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Tylosema

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Tylosema
taxon
aha taxonTylosema Dezie
ọkwa taxongenus Dezie
nne na nna taxonCercideae, Cercidoideae Dezie
aha a na-akpọkari taxon异柱豆属 Dezie
basionimBauhinia sect. Tylosema Dezie
GRIN URLhttps://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=16906 Dezie

Ụdị Tylamura dị n'ezinụlọ osisi Fabaceae ma na-agụnye ụdị anọ a nabatara nke legume na-adịgide adịgide nke dị na ndịda na etiti Afrika. Ndị a bụ osisi na-emepụta mmanya nke a na-ekesa saịtị na Sudan na Ethiopia n'ebe ndịda ruo Angola na South Afrika.[1] Coetzer na Ross kọwara ụdị Tylma anọ na mbụ:[2]

Ụdị dị iche iche

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E nwere ụdị anọ edere ede n'ime ụdị Tylamura (Schweinf.) Torre & Hillc.:[3][4][5]

  • A na-akpọ ya "Tylma argentea" (Chiov.) Brenan
  • Tylamura esculentum (Burch.) A.Schreib.Akị bekee
  • N'oge gara aga, ọ bụ n'oge gara n'ihu.) Torre & Hillc.
  • Tylma humifusa (Pichi-Serm. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
  • N'ime obodo ndị Angola P.Silveira & S.Castro[6]

Aha ndị a na-ahụkarị

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Ndị na-eto eto bauhinia (Bekee), Gwangwandiza (Shona), Marama bean, gemsbok bean, tamani berry (Bekee) Morama bean, Gami (Khoi), Mubopo (Shona, Mutukutupasi (Shona)), Umbama ma ọ bụ Umdabule (Ndebele).[7][8]

Ebe obibi

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Ebe obibi maka ụdị Tylamura dịgasị iche iche ma dị iche iche maka ụdị ọ bụla. A na-ahụkarị T. esculentum na ala dị larịị, ebe a na-ahụ T. fassoglense saịtị na ala ahịhịa mepere emepe ruo n'ọzara ruo n'oké ọhịa ruo n'akụkụ ụzọ. A na-ahụ ụdị niile saịtị na ala ruo n'ebe dị elu.[6]

Ụdị Tylma na-eto n'ala ájá na mmiri ozuzo dị ala ma nwee ike ịnagide okpomọkụ na oke ọkọchị ogologo oge. Okpomọkụ dị elu kwa ụbọchị bụ 37 °C n'oge oge uto na radieshon na-akarị 2000 μmol m−2 s−1.[9] Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ mkpo ọka nwere ike idozi nitrogen ikuku, ụdị niile nke Tylma bụ ndị na-enweghị nodulating.[7]

Ahịhịa bụ osisi vaịn na-arịgo, na ụdị ụfọdụ na-eru ihe ruru mita 6 n'ogologo. Osisi ahịhịa na-aga ma ọ bụ na-arịgo, na-esite na nnukwu tuber n'okpuru ala nke a na-ahụ n'elu ala. Akwụkwọ ya dị mfe ma nwee akụkụ abụọ. A na-ahụkarị eriri ndị nwere eriri. Inflorescence bụ raceme n'akụkụ. Okooko osisi na-acha odo odo, bisexual, heterostylous, nwere 5 petals. pọd buru ibu, osisi ma nwee 1 ma ọ bụ 2 mkpụrụ.[8] Herostyly, ma ọ bụ polymorphism nke okooko osisi, na-eme n'ụdị niile nke Tylma, ọ bụ ezie na a maghị ya na ezinụlọ Leguminosae ndị ọzọ.[1]

Ọdịdị

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Ụdị Tylamura dị n'ezinụlọ Leguminosae, ezinụlọ nke atọ kachasị ukwuu nke osisi na-agbasa okooko (Doyle na Luckow, 2003), na otu ezinụlọ Cercidoideae. Ụdị ụdị maka ụdị Tylamura bụ T. fassoglense.[6]

A na-arụrịta ụka banyere phylogeny nke Tylamura.[10][11][12] Nke a bụ n'otu akụkụ n'ihi na a chịkọtabeghị ya ma ọ bụ mụọ ya. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ dịbu na ụdị Bauhinia, ugbu a, e guzobere Tylamura dị ka ụdị nke ya ma na-akwado ya nke ọma dị ka monophyletic.[13]

Wunderlin atụwo aro ka a hazigharịa agbụrụ Cercideae ebe a na-etinye ụdị 12 n'ime agbụrụ abụọ, Cercinidae na Bauhiniinae. Bauhiniinae kewara n'ime clades abụọ, nke mbụ anaghị edozi nke ọma ma gụnyere ụdị Bauhinia, Brenierea na Piliostigma. Nke abụọ na-agụnye ụdị Tylamura, Barklya, Gigasiphon, Lysiphyllum, Phanera, na Schnella.[14]

Biology na ojiji

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Na Botswana na Namibia T. esculentum, ma ọ bụ Morama bean, bụ nri bụ isi nke ndị Khoisan mana enweghi osisi maka ịkọ ugbo. Mkpụrụ osisi ahụ nwere protein dị elu (30-39%) na mmanụ dị elu (36-43%) ma na-eri ya mgbe a gbasịrị ya ma ọ bụ sie ya.[7][15] Beans nwekwara ọkwa dị ukwuu nke calcium, iron, zinc, phosphate, magnesium, na vitamin B gụnyere folate.[16]

Nnyocha mbido na-egosi na mkpụrụ nke T. esculentum enweghị ụra nke anụ ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na a na-eme ka ntolite dị mma site na ịchafụ.[17] A na-arụrịta ụka ma ọ bụrụ na agwa Morama na-egosipụta ihe ndị na-egbochi nje na antimicrobial.[18][19]

Nnyocha na-egosi na T. esculentum bụ ma onye na-ezere ụkọ mmiri ozuzo ma onye na na-anabata ụkọ mmiri, mana a tụghị nke a na ụdị ndị ọzọ nke Tylamura.[9][20]

Ihe odide

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 (2002) "Functional Heterostyly in Tylosema esculentum (Caesalpinioideae)". Annals of Botany 89 (1): 67–76. DOI:10.1093/aob/mcf006. PMID 12096820. 
  2. ↑ Coetzer, L. A., and J. H. Ross. 1977.
  3. ↑ ILDIS LegumeWeb entry for Tylosema. International Legume Database & Information Service. Cardiff School of Computer Science & Informatics. Retrieved on 8 May 2014.
  4. ↑ USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. GRIN species records of Tylosema. Germplasm Resources Information Network—(GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved on 5 May 2014.
  5. ↑ The Plant List entry for Tylosema. The Plant List. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Missouri Botanical Garden (2013). Archived from the original on 5 September 2017. Retrieved on 5 May 2014.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 (2005) "Systematic studies in Tylosema (Leguminosae)". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 147 (1): 99–115. DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2005.00353.x. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Jackson (2010). "The morama bean (Tylosema esculentum): A potential crop for southern Africa.". Advances in Food and Nutrition Research 61 (5): 187–246. DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-374468-5.00005-2. PMID 21092905. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Tylosema Torre & Hillc.. Flora of Zimbabwe. Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T., Ballings, P. & Coates Palgrave, M. (October 12, 2013). Retrieved on October 17, 2014.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Mitchell (2005). "Adaptation of photosynthesis in marama bean - Tylosema esculentum (burchell A.Schreib.) to a high temperature, high radiation, drought-prone environment.". Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 43 (10): 969–76. DOI:10.1016/j.plaphy.2005.08.009. PMID 16310366. 
  10. ↑ Lewis, G., Schrire, B., Mackinder, B. & Lock, M. (eds.) (2005). "Tribe Cercideae. Lewis, G. & Forest, F.", Legumes of the World. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens., 57–67. 
  11. ↑ Banks, Hannah, Félix Forest, and Gwilym Lewis. (2014). "Evolution and diversity of pollen morphology in tribe cercideae (leguminosae).". Taxon 63 (2): 299–314. DOI:10.12705/632.37. 
  12. ↑ Bruneau, Anne, Marjorie Mercure, Gwilym P. Lewis, and Patrick S. Herendeen. (2008). "Phylogenetic patterns and diversification in the caesalpinioid legumes.". Botany 86 (7): 697–718. DOI:10.1139/b08-058. 
  13. ↑ Sinou, Carole, Fé Forest, Gwilym P. Lewis, and Anne Bruneau. (2009). "The genus Bauhinia s.l. (leguminosae): A phylogeny based on the plastid trnL–trnF region.". Botany 87 (10): 947–60. DOI:10.1139/b09-065. 
  14. ↑ Wunderlin (2010). "Reorganization of the Cercideae (Fabaceae: Caesalpinioideae).". Phytoneuron 2010 (48): 1–5. 
  15. ↑ Taatsu, Kapewangolo Petrina. 2010.
  16. ↑ Holse (2010). "Chemical composition of marama bean (Tylosema esculentum)—A wild African bean with unexploited potential.". Journal of Food Composition & Analysis 23 (6): 648–57. DOI:10.1016/j.jfca.2010.03.006. 
  17. ↑ Travlos (2007). "Germination and emergence of the hard seed coated Tylosema esculentum (Burch) A.Schreib. in response to different pre-sowing seed treatments.". Journal of Arid Environments 68 (3): 501–507. DOI:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.07.001. 
  18. ↑ Chingwaru (2011). "Tylosema esculentum (marama) tuber and bean extracts are strong antiviral agents against rotavirus infection.". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 8 (1): 284795. DOI:10.1155/2011/284795. PMID 21423688. 
  19. ↑ Mazimba (2011). "Tylosema esculentum extractives and their bioactivity.". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 19 (17): 5225–30. DOI:10.1016/j.bmc.2011.07.006. PMID 21813280. 
  20. ↑ Karamanos (2012). "The water relations and some drought tolerance mechanisms of the marama bean.". Agronomy Journal 104 (1): 65–72. DOI:10.2134/agronj2011.0194. 
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