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Olive Schreiner

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Olive Schreiner
mmádu
ụdịekerenwanyị Dezie
mba o sịSouth Africa Dezie
aha enyereOlive, Emily, Albertina Dezie
aha ezinụlọ yaSchreiner Dezie
aha pseudonymRalph Iron Dezie
ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya24 Maachị 1855 Dezie
Ebe ọmụmụCape Colony Dezie
Ụbọchị ọnwụ ya11 Disemba 1920 Dezie
Ebe ọ nwụrụCape Town Dezie
nwanneWilliam Philip Schreiner Dezie
Dị/nwunyeSamuel Cron Cronwright Dezie
Asụsụ obodoBekee Dezie
asụsụ ọ na-asụ, na-ede ma ọ bụ were na-ebinye akaBekee Dezie
Asụsụ ọ na-edeBekee Dezie
ọrụ ọ na-arụodee akwụkwọ, sociologist Dezie
Ọrụ ama amaThe Story of an African Farm Dezie
Archive naHarry Ransom Center Dezie
Nwere ọrụ na mkpokọtaJ. Paul Getty Museum Dezie
has written forMind, Inc. Dezie
ikike nwebiisinka dị ka onye okikecopyrights on works have expired Dezie
nnọchiaha nkeonweL484 Dezie

Olive Schreiner (24 Maachị 1855 – 11 Disemba 1920) [1] bụ onye odee South Africa, onye mkpọsa mgbochi na ọgụgụ isi. A na-echeta ya nke ọma taa maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya bụ The Story of an African Farm (1883), bụ nke a kwadoro nke ukwuu. Ọ na-ekwu okwu n'atụghị egwu n'okwu ndị dị ugbu a dị ka agnosticism, nnwere onwe dị adị, mmadụ n'otu n'otu, ọchịchọ ndị ọkachamara nke ụmụ nwanyị, na ọdịdị mbụ nke ndụ na ókèala ọchịchị.

Kemgbe narị afọ nke iri abuo, ndị ọkà mmụta ekwupụtawokwa Schreiner dị ka onye na-akwado ndị Afrikaners, na ndị otu South Africa ndị ọzọ bụ ndị ewepụrụ n'ọchịchị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ, dị ka ụmụ amaala ojii, ndị Juu, na ndị India. N'agbanyeghị na o gosipụtara mmasị na socialism, pacifism, anụ anaghị eri anụ, na inwe mmasị nwanyị n'ime isiokwu ndị ọzọ, echiche ya gbanarịrị oke mmachi. Ọrụ ya e bipụtara na akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ dị ndụ na-akwalite ụkpụrụ doro anya dị ka imeru ihe n'ókè, ọbụbụenyi, na nghọta n'etiti mmadụ niile, ma gbanarị ọnyà dị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, bụ nke ọ kpachapụrụ anya gbanahụ. N'ịbụ onye a kpọrọ ya onye nweere onwe ya ogologo ndụ, ọ nọgidere na-agbasosi mmụọ nke Bible Ndị otụ Kraịst ike ma mepụta ụdị echiche ụwa nke ndị mụrụ ya bụ́ ndị ozi ala ọzọ, nke nwere ihe omimi.

A makwaara Schreiner maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya mechara, Site na mmadụ ruo mmadụ ma ọ bụ ikekwe naanị (1926), ebipụtara n'oge anwụ. Ọ gụchabeghị akwụkwọ ndegharị ya tupu ya anwụọ. Ọ bụ di ya, Samuel Cronwright-Schreiner wepụtara mbipụta nke mbụ. Mahadum pịa Cape Town degharịrị ma bipụta ya (nke Dorothy Driver deziri ma webata ya). Mbipụta a na-edozi mperi ndị gara aga. Mbipụta a na-enye njedebe ọzọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, n'okwu nke Schreiner, na mgbakwunye na nke di ya chịkọtara. Site na mmadụ ruo mmadụ ma ọ bụ ikekwe naanị Schreiner kwuru na ọ bụ ọkacha mmasị ya n'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ ya. Site n'inyocha njide ụmụ nwanyị ọcha na ndụ ụlọ na South Africa nke colonial, akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ mechara gbasaa anya ya gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị ojii, ndị ọnụnọ ha ji nke nta nke nta na-agwa mgba nke etiti agwa iji mepụtaghachi onwe ya na ịkụziri ụmụ ya megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na mmekọahụ. nke oge. [2]

Akụkọ ndụ ya

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Karel Schoeman, onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, na ikike na Schreiner na South Africa, edewo na ọ bụ onye pụtara ìhè na mpaghara South Africa. Ọ na-achịkọta usoro ndụ ya bụ isi dị ka ndị a, na-ekwupụta oge ndụ ya na mba ahụ:

Site n'echiche usoro oge, ndụ Olive Schreiner na-egosi ụkpụrụ na-adọrọ mmasị. Mgbe ọ nọrọ iri abụọ na ise mbụ ya na South Africa ... ọ nọ na England ihe karịrị afọ asaa, ma birikwa n'oge a na Europe. Mgbe nke a gasịrị, o biri na South Africa afọ iri abụọ na anọ, oge enyi ya na Rhodes, agha Anglo-Boer, na ntinye aka ya na-arịwanye elu na okwu ndị dị ka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, onye ọzọ dọọrọ n'agha sochiri na England maka afọ asaa; Ọ bụ nanị obere oge tupu ya anwụọ n'afọ 1920 ka ọ laghachiri South Africa. ( Olive Schreiner: Ndụ na South Africa 1855–1881, Human & Rousseau, Cape Town, 1989)

Ndụ mbido ya

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Olive Emily Albertina Schreiner bụ nwa nke itoolu n’ime ụmụaka iri na abụọ a mụụrụ di na nwunye bụ́ ndị ozi ala ọzọ n’ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè Wesleyan ọha ozi ala ọzọ, dị na Wittebergen dị na Eastern Cape, na nso Herschel na South Africa. Ndị mụrụ ya, Gottlob Schreiner na Rebecca (née Lyndall), lụrụ na England n'afọ 1837. [3] Akpọrọ ya aha n’aha ụmụnne ya nwoke atọ tọrọ, Oliver (1848–1854), Albert (1843–1843) na Emile (1852–1852), onye nke ọ bụla n’ime ha nwụrụ tutu a mụọ ya. Oge nwata ya bụ onye obi tara mmiri: nna ya na-ahụ n'anya ma dị nwayọọ, n'agbanyeghị na ọ gaghị ekwe omume, nke mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe isi ike maka ezinụlọ; ma nne ya bụ́ Rebeka bu n’obi ịkụziri ụmụ ya otu njide onwe na ọzụzụ onwe nke bụbu akụkụ nke nzụlite ya. Olive nwetara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ agụmakwụkwọ mbụ ya n'aka nne ya, bụ́ onye nwere ọgụgụ isi nke ọma. Nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye Frederick Samuel nwetara asambodo BA na Mahadum London wee hibe Kọleji ọhụrụ na Eastbourne n'afọ 1877. [4] Ọ nọgidere dị ka onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ ruo ngwụsị 1897, mana ọ gara n'ihu na-agba ọsọ ụlọ akwụkwọ nta ruo afọ 1901. Ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 1901 na Nnukwu nkwari akụ na Eastbourne ma tinye ya n'ime obodo. [5]

Mgbe Olive dị afọ isii, nna ya Gottlob kwagara Healdtown na Eastern Cape iji na-arụ ọrụ ọzụzụ Wesleyan ebe ahụ. Dị ka ọ dị n’ọtụtụ ọrụ ndị ọzọ ọ rụrụ, ọ pụghị ijikwa ọrụ ahụ, a chụpụrụ ya n’ihere maka ịzụ ahịa megide iwu ndị ozi ala ọzọ. A manyere ya ibi ndụ nke ya na nke mbụ ya na ndụ ya wee gbalịa ịzụ ahịa. Ọzọ, ọ dara na akwụghị ụgwọ n'ime otu afọ. N’ihi ya, ezinụlọ ahụ biri n’oké ịda ogbenye.

Mgbe Schreiner dị afọ itoolu, nwanne ya nwanyị bụ́ Helen (Ellie) nwụrụ, nke a nwekwara mmetụta dị ukwuu n'echiche onye lanarịrịnụ. Ellie bụ nwa nke iri na abụọ na nke ikpeazụ nke Gottlob na Rebecca Schreiner. Ọ nwụrụ na ọnwa iri na asaa (1864-1865). [6] Schreiner raara 'Prelude' nke Site na Nwoke rue Nwoke nye Ellie, tinyekwara ada ya nwanyi, onye nwuru obere oge ka amuchara ya. [7] N'ime ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ozi, Schreiner tụlere ọnwụ Ellie dịka isi mgbanwe na ndụ ya. Dị ka ihe atụ, n’akwụkwọ ozi e degaara John T. Lloyd nke afọ 1892, Schreiner kwuru, sị:

"Echere m na mbụ m nwere mmetụta a n'ihe banyere ọnwụ n'ụzọ doro anya mgbe nwanne m nwanyị kacha amasị m nwụrụ mgbe m dị afọ itoolu. M na-arahụ obere ahụ ya ruo mgbe e liri ya, na mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, m na-anọdụ ala ruo ọtụtụ awa n'akụkụ ili ya & ọ bụ ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume maka m mgbe ahụ, dị ka ọ gaghị ekwe omume ugbu a, ịnakwere ozizi nkịtị na ọ bụ. ibi n'ebe na-enweghị ahụ." [8]

Mgbe a họpụtara nwanne ya nwoke nke tọrọ Theophilus (1844–1920) ka onye isi ụlọ ọrụ na Cradock n'afọ 1867, Schreiner na ụmụnne ha abụọ gara ka ha na ya biri. Ọ gakwara ụlọ akwụkwọ ya, bụ́ ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na nke mbụ ya. Mana ọ naghị enwe obi ụtọ na Cradock karịa ka ọ nọbu na Wittebergen ma ọ bụ Healdtown. Ụmụnne ya ji okpukpe kpọrọ ihe, ma, dị ka ọtụtụ ndị Victoria gụrụ akwụkwọ, Olive agbaghaworị Iso Ụzọ Kraịst nke ndị mụrụ ya, ọ bụkwa ya kpatara ọtụtụ esemokwu ya na ezinụlọ ya nwere.

N'ihi ya, mgbe Theo na nwanne ya nwoke hapụrụ Cradock maka ubi diamond nke Griqualand West, Olive họọrọ ịghọ onye nchịkwa. Ka ọ na-aga n'ọkwa mbụ ya na Barkly East, ọ zutere Willie Bertram, bụ onye kesara echiche ya banyere okpukpe ma gbazinye ya akwụkwọ mbụ Herbert Spencer 's Principles . Ihe odide a ga-emetụta ya nke ukwuu. Mgbe ọ na-ajụ ụkpụrụ okpukpe na ozizi, Spencer kwukwara maka nkwenye na ihe zuru oke nke na-agafe karịa ihe ọmụma na echiche mmadụ. Nkwenkwe a tọrọ ntọala na ịdị n'otu nke okike na mbara igwe teleological, nke abụọ nke Olive kwesịrị ekwesị maka onwe ya na mgbalị ya ịmepụta omume nke enweghị okpukpe a haziri ahazi.

Mgbe nzukọ a gasịrị, Olive na-aga site n'otu ebe gaa n'ebe ọzọ, na-anabata ọkwa dị ka onye nchịkwa na ezinụlọ dị iche iche, mesịa hapụ ha n'ihi esemokwu onwe ya na ndị were ya n'ọrụ. Otu ihe na-esekarị okwu bụ otú o si ele okpukpe anya. Ndapụ n'ezi ofufe ya adabaghị n'ebe ndị ọrụ ugbo ọdịnala ọ rụrụ n'etiti ha.

Ihe ọzọ kpatara ya bụ na ọ bụ ihe na-adịghị mma na mmekọrịta ya, n'ihi na ọ maghị otú ọ ga-esi na-enwe mmekọahụ n'ebe ndị ọrụ ya na-arụrụ ọrụ nọ n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, na ndị nwoke n'ozuzu ya.

N'ọmụmụ ihe banyere àgwà Schreiner, Karel Schoeman dere, sị:

N'ihe gbasara mmekọahụ Olive, a maghị nke ọma, n'ihi na n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-emeghe [dị ka nwanyị] maka oge ya, nke a bụ nanị ikwu, na ozi nke nwere ike iji dị ka isi ihe akaebe na nke a, gụnyere ma pụta ìhè. dị ka mgbakwunye na ọmụmụ ihe na-apụta na [Havelock] Ellis's Studies na nkà mmụta uche nke mmekọahụ. . . ("Akụkọ nke IX", 236)

Na onye a, onye Schoeman na-akọwapụta nke ọma na Schreiner na nkwekọrịta ya na ndị nchọpụta ndị ọzọ, Ellis kọwara dịka . . .

[Onye]... site n'ịbụ nwa agbọghọ nwere nrọ ụbọchị na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ, na-eche akụkọ ịhụnanya nke ya onwe ya bụ dike; njedebe nke akụkọ ndị a amalitela site n'ịmara nke ya banyere ihe ndị metụtara mmekọahụ . . . Ọ na-ewere onwe ya dị ka onye na-anụ ọkụ n'obi nke ukwuu ... mana mmetụta mmekọahụ ya yiri ka ọ tolitere nke ukwuu nke ukwuu ma nweekwa ọgụgụ isi . . . (Schoeman, 236, 1989)

N'oge a, ọ zutere Julius Gau, bụ onye ọ malitere itinye aka n'ọnọdụ obi abụọ. N’ihi ihe ọ bụla kpatara ya, njikọ aka ha adịteghị aka, ọ lọghachikwara ka ya na ndị mụrụ ya biri na ụmụnne ya. Ọ gụrụ ọtụtụ ebe wee malite ide ihe nke ọma. Ọ malitere Undine n'oge a. Dị ka ọ dị n'ihe banyere di ya mechara, Cronwright, ọ ga-abụrịrị na Gau nwere mmasị na ya, dịka ndị ikom ndị ọzọ, maka àgwà ya, ntozu okè, na ọdịdị anụ ahụ ya:

O doro anya na ọ masịrị ya n'ịdị elu na ọbụnadị ụdị hypnotic nke Gau, dị ka nke Undine [nke agwa] Blair, wee mebie mmasị anụ ahụ maka ịhụnanya ... [na-ede banyere nke a] "Abu m otu akụkụ. hụrụ n'anya mgbe m dị obere ịrị na ịse, ma enwebeghị m nlọghachi nke kacha nta nke mmetụta ahụ n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-amasị m mgbe niile. . " (Schoeman, 236, 1989)

Otú ọ dị, n’oge na-adịghị anya, ọnọdụ akụ̀ na ụba ụmụnne ya bịara ka njọ, n’ihi na ọ na-esiwanye ike ịchọta diamond. Olive enweghị ihe ọzọ ọ ga-eme ma ọ bụghị ịmaliteghachi ndụ ya na-adịghị adịte aka, na-aga n'etiti ezinụlọ na obodo dị iche iche, ruo mgbe ọ laghachiri ndị mụrụ ya obere oge n'afọ 1874. Ọ bụ n'ebe ahụ ka ọ nwere ọgụ mbụ nke ụkwara ume ọkụ nke ga-enye ya nsogbu n'oge ndụ ya niile. Ebe ọ bụ na nne na nna ya enweghị ego n’ụzọ ego karịa ka ọ dị na mbụ nakwa n’ihi ahụ́ ike ya, a manyere Olive ịmaliteghachi ọrụ iji kwadoo ha.

N'ime afọ ole na ole sochirinụ, ọ nakweere ọkwá onye nchịkwa n'ọtụtụ ugbo, karịsịa ndị Fouchés, bụ ndị nyere mkpali maka akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Akụkọ nke ugbo Africa, nke o bipụtara n'okpuru pseudonym "Ralph Iron", nakwa. dị ka obere nchịkọta akụkọ na ihe atụ ndị a na-akpọ Ndụ nrọ na Ndụ n'ezie .

England na kọntinent Europe

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16 Portsea Place, London W2, otu n'ime ọtụtụ ebe obibi nke Olive Schreiner mgbe ọ nọ na London
Olive Schreiner n'afọ 1889 na Menton, France

Otú ọ dị, ezi ọchịchọ Olive adabereghị na ntụziaka nke ide ihe. Ọ na-achọkarị ịbụ dọkịta ma o nwebeghị ego zuru ezu iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka ọzụzụ ahụ. N'atụghị egwu, o kpebiri na ya ga-abụ nọọsụ n'ihi na nke ahụ achọghị ka ọ kwụọ ụgwọ ọ bụla. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1880, ọ chekwaara ego zuru ezu maka njem mba ofesi, ma tinye akwụkwọ na Ụlọ ọgwụ Royal nke Edinburgh na Scotland. N'afọ 1881, ọ gara Southampton na England. Ozugbo ọ ruru, ọ dịghị mgbe ọ ga-aghọta nrọ ya nke ịghọ dọkịta, n'ihi na ahụ ike ya gbochiri ya ịgụcha ụdị ọzụzụ ọ bụla ma ọ bụ ọmụmụ ihe. A manyere ya ikweta na ide ihe ga-abụ na ọ ga-abụ naanị ọrụ ya na ndụ.

N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ọ ka nwere mmasị ịgwọ ọrịa ọha mmadụ ma malite iji mkpịsị akwụkwọ ya mee ihe ọ na-enweghị ike iji ọgwụ. A nabatara akụkọ ya banyere ugbo Africa maka otu o si gbasoo nsogbu ndị dị n'oge ya, site na enweghị mmụọ ruo na mmeso ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ bụkwa ihe kpatara otu n'ime ọbụbụenyi ya kacha dị egwu na nke na-adịte aka, dịka onye ama ama na-ahụ maka mmekọahụ Havelock Ellis degara ya akwụkwọ gbasara akwụkwọ akụkọ ya. Mmekọrịta ha malitere n'oge na-adịghị anya karịa arụmụka ọgụgụ isi wee bụrụ ezigbo isi iyi nkwado maka Schreiner.

O mechara zute Ellis n'afọ 1884 mgbe ya na ya gara nzukọ nke Òtù Na-aga n'ihu, otu maka ndị na-eche echiche efu iji kwurịta echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke nkà ihe ọmụma. Nke a bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ mkparịta ụka radical nke ọ ga-abanye na nke mere ka ya na ọtụtụ ndị na-elekọta mmadụ dị mkpa n'oge ahụ na-akpakọrịta. Enyi ọzọ nke ga-egosi na ọ na-emetụta ya na Edward Carpenter, onye nchoputa Socialist na onye na-akwado ikike nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke, nke, dị ka Stephen Gray na-egosi, na-anọgide na-enyocha ya. [9] Na mgbakwunye na Òtù Na-aga n'ihu, ọ gara nzukọ nke Fellowship of the New Life na Karl Pearson 's Men and Women's Club, ebe ọ na-ekwusi ike na mkpa dị oke mkpa nke ịha nhata nke nwanyị na mkpa ọ dị ịtụle nwoke na nwanyị mgbe. ilele mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị.

Otú ọ dị, mmekọrịta ya na ndị ikom nwere ihe ọ bụla ma ọ bụghị ihe obi ụtọ. Ọ jụrụ aro dọkịnta ya bụ Bryan Donkin, mana ọ nọgidere na-akpasu ya iwe na uwe ya. Nke ka njọ bụ na n'agbanyeghị na Karl Pearson na-eche na o bu n'obi ka ọ bụrụ enyi ya, n'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ bịara nwee mmasị n'ebe ọ nọ. Ọ naghị azaghachi mmetụta ya, masịrị Elizabeth Cobb . Na London, Schreiner na-ahụkarị onwe ya na atụmanya ọha na eze maka "omume nkwanye ùgwù". Edward Carpenter kọwara ya dị ka "nwanyị mara mma nke yiri nwanyị nke na-eyighị akwa mkpuchi ma na-eyikarị uwe aka, onye na-ekwu okwu ma na-achị ọchị ọbụna n'okporo ámá." [10] Ya na ọtụtụ ndị nwe ụlọ na-ese okwu banyere ndị nwoke na-eleta ya ugboro ugboro, na otu oge, n'èzí ụlọ ya na ịrị na isii Portsea Place nso Marble Arch, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ejide ya dị ka onye akwụna. [11]

N'afọ 1886, ọ hapụrụ England gaa na kọntinent Europe n'okpuru ihe nke ígwé ojii, na-eme njem n'etiti Switzerland, France, na Ịtali tupu ọ laghachi England. N'oge a, ọ na-arụpụta ihe nke ukwuu, na-arụ ọrụ site na mmadụ ruo mmadụ ma bipụta ọtụtụ nkọwa. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na mmalite nke Mary Wollstonecraft 's A Vindication of the Rights of Women .

Lọghachi ya na South Africa

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N’iburu ọnọdụ dị na England, ikekwe ọ bụghị ihe ijuanya na Schreiner họọrọ ịlaghachi South Africa, jiri ụgbọ mmiri laghachi Cape Town n'afọ 1889. Nlaghachi n'ụlọ ahụ na-ewute ya - ọ nwere mmetụta dịpụrụ adịpụ nke ukwuu n'ebe ndị gbara ya gburugburu nọ, mana n'otu oge ahụ nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu maka ala ahụ n'onwe ya. N'ịgbalị ime ka ya na gburugburu ya nwee njikọ, ọ na-etinyekwu aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị obodo wee mepụta ọtụtụ akụkọ banyere ala na ndị gbara ya gburugburu, bipụtara n'oge ndụ ya dị ka Echiche na South Africa . Site n'ọrụ ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị obodo ọ ghọrọ enyi na Emily Hobhouse na Elizabeth Maria Molteno, ndị inyom na-eme ihe ike nwere echiche yiri nke ahụ gbasara ikike obodo na ụmụ nwanyị.

Ntinye aka ya na ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Cape mere ka ya na Cecil John Rhodes na-akpakọrịta, onye ya na ya ga-enwe nkụda mmụọ n'oge na-adịghị anya na onye ọ ga-ede akụkọ satirical Trooper Peter Halket nke Mashonaland banyere ya . Nhụjuanya a malitere site na nkwado ya nke "strop bill" nke ga-ekwe ka a pịa ndị ohu ojii na ndị nwere agba ụta maka obere mmejọ.

Mmegide ya megide "ụgwọ strop" mekwara ka ya na Samuel Cronwright na-akpakọrịta, onye ọrụ ugbo na-eme ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị. Ha nwere otu uche na "ajụjụ ala nna" na Rhodes, na n'oge na-adịghị anya Schreiner hụrụ ya n'anya. N’oge ọ gara Ingland dị mkpirikpi n’afọ 1893, ya na ndị enyi ya kwurịtara na ọ ga-ekwe omume ịlụ ya, n’agbanyeghị na o nwere nchegbu na ọ ga-amachibido ịlụ di na nwunye. Otú ọ dị, o wepụrụ obi abụọ ndị a, ha lụrụ dị na nwuye n'afọ 1894, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ha biri n'ugbo Cronwright.

Afọ ole na ole sochirinụ bụụrụ ha ihe siri ike na nke na-adịghị edozi ahụ. Ahụ ike na-akawanye njọ nke Schreiner mere ka di na nwunye ahụ na-aga n'ihu mgbe nile, mgbe nwa mbụ ya, otu nwa nwanyị, nwụrụ n'ime otu ụbọchị. Mfu a ka njọ site n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na afọ ime ya ndị ọzọ ga-ejedebe n'ime ọpụpụ. Otú ọ dị, ọ nwetara nkasi obi n'ọrụ, na-ebipụta akwụkwọ nta ya na di ya banyere ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'afọ 1896 na Trooper Peter Halket nke Mashonaland n'afọ ọzọ. Ha abụọ mere ka ọ kewapụrụ ya n’ebe ndị ezinụlọ ya nọ na ndị nọ ya gburugburu, o nwekwara ogologo oge owu ọmụma n’oge ndụ ya a.

N'afọ 1898, di na nwunye ahụ kwagara Johannesburg n'ihi ihe ndị metụtara ahụ́ ike. Mgbe Jameson Raid gasịrị, a hụrụ ha dị ka ndị mmeri nke Republican kpatara n'ihu agha a na-apụghị izere ezere n'etiti Boer na British. Schreiner gbalịrị ime ka ndị ọchịchị South Africa gbanahụ ụzọ agha, ma mgbe nke ahụ kụrụ afọ n'ala, dere The South African Question nke Bekee South Africa na-agbalị imeghe anya ndị England na-ahụ maka ọnọdụ ahụ. Nke ahụ enweghịkwa ihe ịga nke ọma, mana ike agwụghị Schreiner. N'ime agha ahụ dum, ọ nọgidere na-agbachitere ọdịmma Boer ma na-arụ ụka maka udo, dị ka nwanne ya nwoke bụ William Philip Schreiner mere, n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-ata ahụhụ n'ụzọ anụ ahụ na nke uche na mgbalị ya niile zutere naanị ịkwa emo. Dị ka ihe na-adọpụ uche, ọ malitere ịmaliteghachi "akwụkwọ mmekọahụ" ọ malitere na England n'ime nwanyị na ọrụ, nke bụ ngosipụta kachasị mma nke njirimara njirimara ya na socialism na nha anya nwoke na nwanyị. Site n'ọhụụ amụma ya nke South Africa na-abụghị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, na-abụghị nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị ibe, n'oge Boer War Schreiner bi na obere obodo Hanover, nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ogige ndị agha Britain.

Afọ ole na ole gara aga nke ndụ Schreiner bụ ahụike na-abawanye ụba nke ikewapụ akara. N'agbanyeghị nke a, ọ ka na-etinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma kpebisie ike ime akara ya na iwu ọhụrụ, karịsịa site na ọrụ ndị dị ka Closer Union . N'okwu a, ọ rụrụ ụka maka ikike ndị ọzọ ọ bụghị naanị maka ndị ojii kamakwa maka ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ sonyekwara na ngalaba Cape e hiwere ọhụrụ nke otu Women's Enfranchisement League n'afọ 1907, bụrụ osote onye isi ala ya. Agbanyeghị, ọ jụrụ ịkwado ya ọzọ mgbe alaka ndị ọzọ chọrọ iwepụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii na votu ahụ.

Ụbọchị ikpeazụ ya

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Mgbe e mechara bipụta Nanyị na Ọrụ n'afọ 1911, Schreiner dara ọrịa siri ike, ụkwara ume ọkụ ya ka njọ site na ọgụ nke angina. Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, ọ gawara nanị ya n'Ịngland maka ọgwụgwọ ma ọnyà ya bụ n'ebe ahụ site na ntiwapụ nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ. N'oge a, mmasị ya bụ isi bụ ime udo - ọ na-akpakọrịta na Gandhi na ndị ọzọ a ma ama dị ka Emily Hobhouse na Elizabeth Maria . Molteno - na ọ malitere akwụkwọ banyere agha, nke e debiri ma bipụta ya dị ka Dawn of Civilization . Nke a bụ akwụkwọ ikpeazụ ọ dere. Mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, ọ laghachiri na Cape, bụ ebe ọ nwụrụ n'ụra ya n'ụlọ obibi na 1920. E mechara lie ya na Kimberley . Mgbe di ya, Samuel Cronwright nwụsịrị, e gwupụtara ozu ya, ya na nwa ya, nkịta na di ya, e liekwara ya n'elu ugwu Buffelskop, n'ugbo a maara dị ka Buffelshoek, nke dịdebere Cradock, na Eastern Cape .

Ọrụ ya ahọpụtara

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  • Akụkọ nke ugbo Africa, 1883 (dị ka "Ralph Iron").
  • Nrọ, 1890
  • Ndụ nrọ na ndụ n'ezie, 1893
  • Ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Cape Colony, 1895 (ya na SC Cronwright-Schreiner)
  • Onye agha Peter Halket nke Mashonaland, 1897
  • Echiche Nwanyị South Africa nke Bekee maka ọnọdụ ahụ, nkatọ banyere ihe isi ike Transvaal site na ọnọdụ pro-Boer, 1899
  • Akwụkwọ ozi na ndị Juu, 1906
  • Njikọ dị nso: Akwụkwọ ozi na South Africa Union na ụkpụrụ nke gọọmentị, 1909
  • Nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ, 1911
  • Echiche na South Africa, 1923
  • Akụkọ, Nrọ na nkọwa, 1923
  • Site na mmadụ ruo mmadụ, 1926
  • Undine, 1929

Nkwekọrịta

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Olive Schreiner Letters Online [12] nchekwa data bụ mkpokọta nke akwụkwọ ozi karịrị 5,000 edere ma ọ bụ sitere na Schreiner. Akwụkwọ ozi ndị a kpuchiri isiokwu dị iche iche sitere na akụkọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị South Africa, ndị ode akwụkwọ 'New Women', mmegharị mmekọrịta ọha na eze mba ụwa, ruo n'echiche ọha mmadụ nke nwanyị. Mbipụta OSLO na-enye; ndebanye aha diplomatic zuru oke, gụnyere mwepu, ntinye, na 'mmejọ'; nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ ọchụchọ zuru oke; nchịkọta isiokwu nke akwụkwọ ozi Schreiner; a 'dramatis personae' na-enye ozi akwụkwọ akụkọ gbasara ndị nta akụkọ Schreiner na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ a kpọtụrụ aha n'akwụkwọ ozi ya; mkpọkọta mkpụrụedemede ọhụrụ ka ha na-adị; ozi zuru ezu na akwụkwọ niile nke Schreiner, gụnyere na akwụkwọ akụkọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ, yana akwụkwọ; na akwụkwọ ndị a na-ebudata site na otu nyocha OSLO .

Akwụkwọ ọdịyo

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"In a far off world"
  • Akụkọ nke ugbo Africa [13]

Nkuzi akwukwo nso nso a

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  • Carolyn Burdett's Olive Schreiner (Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Mahadum Oxford, 2013) , 9780746310939
  • Liz Stanley, Andrea Salter & Helen Dampier (2013), 'Olive Schreiner, Epistolary Practices and Microhistories, Cultural and Social History, 10:4, 577–597. [14]
  • Stanley, L., Salter, A., & Dampier, H. (2013), 'Ọrụ nke Ime na Ọrụ Ọ Na-arụ: Cultural Sociology na' Na-ewebata-N'ịbụ' Cultural Mgbakọ nke Olive Schreiner Akwụkwọ Ozi' na Omenala Sociology 7 (3), 287–302. [15]
  • 'M na-egosipụta echiche m ma hapụ ha ka ha rụọ ọrụ': Olive Schreiner dị ka onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na mpaghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nwoke nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ' nke Liz Stanley na Helen Dampier dere. Ebipụtara na okike na akụkọ ihe mere eme, Vol. 24, mbipụta 3 (November 2012). [16]
  • Edemede Helen Dampier, 'Ngụgharị nke akwụkwọ ozi Olive Schreiner na Karl Pearson: Against mmechi', OSLP Akwụkwọ Ọrụ na Akwụkwọ Ozi, Akwụkwọ Ozi & Netwọk Epistolary No 3, Mahadum Edinburgh, p. 46–71
  • 'Olive Schreiner Globalizing Social Ajụjụ: Ntụle Feminist nke Ịkọwa ụwa' nke Stanley, L., Dampier, H., & Salter, A. na The Sociological Review (2010) 58 (4), 656-679. [17]
  • '" Akwụkwọ ozi ya n'ozuzu abụghị ihe mmasị": Heterotopic Persona nke Olive Schreiner na Alterity-Persona nke Cronwright-Schreiner', edemede nke Liz Stanley na Andrea Salter dere na Bekee na Africa, Mpịakọta 36, Nọmba 2, 1 October 2009, p. 7–30 (24). [18]
  • Atụmatụ Nwanyị Ọhụrụ Ann Heilmans: Sarah Grand, Olive Schreiner, na Mona Caird (Manchester University Press, 2004) , 9780719057595
  • Nkeji edemede nke John Kucich: 'Olive Schreiner, Masochism, na Omnipotence: Strategies of a Preoedial Politics' na akwụkwọ akụkọ: A Forum on Fiction ( 2002) 36 (1): 79. [19]
  • Edemede Liz Stanley, 'Onyinyo dina n'ofe ibe ya: akụkụ akwụkwọ akụkọ nke ịgụ 'ihe omume m' na akwụkwọ ozi Olive Schreiner' na Journal of European Studies (2002). [20]
  • Olive Schreiner na ọganihu nke Feminism: Evolution, Gender na Alaeze Ukwu nke Carolyn Burdett (Springer, 2001) , 9780230598973
  • Edemede Paula M. Krebs, 'Olive Schreiner's Racialization of South Africa' na Ọmụmụ Victoria Vol. 40, Nke 3 (mmiri, 1997), p. 427–444 ( ibe iri na asatọ). [21]
  • Akụkọ ifo nke onwe nwanyị: Charlotte Bronte, Olive Schreiner, Katherine Mansfield nke Ruth Parkin-Gounelas (Springer 1991) , 9780230378254
  • Akwụkwọ akụkọ Mark James Perry Ndụ Olive Schreiner: akụkọ ndụ psychobiography. Mahadum nke Free State (31 Julaị 2012).

Hụkwa ihe ọzọ

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  • Olive Schreiner Prize - a award aha ya nsọpụrụ
  • Ndị jụrụ okwukwe, [22] nchịkọta edemede nke GK Chesterton bipụtara n'afọ 1905, bụ onye na-eto ya dị ka "onye edemede dị egwu, na-egbuke egbuke na onye na-ede akwụkwọ n'ezie. . . Ezinụlọ agụmagụ ya na akụkọ ifo enweghị atụ nke kọntinent ahụ; ya na ndị na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ bụ ndị ọmịiko ha nwere ob ọjọọ. Olive Schreiner bụ onye England na-achị na-abụghị nke a na-ahụkarị" na diatribe ya na Ọchịchị Bekee.

Edensibia

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  1. ↑ Olive Schreiner | South African writer | Britannica (en). www.britannica.com. Retrieved on 2021-12-11.
  2. ↑ "How Olive Schreiner's husband ‘carelessly’ edited her lesser-known novel From Man to Man, or Perhaps Only", Time Books Live. Retrieved on 2 February 2016.
  3. ↑ FreeBMD. Retrieved on 26 July 2013. “Marriages Dec 1837, Shoreditch, Volume 2, Page 371”
  4. ↑ Dramatis Personae Frederick Schreiner. The Olive Schreiner Letters Online. Retrieved on 10 July 2019.
  5. ↑ Eastbourne Local History Society Journal (168), Summer 2013
  6. ↑ Dramatis Personae Ellie Schreiner. The Olive Schreiner Letters Online. Retrieved on 10 July 2019.
  7. ↑ From Man to Man. gutenberg.net.au. Retrieved on 10 July 2019.
  8. ↑ Olive Schreiner: J.T. Lloyd MSC 26/2.5.1. The Olive Schreiner Letters Online (29 October 1892). Retrieved on 10 July 2019.
  9. ↑ Gray, Stephen. 2013. Two Dissident Dream-Walkers: The Hardly Explored Reformist Alliance between Olive Schreiner and Edward Carpenter. English Academy Review: Southern African Journal of English Studies Volume 30, Issue 2, 2013.
  10. ↑ First, Ruth and Scott, Ann. Olive Schreiner (1980) p 161
  11. ↑ Sutherland, Gillian. In Search of the New Woman: Middle-Class Women and Work in Britain 1870–1914 (2015) p 79
  12. ↑ Olive Schreiner Letters Online. www.oliveschreiner.org. Retrieved on 14 August 2019.
  13. ↑ The Story of an African Farm (16 April 2010). Retrieved on 14 August 2019.
  14. ↑ Stanley (December 2013). "Olive Schreiner, Epistolary Practices and Microhistories: A Cultural Entrepreneur in a Historical Landscape". Cultural and Social History 10 (4): 577–597. DOI:10.2752/147800413X13727009732245. ISSN 1478-0038. 
  15. ↑ Stanley (26 February 2013). "The Work of Making and the Work it Does: Cultural Sociology and 'Bringing- Into-Being' the Cultural Assemblage of the Olive Schreiner Letters". Cultural Sociology 7 (3): 287–302. DOI:10.1177/1749975512473463. ISSN 1749-9755. 
  16. ↑ Stanley (2012). "'I Just Express My Views & Leave Them to Work': Olive Schreiner as a Feminist Protagonist in a Masculine Political Landscape with Figures". Gender & History 24 (3): 677–700. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0424.2012.01701.x. ISSN 1468-0424. 
  17. ↑ Stanley (November 2010). "Olive Schreiner Globalising Social Inquiry: A Feminist Analytics of Globalization". The Sociological Review 58 (4): 656–679. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-954x.2010.01945.x. ISSN 0038-0261. 
  18. ↑ Stanley (1 October 2009). "Her letters cut are generally nothing of interest" : the Heterotopic Persona of Olive Schreiner and the Alterity-Persona of Cronwright-Schreiner. www.ingentaconnect.com. Retrieved on 10 July 2019.
  19. ↑ Kucich (2002). "Olive Schreiner, Masochism, and Omnipotence: Strategies of a Preoedipal Politics". Novel: A Forum on Fiction 36 (1): 79–109. DOI:10.2307/1346116. 
  20. ↑ Stanley (27 July 2016). "Shadows lying across her pages: epistolary aspects of reading 'the eventful I' in Olive Schreiner's letters". Journal of European Studies 32 (125–126): 251–266. DOI:10.1177/004724410203212512. 
  21. ↑ Krebs (1997). "Olive Schreiner's Racialization of South Africa". Victorian Studies 40 (3): 427–444. ISSN 0042-5222. 
  22. ↑ The Project Gutenberg E-text of Heretics, by Gilbert K. Chesterton. www.gutenberg.org. Retrieved on 10 April 2020.

Njikọ mpụga

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Ewepụtara na https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olive_Schreiner&oldid=125130