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Water supply and sanitation in Nigeria

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A na-eketa ọrụ inye mmiri na Naijiria n'etiti okwa atọ (3) nke ọkara - etiti etiti, steeti na mpaghara .   Gọọmenti etiti na-ahụ maka njikwa ihe mmiri mmiri;   Gọọmenti steeti nwere ọrụ mbụ maka inye mmiri mmiri n'obodo ukwu;   na ihu ime obodo yana ndị obodo na-ahụ maka inye mmiri n'ime ime obodo.   Akọwaghị nke ọma ọrụ maka ndị ọcha .

Ningi rụrụ olulu mmiri

Ogo ọrụ inye mmiri na mgbake ọnụ akara dị ala.  Tarifụ mmiri dị ala ma ọtụtụ ndị na-eji mmirika ihe nchekwa ha.  Ndị na-enye ọrụ si otú a na-adabere na ndidi oge ụfọdụ iji tinye ọrụ ha [1]

Amụma na akwụkwọ mba na-akwado isonyere na ngalaba nkeonwe yana igbochi nke ọma na ọkwa steeti.  [3] Mmiri mmiri na nke ọcha nke mba na-amata mkpa mmiri na ọcha dị ka ọ bụ isi na obodo mụrụ obodo obodo. [2]

Nweta

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Ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo na-ekpochapụ olulu mmiri na Ilorin, Nigeria n'oge ụbọchị ịdị ọcha afọ ofufo. Ọbụlagodi mgbe enwere akụrụngwa zuru oke maka ndozi ịdị ọcha na ịdị mma nwere ike ọ gaghị adị mgbe niile na Naịjirịa. Mmetọ rọba na-etinye aka na nsị nsị n'ụwa niile.

N'ihe dị ka afọ 2015, 45 nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na na-enwere eze mmiri opekata mpe .  [5] [6] Nke a bụ 82% nke ndị bi n'obodo mepere emepe na 54% nke ndị bi n'ime obodo.  Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na mmetụta enweta mmiri dị ọcha, n'ime ime obodo.  [7] nọmbaọgụ ndị ọcha na ndị ọcha zuru ụwa ọnụ na-egosi na kpakpando 79 nke ndị Naijiria na-enweta ihe ịma aka nke mmiri mmiri .  [8] Na 2015, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 60 mmanya mmanya gburu mmiri "opekata mpe".  Banyere ọcha, naanị 33% nke ọnụ ọgụgụ niile nwere njikwa "opekata mpe" ọcha.  Nke a bụ 39% nke ndị bi n'obodo mepere emepe na 27% nke ndị bi n'ime obodo.  Ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 122 ka kehọrọlụ “opekata mpe” ọcha ọcha. [3]

N'ime obodo mepere emepe, a na-anọchi anya ọwa mmiri kwụ ọtọ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu iji nweta mmiri. [4]

Ịdị ọcha zuru oke na-abụkarị n'ụdị tankị septik, n'ihi na enweghị usoro nsị nke etiti.

Ọnụọgụ gbasara ịnweta mmiri na ịdị ọcha na-emegiderịta onwe ya n'ihi nkọwa dị iche iche, ihe ngosi na usoro nke ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche tinyere. Enweghị nlekota ngalaba ọ bụla. [5]

Dị ka Guardian News si kwuo : "Onye isi nke Advocacy, Policy and Communication, Water Aid Nigeria, Kolawole Banwo, kwuru na n'ime 774 Local Government Area na Nigeria, na 76 bụ nanị 76 nwere onwe na ọnọdụ nke ihicha ụlọ na mba ahụ, nsogbu ịdị ọcha a. ka bụ okwu dị mkpa nke chọrọ ime ngwa ngwa." [6]

Dị ka akụkọ Amnesty International bipụtara na Septemba, ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ Shell na gọọmentị Rivers State, na ndịda Nigeria anaghị eme nke ọma iji nye mmiri dị ọcha na Ogale, mpaghara na-abụghị isi obodo steeti ahụ. A na-amanye ndị bi ebe ahụ ịzụta mmiri n'ọnụ ahịa anaghị akwụ ụgwọ ma ọ bụ ṅụọ n'olulu mmiri nke benzene metọọ. [7] [8]

Ọrụ mmiri
Ụlọ mmiri

Dị ka World Bank si kwuo, n'afọ 2010, "Ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta mmiri na Nigeria adịghị adịkarị na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'ihi ngwá ọrụ agbajiri agbaji, ma ọ bụ enweghị ọkụ ọkụ ma ọ bụ mmanụ ọkụ maka mgbapụta. " [9] Ọnụ ego ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ mmiri na-abawanye site na mkpa ọ dị ịdabere na ndị na-emepụta mmanụ diesel ma ọ bụ ọbụna na-arụ ọrụ ọkụ nke aka ha, ebe ọ bụ na ọkụ eletrik adịghị agbanwe agbanwe. A naghị echekwa akụrụngwa na ọkpọkọ nke ọma, na-eduga n'inweta oge na-adịghị anya na oke mmiri na-enweghị ego . [10]

N'ihe dị ka afọ 2000, ihe dị ka 80% nke sistemu mmiri gọọmentị nwere (nke ọha na-arụ ọrụ) na obere obodo anaghị arụ ọrụ. [11] Site na ntinye ego na iwulite ikike maka obodo, ọrụ nke isi mmiri nwere ike ịbawanye n'oge dị mkpirikpi. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ime obodo ndị a na-elekwasị anya nke UNICEF na-akwado na Kwara State, arụ ọrụ esiwo na 53% gaa na 98%, na na Kebbi steeti, ọrụ nke olulu mmiri esiwo na 12% gaa na 88%. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị ihe doro anya ka ụlọ ọrụ ndị a ga-esi na-arụ ọrụ ogologo oge, mgbe ntinye aka mba ụwa kwụsịrị. [9]

Amụma na atụmatụ mba

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Usoro iwu inye mmiri na ịdị ọcha nke ala Naijiria, nke akwadoro na 2000, na-agba ume itinye aka na ngalaba nkeonwe ma na-atụpụta mgbanwe ụlọ ọrụ na amụma na ọkwa steeti. Otú ọ dị, ọ dị ntakịrị ihe mere n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ. N'ihe dị ka afọ 2007, naanị anọ n'ime steeti 37 - Lagos, Cross River, Kaduna na Ogun States - malitere iwebata mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nkeonwe (PPP) n'ụdị nkwekọrịta ọrụ, [12] ụdị PPP ebe ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Nkeonwe nwere oke na akụrụngwa arụ ọrụ na-enweghị mkpali arụmọrụ. Ọ bụ ezie na gọọmentị nwere amụma ịgbasa ọchịchị, obere mbelata n'ezie emeela. Ikike nke gọọmentị ime obodo ịhazi na ime itinye ego, ma ọ bụ iji rụọ ọrụ na idobe sistemu, ka dị ala n'agbanyeghị mbọ a na-eme n'ịkwalite ikike. Ọzọkwa, amụma mba na-elekwasị anya na inye mmiri ma na-eleghara ịdị ọcha anya. [12]

Gọọmentị etiti

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Ndị ọrụ Federal Ministry of Water Resources, nke bụbu ndị nke Ministry of Agriculture ruo oge 2010, na-ahụ maka nnukwu ọrụ mmiri na oke mmiri n'etiti steeti.  Enwere 12 River Basin Development Authority n'okpuru Ministry, nke na-ahụ maka akara na ike mmiri, ọrụ ogbugba mmiri na nchịkọta nke hydrological, hydro-geological data.  Ha na- mfe obodo ukwu mmiri si n'ihe nte mmiri .  E hiwere otu Utilities Charges Commission na 1992 iji mgbaàmà na mezie tarifụ mgbaàmà, nke ụlọ ọrụ steeti mmiri ara ehi. [11]

Ọchịchị steeti

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Ndị ọchịchị ime obodo

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Ndị ọchịchị ime obodo (LGAs), nke dị 774, bụ ndị na-ahụ maka inye mmiri mmiri na ime obodo na mpaghara ha n'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ naanị ole na ole nwere ihe onwunwe na nkà iji dozie nsogbu ahụ. Naanị LGA ole na ole nwere ngalaba inye mmiri n'ime ime obodo.

Water is a basic necessity of life

Obodo

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N'ụụ obodo dị n'ime ime obodo, e hiwela kọmitii mmiri na idebe ihe ọcha (WASCO) iji ọrụ ma na-arụkwa ebe mmiri mmiri.  Ndị kọmitii ndị a kwesịrị mkpara na-enye mmiri nke ha.  Ndị nyere onyinye dị ka African Development Bank , ezela ihe a na-enwe na opekata mpe 30% nke ndị otu WASCO ga-akpa ụmụ anọ.  [18] N'afọ 1993, Gọọmenti akwụkwọ onwe ya iji wusie ike ikere òkè n'ime mmirika ime obodo na akwụkwọ akwụkwọ.  N'afọ 2000, a naghị ekesa ma ọ bụ tinye ya n'ahụ n'ime mmemme mmemme- ma ọ bụ ndị nyere onyinye. [11]

Akụkụ ego

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Tarifụ na ego mgbake

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ego dị maka njikọ na- atụ .  ọtụtụ njikọ mmiri Naịjiria ngwa eji mita.  Akọọgụ nha dị iche site na 7% na Katsina ruo 16% na Kaduna na 24% na Lagos na 2007. A na-ana ndị egwuregwu na-echeghị echiche dị iche na-adabereghị na oriri.  Maka ndị na-ahụ maka anya mita, ọnụ ọnụ ọnụ ụlọ kwa ọnwa bụ US$3 na Lagos, US$5 na Katsina na US$11 na Kaduna.  [18] Na steeti Yobe ọ bụ naanị Naira 100 (US$0.60) kwa ụnwa, ọ kacha ala na mba ahụ ụlọ ọrụ mmiri Yobe steeti siri kwuo.  Ego tarifu kpuchiri naanị 2% nke ego e ji enye mmiri [13]

Tarifu maka njikọ njikọ .  A na-ana ndị eji metered elele tarifu linear, dị ka ọ dị na Legọs, ma ọ bụ tarifu na-amadị, dịka ọ dị na Katsina na Kaduna.  N'okpuru tarifu na--block-block, tarifu kwa cubic mita na- teepụ stepwise na oriri na-amalite na oriri nke 30m3 kwa ụnwayọ na nkeji nke 3 ruo 6 blocks.  Tarifu ebe obibi maka egwu mbụ nke oriri bụ US$0.19 kwa m3 na Kaduna na US$0.44 kwa m3 na Katsina.  Tarifụ maka ndị ọrụ azụmahịa na ụlọ ọrụ ihe dị elu.  [18] Nkezi mmiri mmiri maka ndị ọrụmetered bụ Naira 50 kwa m3 (US$0.30) na steeti Oyo na Naira 16 kwa m3 (US$0.10) na steeti Taraba na 2009. [14]

Nchịkọta tarifu . Sistemụ ozi emechiela yana usoro ịgba ụgwọ na-ekwekọghị ekwekọ na-ebute mfu ego ndị ọzọ. Ọnụego nnakọta ego dị obere. N'ebe ụfọdụ ọ na-erughị 10% nke ego akwụ ụgwọ. Enwere nnukwu ụgwọ, ọkachasị ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị.

Mgbanwe tarifu . Steeti ọ bụla na-edobe tarifu mmiri nke ya. Ọ dị mkpa ka ndị Council Executive Council kwadoro ngbanwe tarifu site na usoro ogologo oge. N'ịbụ ndị na-enweghị ike ikpuchi ụgwọ ọrụ ha, na enweghị ike idobe ngbanwe nke tarifu mgbe niile, ụlọ ọrụ mmiri nke steeti na-enweta enyemaka ego n'aka gọọmentị steeti. [11]

Ntinye ego

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N'ihi na Naijiria izute Millennium Development Goal maka inye mmiri site site 2015, obodo kwesịrị ihe dị ka ike naira 215 (US$1.3 ihi) kwa afọ.  Naijiria na-etinye ego ụgwọ ụlọ naira 82.5 (US$0.5) n'ime ngalaba ahụ ugbu a.  [20] Ọtụtụ n'ime ndụ ego ndị dị a dị mkpa iji rụkwaa ngwaahịa na-edo nke ọma.  O doghị anya ma akwụkwọ ahụ ọcha ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị.

Ịnye ego

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Ọ bụ ebe na ọkwa atɔ ahụ kwesịrị aka zuru oke n'ịkwanye ego maka mmiri mmiri na idebe ihe ọcha, mmetụta ime obodo enwe mmetụta ego iji mee ya.  Ọkwa steeti na isi etiti na-abụ obere ego.  N'ihi ya, ọtụtụ ego mmiri ọha na eze na egwu ihe ọcha na Naijiria bụ ndị nyere onya.  [18] Ịke egwu egwu na ụtụ isi n'etiti ọkwa dị iche bụ okwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naijiria, nke kewara n'etiti ndị mmadụ North na ọtụtụ ndị ụka Ndịda South na ebe otu mpaghara dị na South na-enweta ego niile  isiokwu.  N'agbata 1948 na 2001, kọmitii ndụ, iwu ndị agha isii, otu iwu nke ndị omebe iwu na ikpe abụọ nke ndị ikpe Kasị Elu ,pọwo egosi, mgbasa ego n'etiti ozi nke ike na-enyere ike ahụ.  [19] Ego ngosi ngosi ihe dị ka elele 90 nke ego na-egosi na-enweta, ndị na-egosi eze na ọrụ mbubata.  A na-azụ ihe ndị na-egosi na obere ego steeti na mpaghara, ma na-eke akụ ndị a gba iso site na okwa adia dịka usoro nkwado.  Mgbe kaadi onwe pre, ọgwụgwọ etiti 40% nke ego ha na ọgwụgwọ steeti natakwara 60%, onye nhazi nke ga-erite uru na mpaghara ndị na-ahụ fim na Niger Delta .  Ndị echiche ime obodo obodo òkè.  Mgbe agha Biafra gachara, òkè nke mgbaka etiti mụbara ruo 80% na 1968, mana e mechara ọnwụ ọzọ.  Site na mgbanwe mgbanwe ime nke afọ 1976, iche ime obodo na-enweta òkè nke ya na ego haiche.  N'ihe dị ka afọ 1999, òkè nke echiche ime obodo bụ 20%, òkè bụ 24% na òkè nke etiti etiti na maka ọrụ iche bụ 56%. [15]

Imekọ ihe ọnụ na mpụga

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Ndị mmekọ kacha mkpa n'Ụdị na mpaghara ọkọnọ mmiri na akwụkwọ ọcha nke Nigeria bụ African Development Bank, European Union, Japanese JICA, UNICEF, USAID, NGO WaterAid, Action Against Hunger (NGO) na World Bank .  Ụmụ akụ akụ Afrịka na World Bank na-enye ike ego mbịnye ego;  European Union, JICA na USAID na-enye nri nri;  UNICEF na WaterAid na-enweta sitere n'aka ndị na-enye sitere na ọha na eze na iji me ọrụ ha na Nkwado, mana ọ bụghị site na eze na-enye onyinye.

Ụlọ akụ mmepe Africa

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Na February 2012, African Development Bank akwụkwọ ego mbinye ego dị nro US $100 iji nweta mmiri na akụkọ ọcha n'obodo Zaria nke ugwu.  Ndị ọrụ mmiri na steeti Kaduna ga-arụ ọrụ a.  [18] Ọ kwadokwara ọrụ mmiri na-eweta mmiri na ime obodo n'obodo Ibadan na Jalingo dị na steeti Oyo na Taraba n'afọ 2009. Ụbọchị abụọ a na-arụ n'obodo mepere egwu egwu mita mmiri, ihie nke ọcha ọcha.  yana ụlọ ụlọ mposi n'akwụkwọ akwụkwọ, ụlọọgwụ, ebe a na-ahụ anya na akwụkwọ.  N'ịka ọrụ ọhụrụ na Zaria, ọrụ ochie na-akwado nkwado na ọkwa steeti iji kewapụ usoro iwu na ọrụ arụ ọrụ, na iwebata ogbenye mgbasa na eze na nkeonwe.  [19].  na ọ dị n'okpuru 50% na 2006, ruo 100% na 2012. Ebe a na-edebe idebe ọcha bụ ụlọ mposi sanplat na ikuku ventilas nke ọma. [16]

N'afọ 2005, China bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwekọrịta inye aka na Naijiria iji gwuo olulu mmiri 598 na steeti iri na asatọ na FCT. [17] Edepụtaghị ego onyinye ahụ na ụlọ ọrụ na-emejuputa atumatu.

European Union

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EU na-akwado nkwado mpaghara mmiri na mmiri na steeti isii ( Anambra, Cross River, Jigawa, Kano, Osun na Yobe ) na nde Euro iri na asaa.  Steeti Naijiria, n'ọkwa atọ niile nke ndị, na ndị obodo na-atụ anya inye ego Euro nde iri atọ na otu ọzọ [18]

JICA

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JICA bụ mbiri maka Japan International Cooperation Agency [18] na ha na-enye onyinye maka mmiri ime obodo na ọcha na steeti atọ, Oyo, Kano na Yobe . [19]

UNICEF

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UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund) nke a na-akpọ United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund [18] akwadola inye mmiri mmiri, idebe ihe ọcha na ọcha ọcha n'ime obodo na ụlọ akwụkwọ n'ofe mba ahụ akpụkpọ 2002. DFID na European  Commission akwadola aka ya.  Ngụkọta nke isi iyi ọhụrụ 6,960 dị mma (olulu mmiri, olulu mmiri gwuru na isi iyi echedoro) na ihe ụlọ ụlọ mposi ezinaụlọ 19,100.  E nyela ihe ụlọ akwụkwọ 400 ụlọ mposi nwere ndokwa dị iche maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwoke na ebe ịsa aka [20]

USAID

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USAID (United States Agency for International Development)[68] na-akwado inye mmiri ime obodo, idebe ihe ọcha na mmụta ịdị ọcha na Northern Nigeria, na obodo 46 na Bauchi, Kano na Sokoto State.  USAID na ụlọ ọrụ na-abụghị nke gọọmentị Naijiria na-emekọ ihe ọnụ bụ Women Farmers Advancement Network (WOFAN), Action Against Hunger (NGO) na WaterAid.. [21] [22]

WaterAid

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WaterAid, otu NGO nke Britain, kwalitere ihe nke eserese ọcha, inye mmiri na ụkpụrụ ọcha site na usoro iji obodo na-akpa dị ọnụ ala.  Ọ na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na Nigeria NGOs, ndị Benue NGO Network (BENGONET), Society for Water and Sanitation in Nigeria (NEWSAN), Justice Development and Peace Initiative (JDPI), Community Based Development - NGO (CBD-NGO), Women  Empowerment In Nigeria (WEIN) na Bol Development Association (BOLDA).  Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ihe ụgwọ otu obodo na steeti Bauchi, Benue na Plateau .  Ɔ Persiala ogo adịghị ike, dabere na njirisi ndị obodo n'onwe ha aro, iji nyere ndị obodo aka ikike onwe ha ebe a ga-ekenye ngwaahịa.  Usoro aka na nke doro anya dị otú ahụ mkpa dị n'ike n'laha obi dị ala na adịghị mma [23]

N'okwu dị mfe 2012, Ọnọdụ kwụrụ 2012, onye ọrụ kwụ ọtọ na mwepụ na nyoonụ ozi ọma.  Dị ka Minista na-ahụ maka mmiri mmiri si kwuo, President Goodluck Jonathan nwere ikike ngalaba na onwe ya nke nta akụkọ na ndị NGO dị mma iji ọrụ a. [24]

Ụlọ akụ ụwa

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akụ mba ụwa arụchaala ọrụ mmiri mmiri asaa 1985 ma nwee ike ọrụ atọ na-aga n'ihu na 2010. Mkpokọta nke ego maka oru ngo iri a bụ ihe dịka ihe US$1.4.  The First Urban Water Reform Project (US$120 million) lekwasịrị anya obodo iri na atọ dị steeti Kaduna, Ogun na Enugwu .  Ihe oru ngo a bukwa n'obi iguzobe atumatu mmiri nke steeti, na ikwalite ekiri ya na ulo oru nkeonwe.  Ndị ọrụ nke abụọ Urban Water Reform Project nke ruru US $ 200 nde, na-akwado mgbasawanye nke ọkpọ ọkpọ na Calabar, na nhazi nke ụlọ ọrụ mmiri na usoro nkesa na Lagos yana obodo ọzọ na Cross River State .  N'okpuru Project Privatization, Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Water Board na enyere aka na US $ 25 nde.  [16] N'afọ 2012, ụlọ akụ mba ụwa agba ka a rụzigharị ọrụ n'obodo Lagos, Kaduna, Ogun, Enugu na Cross River steeti bụ US$400.  Na 2021, World Bank, mbinye ego maka $700 nde [18] maka mmiri na idebe ihe ọcha dị ka nke mmemme a na-akpọ SURWASH. [25]

Ntụaka

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  1. ↑ Addressing the social consequences of tariffs for water supply.
  2. ↑ Adeoti (2007-02-01). "Challenges to managing water resources along the hydrological boundaries in Nigeria". Water Policy 9 (1): 105–118. DOI:10.2166/wp.2006.002. ISSN 1366-7017. 
  3. ↑ Nigeria. WASHWatch. Retrieved on 21 March 2017.
  4. ↑ (2000-10-05) "UNU World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU/Wider)". Poverty and Undernutrition: ii. DOI:10.1093/0198292686.001.0001.002.002. 
  5. ↑ John Gambo Laah, Ph.D., Water and Sanitation Monitoring Platform (WSMP), Nigeria: Nigeria Water and Sanitation Summary Sheet, no date
  6. ↑ 40% of FCT residents into open defecation. The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News (2022-02-06). Archived from the original on 2022-03-01. Retrieved on 2022-03-01.
  7. ↑ COMMUNITY IN NIGERIA DRINKING POLLUTED WATER. Amnesty International. Retrieved on 27 September 2018.
  8. ↑ Common Water Issues | U.S. Geological Survey. www.usgs.gov. Retrieved on 2022-02-27.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 New Project to Bring Clean Water to 50,000 Households. World Bank. Retrieved on 2020-05-29.
  10. ↑ World Bank:New Project to Bring Clean Water to 50,000 Households, 22 April 2010
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 World Bank/Federal Republic of Nigeria:Water Supply & Sanitation Interim Strategy Note, November 2000, retrieved on April 11, 2012
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 USAID: Nigeria Water and Sanitation Profile, ca. 2007
  13. ↑ Yobe charges least water tariff in Nigeria. Daily Trust (7 October 2010). Retrieved on 12 April 2012.
  14. ↑ African Development Bank. Urban Water Supply and Sanitation for Oyo And Taraba States, Project Appraisal Report. Retrieved on 12 April 2012.
  15. ↑ Akindele S.T and Olaopa : Fiscal federalism and local Government finance in Nigeria, 2002
  16. ↑ African Development Bank:The African Development Bank in Action. Activities in the Water and Sanitation Sector in the Federal Republic of Nigeria, February 2012, retrieved on April 11, 2012
  17. ↑ Forum on China-Africa Cooperation: China and Nigeria Sign Water Supply Project Agreement, 19 October 2005
  18. ↑ Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Reform Programme, retrieved on April 11, 2012
  19. ↑ JICA: Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Nigeria, retrieved on April 11, 2012
  20. ↑ UNICEF:Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Nigeria, February 2007
  21. ↑ USAID:Access to Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH), no date, retrieved on April 11, 2012
  22. ↑ USAID:In Sokoto, Water is Life, 16 December 2011
  23. ↑ WaterAid Nigeria:Where we work, retrieved on April 11, 2012
  24. ↑ WaterAid Nigeria: Federal Government tasks WaterAid in Nigeria to lead monitoring and evaluation of WASH projects, 17 January 2012
  25. ↑ SURWASH

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