Ubi uhie
Ubi uhie, nke a na-akpọkarị ihe fọdụrụ na bauxite ugbu a, bụ ihe mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-emepụta n'oge nhazi nke bauxite n'ime alumina site na iji usoro Bayer. O nwere ihe dị iche iche oxide compounds, gụnyere iron oxides nke na-enye ya ụcha ọbara ọbara. Ihe karịrị pasenti iri itoolu nke alumina a na-emepụta n'ụwa niile bụ site na usoro Bayer; maka tọn ọ bụla nke alumina mepụtara, a na-arụkwa ihe dịka 1 ruo 1.5 tọn apịtị na-acha ọbara ọbara. Mmepụta kwa afọ nke alumina n'afọ 2020 bụ ihe karịrị nde tọn Otu narị na iri atọ na atọ nke mere ka ọgbọ nke ihe karịrị nde ton otu narị na iri asaa na ise nke apịtị na-acha ọbara ọbara.[1]
N'ihi mmepụta dị elu a na nnukwu alkalinity nke ihe ahụ, ọ bụrụ na echekwaghị ya nke ọma, ọ nwere ike ibute nnukwu nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ihi ya, a na-etinye mgbalị dị ukwuu n'ịchọta ụzọ ka mma maka nchekwa nchekwa na imeso ya dịka mmezi ihe mkpofu iji mepụta ihe bara uru maka simenti na simenti.
N'ụzọ a na-adịghị ahụkebe, a makwaara ihe a dị ka tailings bauxite, red sludge, ma ọ bụ alumina refinery residues.
Mmepụta[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Apịtị na-acha uhie uhie bụ akụkụ nke usoro Bayer, ụzọ bụ isi na-edozi bauxite na-aga alumina. Alumina na-esi na ya pụta bụ akụrụngwa maka imepụta aluminom site na usoro Hall-Héroult.[2] Otu osisi bauxite na-emepụta otu ugboro ma ọ bụ okpukpu abụọ nke apịtị na-acha ọbara ọbara karịa alumina. Ọnụ ọgụgụ a dabere na ụdị bauxite eji eme ihe na usoro nhazi na ọnọdụ mwepụta.[3]
Ihe karịrị ọrụ mmepụta iri gafee ụwa na-eji usoro Bayer eme alumina site na ore bauxite. A na-egwupụta ore Bauxite, na-emekarị na ebe a na-egbutu , ma nyefee ya na ụlọ nrụpụta alumina maka nhazi. A na-ewepụta alumina site na iji sodium hydroxide n'okpuru ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na nrụgide dị elu. A na-ewepụ akụkụ na-adịghị agwakọta nke bauxite (ihe fọdụrụ), na-eme ka ihe ngwọta nke sodium aluminate, nke a na-akụzi ya na kristal aluminum hydroxide ma kwe ka ọ jụọ oyi nke na-eme gore aluminum hydroxyde fọdụrụ na-agbapụta site na ngwọta ahụ. A na-eji ụfọdụ n'ime aluminum hydroxide mee ihe iji kụọ mkpụrụ nke ọzọ, ebe a na-eme ka ihe fọdụrụ (na-ekpo ọkụ) n'elu 1000 °C na rotary kilns ma ọ bụ fluid flash calciners iji mepụta aluminum oxide (alumina).
Ihe alumina nke bauxite eji eme ihe na-adịkarị n'etiti 42 na 50%, mana enwere ike iji ihe ndị nwere ọtụtụ ihe dị na alumina. Ngwakọta aluminum nwere ike ịdị dị ka gibbsite (Al(OH)3), boehmite (γ-AlO(OH)) ma ọ bụ diaspore (α-AlOManOH)). Ihe fọdụrụnụ na-enwekarị oke iron oxide nke na-enye ngwaahịa ahụ ụcha uhie. Obere ihe fọdụrụ na sodium hydroxide eji eme ihe na usoro ahụ na-anọgide na ihe fọdụ, na-eme ka ihe ahụ nwee pH / alkalinity dị elu, na-abụkarị >12. A na-ewebata usoro dị iche iche na usoro nkewa siri ike / mmiri iji megharịa sodium hydroxide dị ka o kwere mee site na ihe fọdụrụ azụ n'ime usoro Bayer iji mee ka usoro ahụ dị irè dị ka o nwere ike ma belata mmepụta mmepụta. Nke a na-ebelata alkalinity ikpeazụ nke ihe fọdụrụ na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe ma dị nchebe iji jikwaa ma chekwaa.
Ihe ndị dị n'ime ya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ihe mejupụtara apịtị uhie bụ ngwakọta nke oxides siri ike na ọla. Agba uhie na-esite na iron oxides, nke nwere ike ịgụnye ihe ruru 60% nke oke. ApH dị oke mkpa na pH sitere na iri ruo iri na atọ.[2][3][4] Na mgbakwunye na ígwè, ihe ndị ọzọ na-achịkwa gụnyere silica, ihe ndị fọdụrụ na aluminum, na titanium oxide.
Ihe ndị bụ isi nke ihe fọdụrụ mgbe ewepụchara akụkụ aluminum bụ metallic oxides na-enweghị ike ịgbasa. Pasentị nke oxides ndị a sitere na otu alumina refinery ga-adabere na ogo na ọdịdị nke ore bauxite na ọnọdụ mwepụta. Tebụlụ dị n'okpuru na-egosi usoro nhazi maka kemịkalụ nkịtị, mana ụkpụrụ dị iche iche dị iche iche::
| Chemical | Pasentị nke ihe mejupụtara |
|---|---|
| Fe2O3 | 5 pasent 60 |
| Al2O3 | 530% |
| TiO2 | Ihe dị ka pasent 15 |
| CaO | 2 na 14% |
| SiO2 | 350% |
| Na2O | 1 10% |
N'ụzọ mineralogy, ihe ndị dị ugbu a bụ:
| Aha kemịkal | Usoro kemịkalụ | Pasentị nke ihe mejupụtara |
|---|---|---|
| Ndị a na-akpọ Sodalite | 3Na2O⋅3Al2O3⋅6SiO2⋅Na2SO4 | Ihe dị ka pasent 40 |
| Cancrinite | Na3⋅CaAl3⋅Si3⋅O12CO3 | 20 prọfị |
| Aluminous-goethite (aluminous iron oxide) | α-(Fe,Al)OOH | 1030% |
| Hematite (iron oxide) | Fe2O3 | 1030% |
| Silica (crystalline & amorphous) | SiO2 | 20% |
| Tricalcium aluminate | 3CaO⋅Al2O3⋅6H2O | 20% |
| Onye Boehmite | [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] | 20 prọfị |
| Titanium dioxide | TiO2 | 10 na-esote |
| Obodo Perovskite | CaTiO3 | Ihe dị ka pasent 15 |
| Obodo Moscow | K2O⋅3Al2O3⋅6SiO2⋅2H2O | Ihe dị ka pasent 15 |
| Calcium carbonate | CaCO3 | 2 na 10% |
| Ebe a na-edebe ihe n'ebe a na-etinye ihe n'ime ya | Al(OH)3 | 05% |
| Kaolinite | Al2O3⋅2SiO2⋅2H2O | 05% |
N'ozuzu, ihe mejupụtara nke ihe fọdụrụ na-egosipụta nke ihe ndị na-abụghị aluminum, ma e wezụga akụkụ nke silicon: crystalline silica (quartz) agaghị emeghachi omume ma ụfọdụ n'ime silica dị ugbu a, nke a na-akpọkarị, silica reactive, ga-emeghachi omume. n'okpuru ọnọdụ mmịpụta ma na-etolite sodium aluminom silicate yana ogige ndị ọzọ metụtara ya.
Ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Mgbapụta nke apịtị na-acha ọbara ọbara nwere ike ịbụ ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi alkalinity ya na ụdị ya.
N'afọ 1972, ụlọ ọrụ Montedison nke Ịtali wepụtara apịtị na-acha ọbara ọbara n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Corsica.[5] Ikpe a dị mkpa na iwu mba ụwa na-achịkwa Oké Osimiri Mediterenian.[6]
N'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2010, a tọhapụrụ ihe dị ka otu nde cubic mita nke ụrọ na-acha ọbara ọbara site na ụlọ ọrụ alumina dị nso na Kolontár na Hungary n'amaghị ama n'ime ime obodo gbara ya gburugburu na ihe mberede ụlọ ọrụ alumine Ajka, na-egbu mmadụ iri ma na-emetọ nnukwu mpaghara.[7] A na-ekwu na apịtị na-acha ọbara ọbara "gburu" ndụ niile dị n'osimiri Marcal, n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole apịtị ahụ ruru Danube.[8] Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi ogologo oge nke nsị ahụ dị obere mgbe gọọmentị Hungary gbasịrị mgbalị mgbochi € 127 .[9]
- Cement manufacture, use in concrete as a supplementary cementitious material. From 500,000 to 1,500,000 tonnes.
- Raw material recovery of specific components present in the residue: iron, titanium, steel and REE (rare-earth elements) production. From 400,000 to 1,500,000 tonnes;
- Landfill capping/roads/soil amelioration – 200,000 to 500,000 tonnes;
- Use as a component in building or construction materials (bricks, tiles, ceramics etc.) – 100,000 to 300,000 tonnes;
- Other (refractory, adsorbent, acid mine drainage (Virotec), catalyst etc.) – 100,000 tonnes.
- Use in building panels, bricks, foamed insulating bricks, tiles, gravel/railway ballast, calcium and silicon fertilizer, refuse tip capping/site restoration, lanthanides (rare earths) recovery, scandium recovery, gallium recovery, yttrium recovery, treatment of acid mine drainage, adsorbent of heavy metals, dyes, phosphates, fluoride, water treatment chemical, glass ceramics, ceramics, foamed glass, pigments, oil drilling or gas extraction, filler for PVC, wood substitute, geopolymers, catalysts, plasma spray coating of aluminium and copper, manufacture of aluminium titanate-mullite composites for high temperature resistant coatings, desulfurisation of flue gas, arsenic removal, chromium removal.
Hụkwa Ihe ọzọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Ihe mkpofu kemịkal
- Olivier Dubuquoy
Edensibia[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- ↑ Annual statistics collected and published by World Aluminium.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Schmitz (2006). "Red Mud Disposal", Handbook of aluminium recycling, 18. ISBN 978-3-8027-2936-2. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "hand" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 3.0 3.1 Chandra (1996-12-31). "Red Mud Utilization", Waste materials used in concrete manufacturing, 292–295. ISBN 978-0-8155-1393-3. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "waste" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Society for Mining, Metallurgy, Exploration U.S (2006-03-05). "Bauxite", Industrial minerals & rocks: commodities, markets, and uses, 258–259. ISBN 978-0-87335-233-8.
- ↑ Crozier. Le long combat contre la pollution de la Méditerranée par la Montedison (fr). France 3 Corse ViaStella. Retrieved on 4 January 2019.
- ↑ Huglo. Le recours au juge est la garantie de conservation de l'intégralité de la règle environnementale (fr). Actu-Environnement. Retrieved on 4 January 2019.
- ↑ Gura (5 October 2010). Toxic Red Sludge Spill From Hungarian Aluminum Plant 'An Ecological Disaster' (en). NPR.org. National Public Radio. Retrieved on 5 January 2019.
- ↑ "Hungarian chemical sludge spill reaches Danube", BBC News, 7 October 2010. Retrieved on 3 February 2021.
- ↑ "Hungarian red mud spill did little long-term damage". Retrieved on 14 December 2018. (in en-us)
Ebe e si nweta ya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Babel (Feb 2003). "Low-cost adsorbents for heavy metals uptake from contaminated water: a review". J Hazard Mater 97 (1–3): 219–43. DOI:10.1016/S0304-3894(02)00263-7. PMID 12573840.
- Cooper M. B., N'ụzọ Okike Ihe Radioactive (NORM) na Australian Industries, EnviroRad kọrọ ERS-006 kwadebere maka Australian Radiation Health and Safety Advisory Council (2005).
- Agrawal, K. K. Sahu, B. D. Pandey, "Nchịkwa ihe mkpofu siri ike na ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-abụghị ígwè na India", Resources, Conservation and Recycling 42 (2004), 99 Xi120.
- Jongyeong Hyuna, Shigehisa Endoha, Kaoru Masudaa, Heeyoung Shinb, Hitoshi Ohyaa, "Nchịkọta nke chlorine na bauxite fọdụrụ site na nkewa dị mma", Int. J. Miner [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
- Claudia Brunori, Carlo Cremisini, Paolo Massanisso, Valentina Pinto, Leonardo Torricelli, "Reuse of a treatment red mud bauxite waste: studies on environmental compatibility", Journal of Hazardous Materials, 117(1), (2005), 5563.
- Genc ̧-Fuhrman H., TjellJ. C., McConchie D., "Ịbawanye ikike adsorption nke arsenate nke apịtị na-acha ọbara ọbara (BauxsolTM)", J. Colloid Interface Sci. 271 (2004) 31320).
- Genc ̧-Fuhrman H., Tjell J. C., McConchie D., Schuiling O., "Adsorption of arsenate from water using neutralized red mud", J. Colloid Interface Sci. 264 (2003) 327ń334.
Njikọ mpụga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
 |
Wikimedia Commons nwe ru media dị ikwu nye Red mud. |
- "Red Sludge" on YouTube, from The Periodic Table of Videos (University of Nottingham)