Uru nke ndị ụkọchukwu

Na Iwu Bekee, uru nke ndị ụkọchukwu (Law Latin: Privilegium clerical) bụ na mbụ ndokwa nke ndị ụ ụkọchingi a na-ebo ebubo mpụ nwere ike ikwu na ha nọ n'èzí ikike nke ụlọ ikpe ụwa ma kpee ha ikpe kama n'ụlọ ikpe ụka n'okpuru iwu Canon. A na-ahụkarị ụlọ ikpe ndị ụka dị ka ndị na-emebi iwu na ntaramahụhụ ha, ndị a na-ebo ebubo mekwara ọtụtụ mgbalị iji kwuo na ha bụ ndị ụkọchukwu, mgbe mgbe n'ihi ihe a na-enyo enyo ma ọ bụ aghụghọ.

Mgbanwe dị iche iche gbochiri ohere nke usoro iwu a iji gbochie mmetọ ya, gụnyere akara mkpịsị aka ukwu mgbe mbụ o ji ya mee ihe, iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ arịrịọ maka ụfọdụ. N'ikpeazụ, uru nke ndị ụkọchukwu ghọrọ akụkọ ifo nke ndị na-emebi iwu na mbụ nwere ike ịnata ikpe dị ala maka mpụ ụfọdụ (nke a na-akpọ "ndị ụkọchụ"). E wepụrụ usoro iwu ahụ na United Kingdom na 1827 site na ntinye nke Criminal Law Act 1827.

Mmalite

Mgbe Alaeze Ukwu Rom ghọrọ Ndị Kraịst, ndị eze ukwu ya nyere ndị ụkọchukwu, ọkachasị ndị bishọp, ikike iwu, na-enye ha ikike nnwere onwe pụọ na ikpe obodo. Na mbido oge etiti, iwu Canon na-agbasawanye ogo nke ihe ùgwù a, ọbụna gụnyere okwu mpụ. ^[1]N'England, a nabatara omenala a naanị n'ụzọ ụfọdụ. ^[2]Tupu narị afọ nke iri na abụọ, ụlọ ikpe iwu ọdịnala nke ndị England bụ nke bishọp na onye majie obodo jikọrọ aka.

Otú ọ dị, na 1164, Henry nke Abụọ wepụtara Iwu nke Clarendon nke guzobere usoro ụlọ ikpe ọhụrụ nke na-eme mkpebi kpamkpam site na ikike eze. Assizes malitere ọgụ ike n'etiti eze na Thomas Becket, Achịbishọp nke Canterbury. Becket kwusiri ike na ụlọ ikpe ndị a enweghị ikike n'elu ndị ụkọchukwu n'ihi na ọ bụ ihe ùgwù nke ndị ụkọchị ka a ghara ibo ha ebubo ma ọ bụ kpee ha ikpe maka mpụ ma e wezụga n'ihu ụlọ ikpe ụka. Mgbe anọ n'ime ndị knights Henry gburu Becket na 1170, mmetụta ọha na eze tụgharịrị megide eze ma manye ya imezi na chọọchị ahụ. Dị ka akụkụ nke Nkwekọrịta nke Avranches, e wepụrụ Henry na ikpe ọ bụla na ogbugbu Becket mana o kwenyere na ụlọ ikpe ndị nkịtị, na ole na ole (ịgba ọchịchị mgba okpuru dị elu bụ otu n'ime ha, na Iwu ọhịa ọzọ), enweghị ikike n'elu ndị ụkọchukwu.^[3]

Ndị Miserere

Na mbụ, iji rịọ ndị ụkọchukwu arịrịọ, mmadụ ga-apụta n'ihu ụlọ ikpe na-eyi uwe ụka. Ka oge na-aga, a gbanwere ihe akaebe a nke ịbụ ụkọchukwu site na Ule ịgụ na ide: ndị a na-ebo ebubo gosipụtara ọnọdụ ụkọchụ ha site n'ịgụ Bible Latin. Nke a meghere ọnụ ụzọ maka ndị a na-ebo ebubo na-agụ akwụkwọ na-ekwukwa na ha bara uru nke ndị ụkọchukwu. N'afọ 1351, n'okpuru Edward nke Atọ, e debere oghere a n'iwu, a gbatịkwara uru nke ndị ụkọchukwu na ndị niile nwere ike ịgụ akwụkwọ. ^[4]Dịka ọmụmaatụ, onye England na-ede ihe nkiri Ben Jonson zere ịkwụgbu ya site n'ị rịọ ndị ụkọchukwu ka ha rite uru na 1598 mgbe e boro ya ebubo igbu ọchụ. N'ebe ndị Britain na-achị Massachusetts, ndị agha abụọ a mara ikpe maka igbu ọchụ na 1770 Boston Massacre e chebere igbu ọchukwu n'okpuru uru nke ndị ụkọchukwu, mana ha nwetara akara mkpịsị aka aka nri ha iji gbochie ha ịkpọtụrụ ikike n'okwu igbu ọchaya ọ bụla n'ọdịnihu (lee mgbanwe Tudor n'okpuru).^[5]

N'ụzọ na-abụghị nke iwu kwadoro, oghere ahụ ka ukwuu, n'ihi na akụkụ Akwụkwọ Nsọ a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka ule ịgụ na ide bụ, n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị, amaokwu nke atọ nke Abụ Ọma 51 (Abụ Ọma 50 dị ka Vulgate na Septuagint si kwuo), Miserere mei, Deus, secundum misericordiam tuam ("O Chineke, meere m ebere, dị ka obi ebere gị si dị"). Ya mere, onye na-amaghị akwụkwọ nke buru Abụ Ọma kwesịrị ekwesị n'isi nwekwara ike ịsị na ọ bara uru nke ndị ụkọchukwu, a makwaara Abụ Ọma 51:3 dị ka "amaokwu olu" n'ihi na ịmara na ọ nwere ike ịzọpụta olu mmadụ site na ịnyefe ikpe ya n'ụlọ ikpe ụwa, ebe ịkwụgbu ya nwere ike ịbụ ikpe, gaa n'ụlọikpe ụka, ebe usoro ikpe na ikpe a na ikpe ndị e nyere dị nro.^[4]

A na-ejikarị uru nke ndị ụkọchukwu eme ihe dị ka ụzọ e si eme ebere ikpe: na Elizabethan England, ụlọ ikpe nwere ike ikwe ka ihe karịrị 90% nke ndị ụ ụkọchụ na-emebi iwu rite uru nke ndị ụka, nke dị elu karịa ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ n'oge ahụ. ^[6]Ọ bụrụ na a na-eche na onye a na-ebo ebubo nke na-ekwu na ọ bara uru na ndị ụkọchukwu kwesịrị ịnwụ, ụlọ ikpe ga-agwa ya mgbe ụfọdụ ka ọ gụọ akụkụ dị iche na Bible; ọ bụrụ na, dị ka ọtụtụ ndị a na- boro ebubo, ọ maghị akwụkwọ ma buru Abụ Ọma nke 51, ọ gaghị enwe ike ime otú ahụ ma a ga-egbu ya.

N'ụlọ ikpe ndị ụkọchukwu, ụdị ikpe a na-ahụkarị bụ site na compurgation. Ọ bụrụ na onye a na-ebo ebubo ṅụọ iyi na aka ya dị ọcha ma chọpụta na mmadụ iri na abụọ na-aṅụ iyi na nkwenye ha na onye a gbara akwụkwọ enweghị ihe ọ bụla, a tọhapụrụ ya. Enwere ike ịchụpụ onye ụlọ ikpe ụka mara ikpe ma weghachite ya n'aka ndị ọchịchị ụwa maka ntaramahụhụ; mana ụlọ ikpe ndị ụka England bịara na-adịwanye nwayọọ, na, site na narị afọ nke iri na ise, ọtụtụ ikpe n'ụlọ ikpe ndị a dugara n'ikpe penance.

Mgbanwe nke oge Tudor

N'ihi ịdị nro a n'ụlọ ikpe ụka, e mere ọtụtụ mgbanwe iji lụso iji merie uru nke ndị ụkọchukwu ọgụ. N'afọ 1488, Henry nke Asaa nyere iwu na a ga-ekwe ka ndị na-abụghị ndị ụkọchukwu rịọ maka uru nke ndị ụkọchị naanị otu ugboro: ndị na-arịọ maka uru ndị ụkọkọchukwu, mana ha enweghị ike igosi site na akwụkwọ nke iwu nsọ ha na ha bụ ndị ụkọcha n'ezie, a na-etinye ha akara na mkpịsị aka ukwu, na akara ahụ mere ka ha ghara ịrịọ maka uru ụkọchụ n'ọdịnihu. (N'afọ 1547, e nyere ndị ọgbọ nke alaeze ahụ, ọbụna ndị na-amaghị akwụkwọ ikike nke ịsị na ndị ụkọchukwu bara uru karịa otu ugboro.)

N'afọ 1512, Henry nke Asatọ gbochiri uru nke ndị ụkọchukwu site n'ime mmebi iwu ụfọdụ "na-enweghị ike ịbụ ndị ụkọcha"; n'okwu iwu ahụ, ha bụ "ndị òtù na-enweghị uru nke ndị ụka". Popu Leo X katọrọ mgbochi a na Nzukọ Lateran nke Ise na 1514, esemokwu ahụ si na ya pụta (nke Lord Chief Justice na Achịbishọp nke Canterbury tinyere aka na ya) bụ otu n'ime okwu ndị ga-eduga Henry nke Asatọ ịkewa Chọọchị England na Chọọchị Katọlik na 1532.

Iwu 1512 gbochiri nnweta nke uru nke ndị ụkọchukwu maka igbu ọchụ na mpụ ndị e mere "nke na n'elu obi ọjọọ". ^[7]Iwu 1530 nyere ndị ụkọchukwu ohere nke ugboro abụọ naanị ma ọ bụrụ na ikpe nke abụọ bụ maka "ịgha ụgha site na mberede, ọ bụghị igbu ọchụ nke obi ọjọọ" mana machibidoro ya maka "ịgba ọchịchị mgba okpuru, igbu ọchukwu ma ọ bụ mpụ". ^[8]^[9]Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na isii, ndepụta nke mmebi iwu ndị a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha gụnyere igbu ọchụ, ndina n'ike, nsị, ịgba ọchịchị mgba okpuru, ịgba afa, ịpụnara mmadụ ihe, izu ohi na chọọchị, na ịpụnọrọ mmadụ ihe. N'afọ 1533, e wepụrụ uru nke ndị ụkọchukwu n'aka ndị jụrụ ịbanye n'arịrịọ.

N'afọ 1575, iwu Elizabeth nke Mbụ gbanwere mmetụta nke uru nke ndị ụkọchukwu. Ọ bụ ezie na n'oge gara aga, a rịọrọ uru ahụ tupu ikpe ahụ ka ebufee ikpe ahụ n'ụlọ ikpe ụka, n'okpuru usoro ọhụrụ a rịọrọ ndị ụkọchukwu uru mgbe a mara ha ikpe mana tupu a maa ha ikpe, ọ meghị ka ikpe ahụ ghara ịdị irè, kama ọ gbanwere ikpe maka ndị mebiri iwu mbụ site na nkwụsi ike gaa na akara na ruo otu afọ n'ụlọ Mkpọrọ.

Ọganihu e mesịrị

Templeeti:Infobox UK legislation Ka ọ na-erule n'oge a, uru nke ndị ụkọchukwu agbanweela site na ihe ùgwù nke ikike ụka gaa na usoro nke ndị omempụ mbụ nwere ike inweta ebere maka mpụ ụfọdụ. ^[10]Iwu na narị afọ nke iri na asaa na nke iri na asatọ mụbara ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a na-ebo ebubo nwere ike ịrịọ maka uru nke ndị ụkọchukwu, mana belatara uru nke ime otú ahụ.

Ụmụ nwanyị nwetara uru nke ndị ụkọchukwu na 1624, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị ruo na 1691 ka e nyere ha ihe ùgwù hà nhata na ụmụ nwoke n'okwu a. (Dị ka ọmụmaatụ, tupu afọ 1691, ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịrịọ ndị ụkọchukwu maka uru ma ọ bụrụ na a mara ha ikpe maka izu ohi nke ihe ruru shillings 10, ebe ụmụ nwoke nwere ike ịrịọọ ndị ụkọchị maka izu ohi ruru shilling 40.) N'echiche nke ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta iwu nke oge ahụ, onye Juu nke na-ahapụghị okpukpe ndị Juu enweghị ike ịrịọ uru nke ndị ụkọp.^[11]

N'afọ 1706, e wepụrụ ule ọgụgụ, uru ahụ wee bụrụ nke ndị niile na-emebi iwu nke obere mpụ. ^[12]Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke mpụ mere ka ndị omeiwu wepụ ọtụtụ mpụ ndị yiri obere ihe onwunwe site na uru nke ndị ụkọchukwu. N'ikpeazụ, imebi ụlọ, izu ohi n'ụlọ ahịa ruru ihe karịrị shilling 5, na izu ohi atụrụ na ehi niile ghọrọ ndị omempụ na-enweghị uru nke ndị ụkọchukwu ma mee ka ndị na-eme ha maa ha ikpe ọnwụ na-akpaghị aka n'okpuru ihe a na-akpọ "Bloody Code". Ndị ọkàikpe nọgidere na-enwe ikike ịrịọ onye a na-ebo ebubo ka ọ gụọ ihe odide ọzọ karịa Abụ Ọma nke 51 ebe ha na-enyo enyo na a na-eji ihe ùgwù ahụ eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi.^[13]

Mgbe e wepụrụ ule ịgụ na ide na 1706, a mụbara ikpe dị ala e nyere ndị na-arịọ arịrịọ maka uru nke ndị ụkọchukwu ruo ọnwa 6-24. N'okpuru Iwu Njem nke 1718, a ga-ama ndị na-arịọ arịrịọ maka uru nke ndị ụkọchukwu ikpe ịga North America afọ asaa. American Revolution (1775-1783) mebiri itinye ntaramahụhụ a n'ọrụ (ọ bụ ezie na abụọ n'ime ndị agha Britain a mara ikpe maka ọrụ ha na 1770 Boston Massacre jiri uru nke ndị ụkọchukwu nweta ntaramahụjụ dị ala). Site na mwepụ nke akara na 1779, uru nke ndị ụkọchukwu abụghịzi nhọrọ n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ. Ọ bụ ezie na njem gara Australia, a bịara mee nke a site na iji ahịrịokwu njem dị mfe maka afọ ma ọ bụ maka ndụ.

E wepụrụ uru nke ndị ụkọchukwu na United Kingdom nke Great Britain na Ireland site na iwu abụọ na 1823, na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu wepụrụ uru ndị ụkọchị site na Iwu Iwu Mpụ 1827. Enwere obi abụọ banyere ịdị irè nke iwu a, e mekwara iwu ikpeazụ na 1841, na-ewepụ obi abụọ niile (iwu nke anọ na nke ise Vict. c. 22, 2 June 1841).

Na United States, ngalaba 31 nke Iwu Mpụ nke 1790 wepụrụ uru sitere n'ụlọ ikpe gọọmentị etiti na ikpe isi obodo, mana ọ lanarịrị nke ọma n'etiti narị afọ nke 19 n'ụlọikpe ụfọdụ nke steeti (dịka ọmụmaatụ, South Carolina nyere ndị ụkọchukwu a na-ebo ebubo na 1855, na Iwu Confederate nke steeti machibidoro uru ahụ n'okwu ịgba ọchịchị mgba okpuru). ^[14]^[15]Ọtụtụ steeti na mpaghara ewepụla uru ndị ụkọchukwu site na nkwupụta, iwu ma ọ bụ mkpebi ikpe; na ndị ọzọ, ọ dabara n'iji ya eme ihe na-enweghị mwepụ iwu. Otú ọ dị, Rhode Island ewepụghị ya ruo n'afọ 2013, tinyere deodands, na ọdịiche dị n'etiti obere ịgba ọchịchị mgba okpuru na igbu ọchụ.^[16]

Hụkwa

Authentica habita
Uru nke Clergy Act 1402 (e wepụrụ compurgation maka ịgba ọchịchị mgba okpuru na ohi)
Uru nke Clergy Act 1496 (e wepụrụ uru nke ndị ụkọchukwu maka obere ịgba ọchịchị mgba okpuru na igbu ọchụ)
Uru nke Clergy Act 1575 (e wepụrụ uru nke ndị ụkọchukwu maka ndị a hụrụ na ikpe mara maka ndina n'ike na ohi)

Ihe odide

↑ West (2021-01-06). "Pope Leo of Bourges, clerical immunity and the early medieval secular" (in en). Early Medieval Europe 29 (1): 86–108. DOI:10.1111/emed.12450. ISSN 0963-9462.
↑ Marafioti (2019-07-01). "Secular and Ecclesiastical Justice in Late Anglo-Saxon England". Speculum 94 (3): 774–805. DOI:10.1086/703556. ISSN 0038-7134.
↑ Duggan (2017). "Clerical Exemption in Canon Law from Gratian to the Decretals" (in en). Medieval Worlds medieval worlds (Volume 6. 2017): 78–100, at p. 89. DOI:10.1553/medievalworlds_no6_2017s78. ISSN 2412-3196.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 See Mullaney v. Wilbur, 421 U.S. 684, 692-93, 44 L.Ed.2d 508, 515-16, 95 S.Ct. 1881, 1886; (1975).
↑ Benefit of Clergy, Boston Massacre
↑ Wrightson (2009). Early Modern England: Politics, Religion, and Society under the Tudors and Stuarts: Lecture 15 — Crime and the Law. Open Yale Courses. “... it is perfectly clear that the magistrates and the judges were permitting any kind of stumbling through the neck verse—often from memory, probably—in order to allow them to have this means of escaping the death penalty.” Ca. 38:37.
↑ 4 Hen. 7
↑ 4 Hen. 8
↑ Jeremy Horder, Provocation and Responsibility (1992), p.12
↑ See Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238, 337 fn 47, 33 L.Ed.2d 346, 404, 92 S.Ct. 2726, 2775 (1972) and references cited therein.
↑ (October 1905) "The Civil Rights of English Jews". The Jewish Quarterly Review 18 (1): 40–83. DOI:10.2307/1450822. ISSN 0021-6682.
↑ Briggs (1996). Crime and punishment in England: an introductory history. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-16331-2.
↑ R. v Cavenagh (1689) 12 State Trials 629
↑ Crimes Act of 1790, ch. 9, § 31, 1 Stat. 112, 119.
↑ "Benefit of Clergy", Henry Shultz and his Town of Hamburg, SC: Economic War to the Death in the Antebellum South; August 19, 2015; accessed 2022.09.21.
↑ 2013 Rhode Island General Laws Title 12 - Criminal Procedure Chapter 12-19 - Sentence and Execution Section 12-19-3 - Deodands – Benefit of clergy – Petit treason.

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

J. H. Baker, An Introduction to English Legal History (4th ed. 2002) peeji nke 513-15.
Richard B. Morris, "Benefit of Clergy in American and Related Matters", University of Pennsylvania Law Review 105 (1957): 436 (na-enyocha akwụkwọ 1955 nke otu aha site na George W. Dalzell).
Jeffrey K. Sawyer, "Benefit of Clergy in Maryland and Virginia", American Journal of Legal History 34, no. 1 (January 1990): 49-68.

[1] West (2021-01-06). "Pope Leo of Bourges, clerical immunity and the early medieval secular" (in en). Early Medieval Europe 29 (1): 86–108. DOI:10.1111/emed.12450. ISSN 0963-9462.

[2] Marafioti (2019-07-01). "Secular and Ecclesiastical Justice in Late Anglo-Saxon England". Speculum 94 (3): 774–805. DOI:10.1086/703556. ISSN 0038-7134.

[3] Duggan (2017). "Clerical Exemption in Canon Law from Gratian to the Decretals" (in en). Medieval Worlds medieval worlds (Volume 6. 2017): 78–100, at p. 89. DOI:10.1553/medievalworlds_no6_2017s78. ISSN 2412-3196.

[mullaney-4] 4.0 ^4.1 See Mullaney v. Wilbur, 421 U.S. 684, 692-93, 44 L.Ed.2d 508, 515-16, 95 S.Ct. 1881, 1886; (1975).

[5] Benefit of Clergy, Boston Massacre

[6] Wrightson (2009). Early Modern England: Politics, Religion, and Society under the Tudors and Stuarts: Lecture 15 — Crime and the Law. Open Yale Courses. “... it is perfectly clear that the magistrates and the judges were permitting any kind of stumbling through the neck verse—often from memory, probably—in order to allow them to have this means of escaping the death penalty.” Ca. 38:37.

[7] 4 Hen. 7

[8] 4 Hen. 8

[9] Jeremy Horder, Provocation and Responsibility (1992), p.12

[10] See Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238, 337 fn 47, 33 L.Ed.2d 346, 404, 92 S.Ct. 2726, 2775 (1972) and references cited therein.

[11] (October 1905) "The Civil Rights of English Jews". The Jewish Quarterly Review 18 (1): 40–83. DOI:10.2307/1450822. ISSN 0021-6682.

[Briggs1996-12] Briggs (1996). Crime and punishment in England: an introductory history. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-16331-2.

[13] R. v Cavenagh (1689) 12 State Trials 629

[14] Crimes Act of 1790, ch. 9, § 31, 1 Stat. 112, 119.

[15] "Benefit of Clergy", Henry Shultz and his Town of Hamburg, SC: Economic War to the Death in the Antebellum South; August 19, 2015; accessed 2022.09.21.

[16] 2013 Rhode Island General Laws Title 12 - Criminal Procedure Chapter 12-19 - Sentence and Execution Section 12-19-3 - Deodands – Benefit of clergy – Petit treason.

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