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Ịgụ na ide

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Ịgụ na ide

. [1]Ọmụma isi echiche ya sara mbara na-ahụ "ụzọ iche nke iche echiche na ime ihe na ide ihe" [1] n'ebumnobi isi ma ọ bụ ikwupụta echiche ma ọ bụ echiche nke ederede n'ụdị ụfọdụ eche  iji.  [2] N'ikwu ya n'obodo ụzọ ọzọ, ụmụ na ndị nwere ikike isi nwere usoro omume maka iri ihe odide, ha anụmanụ maka omume ndị a.  [3] Ịgụ ihe, n'echiche a, na-agụ ihe mgbe niile maka ihe ụfọdụ;  Ide ihe na-edere mmadụ ihe mgbe niile maka okwu ụfọdụ.  [4] Nkwenye akwụkwọ ịgụ akwụkwọ, ide na uru ha bara maka ọha mmadụ na maka onye ọ àlà na- emetụta mgbe niile ka ụzọ e si agụ agụ, na eme ya

. [2] [3]Ụfọdụ ndị na-eme agụ na-atụ aro na a mgbagwoju ikewa ọnwụ nke “agụmagụ” dị ka echiche ụzọ abụọ: oge ​​tupu 1950, mgbe a agụ agụmagụ nkeji dị ka mmuta akwụkwọ akwụkwọ (okwu na ike);  na oge mgbe 1950 ọchịchị, mgbe a na-enwe iji jawaabta na-agụ agụmagụ dị ka echiche na usoro sara mbara, ndị òtù ọha na eze na omenala nke ịgụ na ide [1] na ịgụ akwụkwọ na-arụ ọrụ

Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị okenye gụrụ akwụkwọ, 2015 ma ọ bụ nleba anya kacha nso nso a [4]
Amachaghị akwụkwọ ụwa gbadara ọkara n'etiti 1970 na 2015.

Ọdịiche dị n'etiti mmuta nke ndị NGO, ndị na-eche echiche, na ndị otu nkwado na-eji ụdị 1990 na-atụ aro na mgbanwe a na-site site na "nkà iche iche" gaa na " fluorie na eze  " na-aga n'ihu na nke na-akpa mma.  Nkọwa ụfọdụ ka dabara nke ọma na nwa “ikike ịgụ na ide” ọdịnala, ebe ndị ọzọ na-ele anya nke ọma:

  • Ntụle mba 2003 nke ọgụgụ ndị okenye (USA) gụnyere “agụmakwụkwọ quantitative” ( ọnụọgụ ) na ọgwụgwọ agụmagụ ya. Ọ kọwara agụmagụ dị ka “ikike iji ozi e biri ebi na nke edere arụ ọrụ n’ime ọha mmadụ, imezu ebumnuche mmadụ, na ịzụlite amamihe na ikike ya”. [5] Ọ gụnyere ụdị ọgụgụ nke ndị okenye atọ: prose (dịka akụkọ akụkọ), akwụkwọ (dịka usoro ụgbọ ala), na ịgụta ọnụ ọgụgụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ iji ọrụ mgbakọ na mwepụ na mgbasa ozi ngwaahịa). [6] [7]
  • Na 2015, United Nations Statistics Division kọwara ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ntorobịa dị ka "pasent nke ndị nọ n'afọ 15-24 bụ ndị nwere ike ịgụ na ide na ịghọta obere nkwupụta dị mfe na ndụ kwa ụbọchị". [8]
  • Na 2016, European Literacy Policy Network kọwara mmuta dị ka "ikike ịgụ na ide ... na mgbasa ozi niile (bipụta ma ọ bụ eletrọnịkị), gụnyere ịgụ akwụkwọ dijitalụ". [9]
  • Na 2018, UNESCO gụnyere "ihe e biri ebi na nke edere" na "ọnọdụ dị iche iche" na nkọwa ya nke ịgụ akwụkwọ; ntụgharị "ikike ịmata, ịghọta, ịkọwa, imepụta, nkwurịta okwu na ịgbakọ, iji ihe e biri ebi na nke edere jikọtara ya na ọnọdụ dị iche iche". [10]
  • Na 2019, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), na nyocha nka nka ndi okenye PIAAC, gụnyere "edemede ederede" na nkọwa ya nke mmuta; ya bụ "ikike ịghọta, nyocha, iji na itinye aka na ederede ederede iji sonye na ọha mmadụ, nweta ihe mgbaru ọsọ mmadụ, na ịzụlite ihe ọmụma na ikike ya". [11] [12] Ọzọkwa, ọ na-ewere ọnụọgụgụ na idozi nsogbu site na iji teknụzụ dị ka ihe dị iche iche. [13]
  • Na 2021, Education Scotland na National Literacy Trust na UK gụnyere nkà nkwurịta okwu ọnụ (ige ntị na ikwu okwu) n'okpuru nche anwụ nke ịgụ akwụkwọ. [14] [15]
  • Dị ka nke 2021, International Literacy Association (Newark, Delaware, US) na-eji "ikike ịmata, ịghọta, ịkọwa, mepụta, gbakọọ, na nkwurịta okwu site na iji ihe a na-ahụ anya, nke a na-anụ, na dijitalụ n'ofe ọzụzụ na n'ọnọdụ ọ bụla". [16] [17]
  • A na-eji okwu a bụ "ịgụ agụmagụ" bụ Ọganihu na Ọmụmụ Ịgụ Ịgụ Mba Nile (PIRLS) bụ nke nyochaala usoro mba ụwa n'ịgụ ihe na ọkwa nke anọ kemgbe 2001. [18]
  • Òtù ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịgụnye nkà ọnụọgụgụ na nka teknụzụ dị iche iche mana n'akụkụ nka nka agụmagụ; [19] ndị ọzọ na-ekwusi ike na ntinye aka na-abawanye nke kọmputa na teknụzụ dijitalụ ndị ọzọ na nzikọrịta ozi nke na-achọ nkà ndị ọzọ (dịka ịmekọrịta ihe nchọgharị weebụ na mmemme nhazi okwu, ịhazi na ịgbanwe nhazi faịlụ, wdg). [20]

[21]Echiche nke multiliteracies enwetala ego, akwụkwọ n'asụsụ Bekee Arts curricula, n'ihi na ịgụ "bụ okpukpe na ihe ndị, na-eme na ntọala nkà na ẹzagha na-egbu elu mgbe niile ozi bụ nke oghere, ike,  na ihe ngosi (Rhodes & Robnolt)., 2009).  akụkụ "".

  • Computer literacy – Skill in using computers and digital technology[22][23]
  • Statistical literacy – Ability to understand and reason with statistics and data[24]
  • Critical literacy – Ability to find embedded discrimination in media[25]
  • Media literacy – Analyses regarding production agendas, representation, propaganda, censorship, bias[26]
  • Ecological literacy – Ability to understand natural systems and their interactions[27]
  • Disaster literacy[28] 
  • Health literacy – Ability to understand healthcare information[29][30][31]
  • Linguistic (i.e. language) literacy[32] 
  • Social literacy – Literacy gained through social interactions[33]
  • Quantitative literacy aka numeracy – Ability to apply numerical concepts[7]
  • Visual literacy – the ability to interpret, negotiate, and make meaning from information presented in the form of an imagePages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback, e.g. body language, pictures, maps, and video[30]

. Echiche echiche nke akwụkwọ akwụkwọ gbasapụrụ ka ọdịiche n'etiti ndị na-eme ihe ngosi na ọnwụ ihe na- , egwuregwu, na akara ụmụ mmadụ na ọ na-eme ka ọ dị mma maka ịgụ ma ọ bụ ide ihe na-azụ.  ihe ụfọdụ, ya na-ọka nhọrọ James Paul Gee na-arị ya dị ka "nanị ekwekọghị."  akara ma ọ bụrụ na ọnọdụ ahụ bụ "ihe akwụkwọ"), na, mgbe enwetachara akara, oge ọ mgba nke ịgụ ma ọ bụ ide ga-abụ.  maka otu akwụkwọ na emume a kapịrị ọnụ na ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ na ndị edemede n'uche.  Ya mere, ịgụ na ide ekewapụ onwe ya na ihe omume ọha na eze na omenala.  [2] [3] [4] [5] Otu nkwubi okwu, nke David Barton na Rosalind Ivanić mere, n'etiti ndị ọzọ, bụ na ọzụzụ uche na nke ọha mmadụ nke ịgụ akwụkwọ adị mfe, ebe ọ bụ  na Brian Street kwusiri ike, "ụzọ ndị mmadụ si achọta na ide ihe gbanyere ọgwụgwọ n'onwe ha. n'echiche nke ihe,pò, na ịbụ."  [6] [7] N'ihi ya, dị ka Jack Goody depụtara, agụm akwụkwọ ihe mere eme mmalite nke usoro usoro na eze na-adabere na ịgụ akwụkwọ, na ịkwụsị nke ịgụ akwụkwọ n'ime usoro ndị  na- agbanwe

N'agbata afọ 3500 TOA na 3000 TOA, n'ebe ndịda Mesopotemia, ndị Sumer oge ochie chepụtara ihe odide . [34] N'oge a, mmuta bụ "ihe na-arụ ọrụ nke ukwuu, nke mere na mkpa ọ dị ijikwa ọnụọgụ ozi ọhụrụ na ụdị ọchịchị ọhụrụ nke azụmahịa na mmepụta nnukwu mmepụta ihe mere". [35] Usoro edemede mbụ pụtara dị ka usoro ndekọ nke ndị mmadụ na-eji akara nwere akara mara mma iji jikwaa azụmaahịa na mmepụta ugbo. [36] Usoro akara ahụ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mmalite nke odide cuneiform mbụ ozugbo ndị mmadụ malitere idekọ ozi na mbadamba ụrọ. Ederede Proto-Cuneiform na-egosipụta ọ bụghị naanị akara ọnụọgụ, kamakwa ideograms na-egosi ihe a na-agụ. [37] Ọ bụ ezie na echiche ọdịnala bụ na ịgụ cuneiform bụ nanị otu ndị odeakwụkwọ, ndị ọkà mmụta assyriologists gụnyere Claus Wilcke na Dominique Charpin ekwuola na ịgụ akwụkwọ na-arụ ọrụ bụ nke zuru ebe niile site na oge ochie nke Babilọn . [38] [39] Ka o sina dị, ọkachamara nke ndị odeakwụkwọ ghọrọ akụkụ nke iwu, ego, ndekọ ego, gọọmentị, nchịkwa, ọgwụ, anwansi, ịgba afa, akwụkwọ, na ekpere. [40]

  1. ↑ Lindquist (2015). "Literacy", Keywords in Writing Studies. Logan: Utah State UP, 99–102. 
  2. ↑ Dijanošić (2009). "Prilozi definiranju pojma funkcionalne pismenosti" (in Croatian). Journal of the Croatian Andragogy Society: 25–35. 
  3. ↑ Réka (May 2019). "Understanding functional illiteracy from a policy, adult education, and cognition point of view: Towards a joint referent framework". Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie 30 (2). DOI:10.1024/1016-264X/a000255. 
  4. ↑ Adult literacy rates, 2015 or most recent observation. Our World in Data. Retrieved on 15 February 2020.
  5. ↑ National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NAAL). nces.ed.gov.
  6. ↑ Measuring Literacy: Performance Levels for Adults (2005), National Academy of Sciences (2005).
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 A Brief History of the Quantitative Literacy Movement, The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching (2021).
  8. ↑ Millennium Goals Indicator, UNSTATS, 2015. Archived from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved on 2 March 2021.
  9. ↑ EUROPEAN DECLARATION OF THE RIGHT TO LITERACY, European Literacy Policy Network (2016). Archived from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved on 19 February 2021.
  10. ↑ Defining literacy, UNESCO (2018-10-18).
  11. ↑ Skills matter, PIAAC, OECD (2019).
  12. ↑ (2019) Skills Matter: Additional Results from the Survey of Adult Skills, OECD Skills Studies, OECD. OECD. ISBN 978-92-64-79900-4. 
  13. ↑ About The Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC).
  14. ↑ Literacy and English – Scottish Government.
  15. ↑ What is literacy – National literacy trust (2021).
  16. ↑ Why literacy, International literacy association (2021-02-08). Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved on 19 February 2021.
  17. ↑ International literacy association (2021). Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved on 19 February 2021.
  18. ↑ TIMSS and PIRLS International Study Center. timssandpirls.bc.edu.
  19. ↑ Literacy and numeracy – Alberta Education (2021).
  20. ↑ Kress, Gunther R. (2003). Literacy in the new media age. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-25356-7. 
  21. ↑ Commission (2022). Right to Read inquiry report, Ontario Human Rights Commission. Ontario Human Rights Commission. ISBN 978-1-4868-5827-9. 
  22. ↑ Definition of computer literacy. PCMAG.
  23. ↑ COMPUTER-LITERACY | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary.
  24. ↑ ISLP — Home. www.stat.auckland.ac.nz. Archived from the original on 27 December 2008. Retrieved on 19 December 2008.
  25. ↑ Stuart Selber (2004). Multiliteracies for a Digital Age. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN 978-0-8093-2551-1. 
  26. ↑ Home | National Association for Media Literacy Education. namle.net.
  27. ↑ (1991) Ecological Literacy: Education and the Transition to a Postmodern World. S.U.N.Y. Press, NY. ISBN 978-0-7914-0874-2. 
  28. ↑ Brown (2014). "A Proposed Disaster Literacy Model". Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 8 (3): 267–275. DOI:10.1017/dmp.2014.43. ISSN 1935-7893. PMID 24992944. 
  29. ↑ What Is Health Literacy, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2021-01-28).
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Zarcadoolas (2006). Advancing health literacy: A framework for understanding and action. San Francisco, CA.: Jossey-Bass. 
  31. ↑ (2002) in Reid: Addressing Difficulties in Literacy Development: Responses at Family School Pupil and Teacher Levels. Routledge. DOI:10.4324/9781315015712. ISBN 978-1-315-01571-2. 
  32. ↑ Ravid (2002). "Developing Linguistic Literacy: a Comprehensive Model". Journal of Child Language 29 (2): 417–447. DOI:10.1017/S0305000902005111. PMID 12109379. 
  33. ↑ 9 Ways to Teach Social Skills in Your Classroom, Reading Rockets (December 2019).
  34. ↑ Yuval Noah Harari (2014). Sapiens. McClelland and Stewart, Penguin Random House. ISBN 978-0-7710-3851-8. 
  35. ↑ Easton. "History and spread of literacy", Sustaining Literacy in Africa: Developing a Literate Environment. Paris: UNESCO Press, 46–56. 
  36. ↑ Schmandt-Besserat (1978). "The earliest precursor of writing". Scientific American 238 (6): 38–47. DOI:10.1038/scientificamerican0678-50. 
  37. ↑ Chrisomalis (2009). "The Origins and Coevolution of Literacy and Numeracy", in Olsen: The Cambridge Handbook of Literacy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 59–74. 
  38. ↑ Charpin (2010-11-15). Writing, Law, and Kingship in Old Babylonian Mesopotamia. University of Chicago Press, 7–24. ISBN 978-0-226-10159-0. 
  39. ↑ Veldhuis (2011). "Levels of Literacy," The Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture. Oxford University Press, 68–73. ISBN 978-0-19-174359-7. Retrieved on 17 December 2021. 
  40. ↑ (2011) in Radner: The Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 
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