Ubi Ubi

Igbe ozi ndị e jidere nime apịtị na-esote mgbawa ugwu nke Ugwu St. Helens na Mee 1980.

Mmiri naagbapụta, nke a makwaara dị ka mudslide ma ọ bụ apịtị naagbapụ, bụ ụdị mbibi buru ibu nke naagụnye mmegharị ngwa ngwa nke ihe mkpofu na unyi nke naaghọ mmiri site na mgbakwunye mmiri. Mmiri dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịgafe na ọsọ sitere na mita 3 / nkeji ruo mita 5 / sekọnd. Mudflows nwere oke ụrọ, nke naeme ka ha naagba mmiri karịa ihe mkpofu, na-enye ha ohere ịga nihu na gafee akụkụ dị ala. Ụdị abụọ a naabụkarị ngwakọta nke ụmụ irighiri ihe nwere nha dịgasị iche iche, nke a naahazi site na nha mgbe a kwụsịrị ya.

A naakpọkarị ụrọ na-asọ asọ, okwu a na-eji eme ihe nụzọ naenweghị isi site na mgbasa ozi ọha na eze maka ihe dịgasị iche iche naemebi ihe. Mmiri na-amalite mgbe niile dị ka slides, naaghọ mmiri naagafe ka mmiri na-abanye n'ụzọ mmiri; a naakpọkarị ihe omume ndị dị otú ahụ ọdịda apịtị.

Ụdị apịtị ndị ọzọ naagụnye lahars (nke na-agụnyere ihe ndị dị nro naagbọpụta ọkụ nakụkụ ugwu) na jökulhlaups (mgbawa sitere n'okpuru glaciers ma ọ bụ icecaps).

Nkọwa iwu nke "mgbidi mmiri metụtara" pụtara na United States' National Flood Insurance Act nke 1968, dị ka edezigharịrị, edepụtara na 42 USC Sections 4001 na-esote.

Mmalite nke apịtị

Ọdachi Mameyes, na barrio Tibes, Ponce, Puerto Rico, sitere na nnukwu mmiri ozuzo sitere na Tropical Storm Isabel na 1985. Uzuzu apịtị ahụ bibiri ihe karịrị ụlọ 100 ma gbuo ihe dịka ndụ 300.

Mmiri ozuzo siri ike, snow na-agbaze, ma ọ bụ mmiri dị elu nke naagafe nime nkume gbawara agbawa nwere ike ịkpata mmegharị nke ala ma ọ bụ ihe ndị dị n'ime ala nke naesote dị ka apịtị. Idei mmiri na ihe mkpofu nwekwara ike ime mgbe mmiri ozuzo siri ike na ugwu ma ọ bụ ndagwurugwu ugwu naakpata nnukwu erosion na / ma ọ bụ naakpali ihe dị nime ọwa ugwu. O nwere ike ịbụ na ọ bụ n'ihi oghere oghere kpatara apịtị Sidoarjo nke afọ 2006.

Ebe ihe apịtị naamalite ịba naadabere na nha ọka ya, mmiri dị na ya, na ndagwurugwu nke ala. Enwere ike ịhazi ihe dị mma dị ka apịtị ma ọ bụ ájá site na mmiri naadịghị omimi karịa ihe siri ike ma ọ bụ ihe mkpofu. Mmiri dị elu (mmiri ozuzo dị elu / mmiri naasọ nelu ala) naemekwa ka ikike ịmalite apịtị.

Mgbe apịtị naapụta, mmiri ahụ nwere ike iwere ihe siri ike. Ihe mkpofu siri ike nke mmiri na-asọba naemekarị nihu nke ụrọ naasọ asọ ma naebugharị ya site na ihe mkpofu na mmiri dị mma nke naagbanye nazụ ụrọ na ụrọ na naagagharị n'ihu. [1] Mudflows nwere ike ịnwe ọtụtụ ihe na-asọsi ike ka ọwa ahụ na-agbasa ugwu ndị dị n'akụkụ ya (nke nwere ike ime ka ụrọ ọhụrụ na-asọsa). [2] Mudflows emeela ka nkume 1-10 m gafee na ntọala ugwu.

Ụfọdụ apịtị naasọsi ike ma si otú a naeji nwayọ; ndị ọzọ naamalite ngwa ngwa ma na-aga n'ihu dị ka mmiri ozuzo. Ha nwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala 50% silt na ụrọ na ihe ruru 30% mmiri. Nihi na apịtị naakpali nnukwu ihe dị n'ime ala, apịtị na'ime ala nwere elu dị elu karịa idei mmiri doro anya maka otu mmiri ahụ. Ọzọkwa, ihe mkpofu dị n'ime apịtị na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo njọ nime usoro mmiri nke mmiri ahụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere idei mmiri doro anya, nke na-ebuli omimi mmiri maka otu mmiri ahụ. [1] Ihe isi ike ịkọ ọnụ ọgụgụ na ụdị ihe mkpofu nke a gaetinye na apịtị na'ime apụl na-eme gore ọ bụrụ ihe ịma aka karịa ịkọ ọdịnihu na injinia iji chebe megide ihe ize ndụ apụl mmiri doro anya ma e jiri ha tụnyere ihe ize ndụ nke idei mmiri doro mma.

Mmiri na-apụta apịtị bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị ọbụna n'ugwu ndị dị gburugburu Los Angeles, California, ebe ha bibiri ọtụtụ ụlọ e wuru n'akụkụ ugwu na-enweghị nkwado zuru ezu mgbe ọkụ mebiri ahịhịa na-ejide ala ahụ.

N'abalị iri na anọ n'ọnwa Disemba n'afọ 1999 na Vargas, Venezuela, apịtị a maara dị ka ọdachi Vargas gbanwere ihe karịrị kilomita iri isii (37 mi) nke ụsọ oké osimiri. Nnukwu mmiri ozuzo kpatara ya ma kpatara mmebi nke US $ 1.79 ruo US $ 3.5 ijeri, gbuo n'etiti mmadụ 10,000 na 30,000, manye mmadụ 85,000 ịpụ, ma mee ka akụrụngwa steeti ahụ daa kpamkpam.

Uzuzu na mbuze ala

Ọdịda ala bụ okwu izugbe karịa ụrọ. Ọ na-ezo aka na ọdịda nke ike ndọda na-ebute na mgbada mkpọda nke ụdị ọ bụla nke mmegharị elu nke ala, okwute, ma ọ bụ irighiri ihe ndị ọzọ. Okwu a na-agụnye ihe mmịfe ụwa, ọdịda nkume, mmiri na-asọpụta, na apịtị apịtị, n'ime ụdị mmegharị ahụ ndị ọzọ nke ugwu ugwu. Ha ekwesịghị ịdị ka mmiri mmiri dị ka apịtị.

Mmiri ozuzo na-adịghị ahụkebe ma ọ bụ mbuze mberede nwere ike ịkpata apịtị. Ha na-ejikarị apịtị na mmiri na iberibe nkume na ihe mkpofu ndị ọzọ, n'ihi ya, ha na-akpa àgwà dị ka idei mmiri. Ha nwere ike iwepụ ụlọ na ntọala ha ma ọ bụ lie ebe n'ime nkeji ole na ole n'ihi oke mmiri ozuzo.

Ala apịtị

Mgbe apịtị na-asọpụta, a na-enye ya ebe anọ aha ya bụ, 'isi ịchafụ', na nnukwu apịtị na-asọpụta 'akwa elu na nke ala' na 'ụkwụ'. Isi ịchafụ ga-abụ mpaghara mbụ nke ihe omume, mkpịsị ụkwụ bụ mpaghara ikpeazụ emetụtara. Shelf nke elu na nke ala dị n'ebe ọ bụla enwere nnukwu mkpuru (n'ihi ugwu ma ọ bụ ọdịda eke) n'okporo ụzọ mudflow. Ifuru nwere ike inwe ọtụtụ shelves.

Ubi apịtị kasịnụ e dekọrọ

  Mkpọda ala n'ụwa kachasị n'akụkọ ihe mere eme bụ n'oge mgbawa nke Ugwu St. Helens na 1980, ugwu mgbawa na ugwu Cascade dị na steeti Washington, US Ọnụ ihe ndị chụpụrụ bụ 2.8 km3 (0.67 cu mi). Kpọmkwem n'ụzọ nke nnukwu apịtị ahụ bụ ọdọ mmiri Spirit. Ọ na-abụkarị oyi na-atụ 5 °C (41 °F), lahar welitere okpomọkụ ozugbo ruo ihe dị nso 38 °C (100 °F). Taa ala nke ọdọ mmiri Spirit dị 100 ft (30 m) n'elu elu mbụ, ma ọ nwere okpukpu abụọ na ọkara karịa ebe ọ nwere tupu mgbawa ahụ.

Ihe kachasị ukwuu a maara n'ime mbuze ala niile tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme bụ nnukwu mbuze ala n'okpuru mmiri nke mebiri 60,000 afọ gara aga ma mepụta ájá na apịtị kachasị ogologo ka edere n'ụwa. Nnukwu mmiri ahụ na-asọ n'okpuru mmiri gara 1,500 (930 mi) - anya site na London ruo Rome.

Site n'ọnụ ọgụgụ, mbuze mmiri kachasị ukwuu (agulhas slide off South Africa) mere ihe dịka nde afọ 2.6 gara aga. Ọnụ ọgụgụ slide ahụ bụ 20,000 km3 (4,800 mi). [1]

Ebe ndị nọ nihe ize ndụ

Ebe a naahụkarị dị ka ebe nwere ihe ize ndụ nke apịtị dị ize ndụ bụ:

• Mpaghara ebe ọkụ ọhịa ma ọ bụ mgbanwe mmadụ nala mebiri ahịhịa
• Mpaghara ebe ala naagbada tupu
• Ugwu ndị dị elu na ebe ndị dị na ala nke ugwu ma ọ bụ ndagwurugwu
• Akụkụ ndị a gbanwere maka iwu ụlọ na okporo ụzọ
• Ọwa mmiri ndị dị nakụkụ iyi na osimiri
• Mpaghara ebe a naeduzi mmiri na-asọba n'elu

Hụkwa

• Ọkpụkpụ ụrọ, nke a makwaara dị ka ụrọ Leda
• Osceola Mudflow, mere na mmiri mmiri White River nke Mt. Rainier.

Ihe odide

• Dingle (December 1977). "The anatomy of a large submarine slump on a sheared continental margin (SE Africa)". Journal of the Geological Society 134 (3): 293–310. DOI:10.1144/gsjgs.134.3.0293. 
• Fletcher (1 February 2002). "Contrasting failure behaviour of two large landslides in clay and silt". Canadian Geotechnical Journal 39 (1): 46–62. DOI:10.1139/t01-079. 
•  . On-line publication 30 November 2013.
•  . Draft of Hungr, Leroueil & Picarelli 2014, with page numbers.
• Iverson (May 1997). "Debris-flow mobilization from landslides.". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 25: 85–138. DOI:10.1146/annurev.earth.25.1.85. 
• Kean (December 2013). "Runoff-generated debris flows: Observations and modeling of surge initiation, magnitude, and frequency: RUNOFF-GENERATED DEBRIS FLOWS". Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 118 (4): 2190–2207. DOI:10.1002/jgrf.20148. 
• Kean (5 November 2011). "In situ measurements of post-fire debris flows in southern California: Comparisons of the timing and magnitude of 24 debris-flow events with rainfall and soil moisture conditions". Journal of Geophysical Research 116 (F4): F04019. DOI:10.1029/2011JF002005. 
• Stock (1 September 2006). "Erosion of steepland valleys by debris flows". Geological Society of America Bulletin 118 (9–10): 1125–1148. DOI:10.1130/B25902.1. 
• Talling (November 2007). "Onset of submarine debris flow deposition far from original giant landslide". Nature 450 (7169): 541–544. DOI:10.1038/nature06313. PMID 18033295. 

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

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