ubi, anụ ụlọ na-enwe ike iri mkpụrụ osisi a na-egbuteghị, na-egbochi pests na ọrịa ịgbasa site na mkpụrụ osisi ndị a na-akụghị mkpụrụ na n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ na-eri ụmụ ahụhụ n'onwe ha.^[1]

Ụzọ e si eme ya

Enwere ike ịmepụta ịta ahịhịa site n'ịkụ osisi n'ime ebe ịta ahụhịa dị ugbu a ma ọ bụ site n'iguzobe ebe ịta nri n'ọhịa dị adị. Ụzọ abụọ ahụ dị iche iche n'ihe ịma aka ha na-eweta.

Ịtinye osisi n'ebe ịta nri

Ịkụ osisi n'ime ebe ịta nri dị ugbu a na-eweta ọtụtụ ihe ịma aka: a ghaghị ichebe osisi ndị na-eto eto pụọ n'anụ ụlọ, osisi nwere ike iwe ọtụtụ afọ iji mịpụta ihe (dabere na ụdị), na ịkụ osisi n'ebe ịta nri nwere ike igbochi ikike iji ala ahụ maka ebumnuche ndị ọzọ n'ọdịnihu.^[1]

Ịchịkọta ahịhịa n'ime ọhịa

Ijikọta ebe ịta nri n'ime ọhịa dị ugbu a na-ewetakwa ihe ịma aka: o yikarịrị ka ọ ga-adị mkpa ịkpụchasị osisi ahụ iji mee ka ọkụ na-abanye n'ime ya, nke na-ewe oge ma nwee ike ịchọ ígwè ọrụ dị arọ, yana atụmatụ maka imegide osisi ndị e gbuturu egbutu. Ókèala osisi ndị kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ nwekwara ike na-enwe mmụba nke ahịhịa na osisi ndị a na-aghaghị ịgwọta iji gbochie ịta nri ịtafebiga ókè. Ọ pụkwara ịdị mkpa ka e guzobe ahịhịa ahịhịa n'okpuru osisi, usoro nke nwere ike isi ike ma ọ bụrụ na e gbutuola osisi.^[1]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

Dabere na echiche nke ịta ahịhịa, oghere, ala ịta ahụhịa nke ụdị ụfọdụ ma ọ bụ ọzọ ga-abụ akụkụ nke osisi ọhịa mbụ nke Europe ọbụna tupu ụmụ mmadụ ejiri ha mee ihe. Usoro mkpụrụ osisi na mkpụrụ osisi na silvopasture kpuchiri akụkụ dị ukwuu nke etiti Europe ruo na narị afọ nke 20, ma ka na-agbasa n'ebe ụfọdụ.^[6] Ogige ịta ahịhịa, otu n'ime omume kachasị ochie nke iji ala eme ihe n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmadụ, bụ usoro nchịkwa ala Europe nke ogige mepere emepe nyere ebe obibi na nri maka anụmanụ na-ata ahịhịhịa na ehi, yana ngwaahịa osisi dị ka osisi maka iwu na mmanụ, ogwe osisi maka imepụta mmiri na icheku ọkụ na ogwe pollarded.^[6] Kemgbe oge ndị Rom, a tọhapụrụ ezì n'ime ọhịa beech na oak ka ha rie nri n'elu osisi beech, na n'ime ubi mkpụrụ osisi iji rie mkpụrụ osisi dara ada.^[6]

United Kingdom

A na-amụ ụdị osisi na ọnụ ọgụgụ osisi n'ọtụtụ ebe na Silvopastoral National Network Experiment.^[7] Atụmatụ nlekọta gburugburu ebe obibi nke Natural England na-akọwa Wood Pasture, na akwụkwọ nta Farm Environmental Plan, dị ka usoro nke mepere emepe ma ọ bụ oké ọhịa dị elu na matrik nke ahịhịa ahịhịhịa, ala ahịhịrị, na / ma ọ bụ osisi.

Ahụmahụ ha na-egosi na atụrụ na-eji osisi ahụ eme ihe maka ebe mgbaba pụọ n'ikuku. Nke a nwere ike inye uru dị ukwuu maka ọdịmma anụmanụ. Otú ọ dị, 'oge atụrụ' dị nso n'osisi na-eme ka ala sie ike na nnukwu mkpakọ mgbe a kụrụ osisi na obere mkpakọ. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ na-atụ aro ka a kụọ osisi na ihe na-erughị 400 kwa hekta iji hụ na ọ dị mma.

A na-achọpụta ihe akaebe nke nlekọta osisi ochie n'ọtụtụ ọhịa oge ochie nke Scotland, dị ka Rassal Ashwood na Ross-shire, na Glen Finglas na Trossachs.^[8]^[9] A na-ahọpụta Dalkeith Old Wood, nke Duke nke Buccleuch, ehi na-ata nri n'okpuru osisi oak oge ochie, dị ka Ebe Mmasị Sayensị Pụrụ Iche (SSSI) (ma ọ bụ 'ASSI').^[9]

Epping Forest bụ otu n'ime isi ihe fọdụrụ n'ebe ịta ahịhịa n'England. N'ebe a, a na-ejikọta ịta ehi na pollarding nke osisi maka mmanụ, ma maka oriri ụlọ ma maka ire ere. Usoro a gara n'ihu na parish nke Loughton ruo mgbe a machibidoro ya iwu na 1879. A na-akpọ ụlọ nzukọ ọha na eze nke obodo ahụ, nke e ji ego ịkwụ ụgwọ maka njedebe nke omenala ahụ, Lopping Hall iji cheta omume ahụ. Ndị na-ahụ maka nchekwa ka na-eme ịta ahịhịa na pollarding dị nta.

United States

Silvopastures bụ ọrụ agroforestry kachasị mma na nke a ma ama na United States. [citation needed] Na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ USA, ọrụ mweghachi nke osisi pine / wiregrass anwalewo mmetụta na akụ na ụba na gburugburu ebe obibi nke ịta ehi n'etiti osisi.^[10] Ụdị osisi a na-eguzogide ọkụ na mbụ toro na obere mkpakọ ka osisi ndị dị n'okpuru dị maka ụmụ anụmanụ na-achọgharị. Ndị Spanish bi na mpaghara ahụ jiri ya mee ihe dị ka ebe a na-azụ anụ site na narị afọ nke iri na isii ma ojiji a gara n'ihu ruo na mmalite narị afọ nke abụọ, yana ịkpụ osisi maka osisi. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1920, ọtụtụ n'ime osisi pine longleaf nke na-achịkwa ihe dị ka nde hekta 92 (ihe dị ka nde hectare 37) nke ala dị n'etiti steeti Texas na Virginia ka ndị bi na Europe gburu. Iwepụ osisi, na mfu nke gburugburu ebe obibi ha, dugara na nnukwu mbuze ala yana iji osisi azụmahịa na ubi ugbo mepere emepe dochie ya. Enwere mmasị na-aga n'ihu na silvopastures na oké ọhịa pine fọdụrụ na ọrụ mweghachi ala, na ihe akaebe na ọtụtụ mmiri na-enweta ego nke osisi na ehi bara uru n'ụzọ akụ na ụba, yana uru mweghachi anụ ọhịa. Nchebe iwu nke ụdị ụfọdụ (dịka red-cockaded woodpecker) nke enwere ike ịchọta na ebe obibi a pụtara na ndị nwe ala nwere ike ịgbakwunye ụgwọ ego dị ka isi iyi ọzọ nke ego.^[10]

Hụkwa

Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)
Dehesa
Ubi
Ubi ahịhịa
Ịgafe Ụmụ Mmadụ
Ịkpa anụ n'ọhịa

Edensibia

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 Gabriel, Steve (2018). Silvopasture : a guide to managing grazing animals, forage crops, and trees in a temperate farm ecosystem. ISBN 9781603587310. OCLC 1020304962.
↑ Wilson (2016-06-18). "Agroforestry—The Next Step in Sustainable and Resilient Agriculture". Sustainability 8 (6): 574. DOI:10.3390/su8060574. ISSN 2071-1050.
↑ Mancera (April 2018). "Integrating links between tree coverage and cattle welfare in silvopastoral systems evaluation" (in en). Agronomy for Sustainable Development 38 (2): 19. DOI:10.1007/s13593-018-0497-3. ISSN 1774-0746.
↑ Dablin (2021-12-17). "Browse from Three Tree Legumes Increases Forage Production for Cattle in a Silvopastoral System in the Southwest Amazon" (in en). Animals 11 (12): 3585. DOI:10.3390/ani11123585. ISSN 2076-2615. PMID 34944360.
↑ McCracken (2023-08-15). Livestock are dying in the heat. This little-known farming method offers a solution. (en-us). Grist. Retrieved on 2023-08-16. “chunks of America’s heartland… could experience at least one day with temperatures of 125ºF or hotter by 2053. When temperatures rise above 80 degrees, the heat begins to take a toll on animals, which will try to cool themselves down by sweating, panting, and seeking shelter. If they are unable to lower their body temperature, the animals will breathe harder, becoming increasingly fatigued, and eventually die.”
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Wolfe (December 2012). "A European perspective for developing modern multifunctional agroforestry systems for sustainable intensification". Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 27 (4): 323–332. DOI:10.1017/S1742170511000597. ISSN 1742-1713.
↑ Forum. The Farm Woodland Forum - Silvopastoral National Network Experiment. www.agroforestry.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2018-01-31. Retrieved on 2023-08-17.
↑ Wood Pasture: Rassal Ashwood National Nature Reserve. Scottish Natural Heritage. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved on 2023-08-17.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 Stiven (2004). Wood Pasture. Perth, UK: Scottish Natural Heritage. ISBN 1853973866.
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 Keyes (2000). "Silvopastoral Agroforestry: A Key to Longleaf Pine Restoration". Ecological Restoration 18 (2): 93–99. DOI:10.3368/er.18.2.93. Retrieved on 22 May 2021.

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

Venator, Charles R., Jurgen Glaeser na Reynaldo Soto. 1992. "A Silvopastoral Strategy" na Development or Destruction: The Conversion of Tropical Forest to Pasture in Latin America. pp. 281-292. Westview Press/Boulder

Njikọ mpụga

National Agroforestry Center (USDA)
Farm Woodland Forum - Silvopastoral Agroforestry
The short film Agroforestry Practices - Silvopasture (2004) is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive.
Silvopasture site na Project Regeneration.

[Gabriel-2018-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 Gabriel, Steve (2018). Silvopasture : a guide to managing grazing animals, forage crops, and trees in a temperate farm ecosystem. ISBN 9781603587310. OCLC 1020304962.

[2] Wilson (2016-06-18). "Agroforestry—The Next Step in Sustainable and Resilient Agriculture". Sustainability 8 (6): 574. DOI:10.3390/su8060574. ISSN 2071-1050.

[3] Mancera (April 2018). "Integrating links between tree coverage and cattle welfare in silvopastoral systems evaluation" (in en). Agronomy for Sustainable Development 38 (2): 19. DOI:10.1007/s13593-018-0497-3. ISSN 1774-0746.

[4] Dablin (2021-12-17). "Browse from Three Tree Legumes Increases Forage Production for Cattle in a Silvopastoral System in the Southwest Amazon" (in en). Animals 11 (12): 3585. DOI:10.3390/ani11123585. ISSN 2076-2615. PMID 34944360.

[5] McCracken (2023-08-15). Livestock are dying in the heat. This little-known farming method offers a solution. (en-us). Grist. Retrieved on 2023-08-16. “chunks of America’s heartland… could experience at least one day with temperatures of 125ºF or hotter by 2053. When temperatures rise above 80 degrees, the heat begins to take a toll on animals, which will try to cool themselves down by sweating, panting, and seeking shelter. If they are unable to lower their body temperature, the animals will breathe harder, becoming increasingly fatigued, and eventually die.”

[Wolfe-2012-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Wolfe (December 2012). "A European perspective for developing modern multifunctional agroforestry systems for sustainable intensification". Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 27 (4): 323–332. DOI:10.1017/S1742170511000597. ISSN 1742-1713.

[7] Forum. The Farm Woodland Forum - Silvopastoral National Network Experiment. www.agroforestry.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2018-01-31. Retrieved on 2023-08-17.

[snh-8] Wood Pasture: Rassal Ashwood National Nature Reserve. Scottish Natural Heritage. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved on 2023-08-17.

[Stiven-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Stiven (2004). Wood Pasture. Perth, UK: Scottish Natural Heritage. ISBN 1853973866.

[Keyes&Keyes2000-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Keyes (2000). "Silvopastoral Agroforestry: A Key to Longleaf Pine Restoration". Ecological Restoration 18 (2): 93–99. DOI:10.3368/er.18.2.93. Retrieved on 22 May 2021.

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