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Ụmụ nwanyị na egwu

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Onye America na-agụ egwu jazz na onye na-ede egwu Billie Holiday na New York City na 1947
Bonnie Raitt bụ onye America na-agụ egwu, onye na-akpọ ụbọ akwara na onye na-egwu piano. Onye mmeri nke onyinye Grammy iri, a makwaara ya maka egwu egwu ya.
Asha Bhosle bụ onye na-agụ egwu India nke a maara nke ọma dị ka onye na-abụ abụ na ihe nkiri Hindi. N'afọ 2011, Guinness Book of World Records nabatara ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe kachasị edere na akụkọ egwu.[1]

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Ụmụ nwanyị na egwu gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ndị na-ede egwu, ndị na-agụ egwu, ndị-agụ egwu egwu, ndị nduzi, ndị ọkà mmụta egwu, ndị nkuzi egwu, ndị nkatọ egwu / ndị nta akụkọ egwu, na ọrụ egwu ndị ọzọ. Ọzọkwa, ọ na-akọwa òtù egwu (dịka, egwu ụmụ nwanyị, nke bụ egwu ụmụ nwanyị dere ma mee maka ụmụ nwanyị), ihe omume na ụdị ndị metụtara ụmụ nwanyị, nsogbu ụmụ nwanyị, na ụmụ nwanyị.

N'afọ 2010, ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị mejupụtara ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị na-agụ egwú na ndị na-abụ abụ oge ochie, na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị mkpa nke ndị na'ede egwu (ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị na-ede egwu), e nwere ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole na-emepụta ihe ndekọ, ndị nkatọ rock na ndị na'ihe egwu rock. Ụmụ nwanyị na-ese egwu na egwu pop, dị ka Björk, Lady Gaga na Madonna, ekwuola maka ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị na ụlọ ọrụ egwu.[3][4] Tụkwasị na nke a, nnyocha Dr. Smith mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya mara ọkwa na "...n'ime afọ isii gara aga, nnọchiteanya ụmụ nwanyị na ụlọ ọrụ egwu adịla ala".[5][6] N'egwú oge ochie, ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ụmụ [7]nwanyị na-ede egwu site n'oge Medieval ruo taa, ụmụ nwanyị na na-ede egwú na-anọchite anya nke ukwuu n'egwú egwú oge ochie a na-emekarị, akwụkwọ akụkọ egwu na encyclopedias egwu; dịka ọmụmaatụ, na Concise Oxford History of Music, Clara Schumann bụ otu n'ime naanị ụmụ nwanyị na'ede egwú a kpọtụrụ aha.

Navneet Aditya Waiba bụ onye na-agụ egwú ọdịnala nke asụsụ Nepali nke India na naanị onye na-ese ihe na ụdị egwu ọdịnala Nepali nke na-abụ abụ ma na-emepụta ezigbo abụ ọdịnala Nepale n'enweghị ịkwa iko ma ọ bụ mmelite ọgbara ọhụrụ na-eji ọtụtụ ngwá egwu ọdịnala na ọdịnala Nebali.

Ụmụ nwanyị mejupụtara ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị na-egwu egwu na egwu oge ochie na pasentị ụmụ nwanyị na ndị na-akụ egwú na-abawanye. Akụkọ 2015 banyere ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na ndị isi ndị egwu Canada, gosipụtara na pasent 84 nke ndị na-egwu egwu na Orchestre Symphonique de Montreal bụ ụmụ nwoke. N'afọ 2012, ụmụ nwanyị ka mejupụtara naanị 6% nke ndị Vienna Philharmonic orchestra kachasị elu. Ụmụ nwanyị anaghị adịkarị ka ndị na-egwu egwu na ụdị egwu a ma ama dị ka rock na heavy metal, ọ bụ ezie na e nweela ụmụ nwanyị dị iche iche na-egwu ngwá egwu na ụmụ nwanyị niile. Ụmụ nwanyị na-anọchite anya nke ọma na ụdị egwu egwu.[8] Ụmụ nwanyị na-anọchite anya nke ọma na iduzi egwu, nkatọ egwu / akụkọ egwu, mmepụta egwu, na injinia ụda. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-akụda ụmụ nwanyị ume ide egwu na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, e nwekwara ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole na-agụ egwú, ụmụ nwanyị malitere itinye aka na agụmakwụkwọ egwu "ruo n'ókè nke na ụmụ nwanyị na-achịkwa [ọhịa a] n'oge ọkara ikpeazụ nke narị afọ nke 19 na narị afọ na nke 20".[9]

Dị ka Jessica Duchen, onye na-ede egwu maka The Independent nke London, si kwuo, ụmụ nwanyị na-agụ egwú na egwu oge ochie "na-ekpe ikpe ugboro ugboro maka ọdịdị ha, karịa nkà ha" ma ha na-eche nrụgide ihu "ịdị ka ihe na-adọrọ mmasị n'elu ikpo okwu na foto".[10] Duchen na-ekwu na ọ bụ ezie na "[ebe a] bụ ụmụ nwanyị na-eti egwu na-ajụ igwu egwu na ọdịdị ha... ndị na-eme ya na-enwekarị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ụzọ ihe onwunwe. "[10] Dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ Radio 3 nke UK, Edwina Wolstencroft, si kwuo, ụlọ ọrụ egwu anọwo na-emeghe ka ụmụ nwanyị nwee ọrụ arụmọrụ ma ọ bụ ntụrụndụ, mana ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ọ gaghị enwe ọkwa ikike, dị ka ịbụ onye nduzi nke ndị egwú, ọrụ a kpọrọ "otu n'ime elu ụlọ iko ikpeazụ na ụlọ ọrụ egwu".[11][12] N'egwú a ma ama, ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-agụ egwú na-edekọ egwu, e nwere ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole n'azụ njikwa ọdịyo na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị na-emepụta egwu, ndị na-eduzi ma na-elekọta usoro ndekọ.[13] Otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe kachasị edere bụ nwanyị, Asha Bhosle, onye na-agụ egwu India nke a maara nke ọma dị ka onye na-abụ abụ na ihe nkiri Hindi.[1]

Onye na-ede egwu, onye na-agụ egwu na onye na-eji ọtụtụ ngwá egwu egwu bụ Ani DiFranco enweela nnwere onwe nka n'oge ọrụ ya, n'akụkụ ụfọdụ n'ihi na o guzobere akara ndekọ nke ya, Righteous Babe. Ọ ghọwo ihe oyiyi ụmụ nwanyị ma bụrụ onye na-akwado ọtụtụ ihe gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.

  Onye na-ede egwu bụ onye na-ede okwu, melodies na chord progressions maka egwu, nke a na-ahụkarị maka ụdị egwu a ma ama dịka pop, rock ma ọ bụ egwu obodo. A pụkwara ịkpọ onye na-ede egwu onye na-agụ egwú, ọ bụ ezie na a na-ejikarị okwu nke ikpeazụ eme ihe maka ndị mmadụ si n'ụdị egwu oge ochie.

"Ọ bụ naanị mmadụ ole na ole n'ime ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị [ndị na-ede egwu] na America bipụtara egwu ha ma nụ ya na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19 na mmalite narị afọ nke 20. "[9] Dị ka Richard A. Reublin na Richard G. Beil si kwuo, "enweghị aha ụmụ nwanyị [ndị na-ede egwu] bụ ihe na-eme ihere na ihe nketa egwu anyị. "[9] Ụmụ nwanyị "gbalịsi ike ide ma bipụta egwu n'ụwa nwoke nke narị afọ nke 20 Tin Pan Alley. Tupu 1900 na ọbụna mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a tụrụ anya na "ụmụ nwanyị ga-eme egwu, ọ bụghị ime egwu".[9] N'afọ 1880, onye na-enyocha egwu na Chicago bụ George P. Upton dere akwụkwọ Women in Music, ebe o kwuru na "ndị inyom enweghị ikike okike iji mepụta ezigbo egwu" n'ihi "ọdịdị ndụ" nke ụmụ nwanyị.[9] Ka e mesịrị, a nabatara na ụmụ nwanyị ga-arụ ọrụ na agụmakwụkwọ egwu, ha wee tinye aka na mpaghara a "ruo n'ókè nke na ụmụ nwanyị na-achịkwa agụmakwụkwọ abụ n'oge ọkara ikpeazụ nke narị afọ nke 19 na narị afọ nke 20. "[9] Dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na agụmakwụkwọ egwu, ụmụ nwanyị dere ukwe na egwu ụmụaka. "Egwuregwu ụwa e bipụtara na America tupu 1825 na-egosi naanị ihe dị ka ọrụ 70 nke ụmụ nwanyị. " N'etiti narị afọ nke 19, ụmụ nwanyị na-ede egwu pụtara, gụnyere Faustina Hasse Hodges, Susan Parkhurst, Augusta Browne na Marion Dix Sullivan. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1900, e nwere ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-ede egwu, mana "ọtụtụ ka na-amanye iji pseudonyms ma ọ bụ initials" iji zoo eziokwu ahụ bụ na ha bụ ụmụ nwanyị.[9]


Carrie Jacobs-Bond bụ "nwanyi a ma ama na-ede egwu na ngwụcha afọ 1800 na n'etiti narị afọ nke iri abụọ... [na-eme ka ọ bụrụ] onye edemede egwu nwanyị mbụ na-ere ahịa".[9] Maude Nugent (1877-1958) dere "Sweet Rosie O'Grady" n'afọ 1896. O dekwara "Down at Rosie Reilly's Flat", "My Irish Daisy" na "Mary From Tipperary".[9] Charlotte Blake (1885-1979) bụ onye edemede na Whitney Warner Publishing Co., na Detroit, Michigan. Na mbido, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kpọrọ ya "C. Blake" iji zoo okike ya, mana site na 1906 mgbasa ozi jiri aha ya zuru ezu.[9] Caro Roma (1866ī 1937) bụ aha nzuzo na-amaghị nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị maka Carrie Northly. Ọ bụ "otu n'ime ndị America a ma ama na ndị na-ede egwu nke oge Tin Pan Alley". Abụ ya gụnyere "Can't Yo' Heah Me Calling", "Faded Rose", "The Angelus", "Thinking of Thee" na "Resignation".[9] Ihe dị ka 95% nke ndị na-ede egwu na ụlọ egwu Britain n'oge mmalite afọ 1900 bụ ụmụ nwoke; Otú ọ dị, ihe dị ka 30% nke ndị na'agụ egwu bụ ụmụ nwanyị.[14]

Jazz na narị afọ nke 20

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Lil Hardin Armstrong (1898-1971) bụ onye na-ede egwu jazz.

Ọ bụ ezie na ide egwu jazz abụwo ihe ụmụ nwoke na-achịkwa, e nwekwara ụmụ nwanyị na-ede egwu jazz. N'afọ ndị 1930, Ann Ronell dere egwu "Willow Weep for Me" na "Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?".[15] Irene Higginbotham (1918-1988) dere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ abụ 50, nke a kacha mara ya bụ "Good Morning Heartache".[15] Dorothy Fields (1905-1974) dere okwu maka ihe karịrị abụ 400, ụfọdụ n'ime ha bụ Duke Ellington. O so Jerome Kern dee "The Way You Look Tonight", nke meriri 1936 Oscar maka Best Song. Ya na Jimmy McHugh dere ọtụtụ ụkpụrụ jazz, dị ka "Exactly Like You", "On the Sunny Side of the Street" na "I Can't Give You Anything but Love".[15] Lil Hardin Armstrong (1898-1971) na-akpọ piano na King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band. E dekọrọ egwu ya "Struttin' na Some Barbecue" ugboro 500. Armstrong dekwara "Doin' the Suzie Q", "Just for a Thrill" na "Bad Boy".[15] Billie Holiday (1915-1959) bụ onye na-agụ egwú nke ya na Arthur Herzog, Jr. dere "God Bless the Child" na "Don't Explain" ma dee egwu blues "Fine and Mellow".[15]

Egwú jazz bụ ike na-akwalite iji nyere ụmụ nwanyị aka na nnwere onwe na mmalite narị afọ nke 20. Egwú jazz nyekwara aka kwadebe ụzọ maka ọrụ ndị ọzọ maka ụmụ nwanyị. Mmụba a nke ọrụ nwoke na-achịkwa ruo n'afọ 1920 nyere ohere ka ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị nọrọ n'ọrụ nka. N'ihi mmụba a, e mepụtara Showboat, egwu jazz Broadway mbụ. Showboat na-atụle ihe isi ike nke ezinụlọ na Mississippi na njikọta ezinụlọ.[16] Egwú jazz nwere mmetụta n'inyere ụmụ nwanyị aka inweta ọrụ ndị ọzọ, ebe mepere emepe maka ịha nhata mgbe agha gasịrị, na mmekọahụ mepere emebi na mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụọ.[17] Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ nwanyị na egwu jazz n'oge ahụ nyere aka imetụta ụdị ahụ na ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-egwu egwu jazz bụ ndị na-acha. Ihe ndị a nyere aka mee ka ụdị egwu jazz bụrụ ọ bụ taa. [citation needed]

Ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị nwere mmetụta na egwu jazz site na ịmepụta, ide na ịme egwu jazz. Otu nwanyị nwere mmetụta na egwu jazz bụ Bessie Smith, nke a makwaara dị ka Empress of the Blues. Ọ biri site na 1894 ruo 1937. Ọ bụ onye a ma ama na-eme ihe nkiri rock and roll, na 1989 e nyere Smith Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.[18] Nwanyị ọzọ mere akụkọ ihe mere eme na ụlọ ọrụ jazz bụ Dolly Jones. Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ na-afụ opi jazz ka edere.[19] Ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị anaghị enweta otuto na ụdị a dịka ndị nwoke ibe ha. Ụmụ nwanyị dị ka Sweet Emma Barrett, onye rụrụ ọrụ na Original Tuxedo Orchestra gara njem n'ime obodo na mba ụwa. Otu n'ime egwu egwu Barrett bụ "A Good Man is Hard to Find". Ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ dị ka Billie Pierce, Lovie Austin, Jeanette Kimball, Mary Lou Williams, Alice Coltrane, na Hazel Scott, niile nwere mmetụta na ụdị jazz.[20] Ụmụ nwanyị ndị a mere akara ha karịsịa site n'ịbụ ụmụ nwanyị n'ụdị nwoke na-achịkwa.

Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ndị a a maara nke ọma n'ụwa jazz anaghị ahụ ka ha na-enweta nkwanye ùgwù dị ka ha kwesịrị n'ihi ndị asọmpi nwoke ha. Ọ bụghị naanị na ụmụ nwanyị nwere mmetụta dị ka ndị na-agụ egwu jazz, kamakwa enwere ọtụtụ ndị na-egwu egwu jazz na-enwetaghị otuto ha. Otu nwanyị bụ Ingrid Monson, onye mere ka a mara na mgbe ụmụ nwanyị malitere ịkpọ piano, ha nwetakwara nkwenye ọha na eze na ụlọ ọrụ egwu. A ga-ahụkarị ụmụ nwanyị ka ha na-egwuri egwu n'òtù jazz ụmụ nwanyị niile, mana mgbe ha ga-abanye na "ụwa jazz ọkachamara" ha ga-abụ ihe na-ewu ewu ozugbo.[21] Otu nwanyị, nke aha ya bụ Valaida Snow ka a makwaara dị ka "eze nwanyị nke opi".[22] Nwanyị ọzọ, Nona Gendryx, bụ onye na-agụ egwú jazz nke na-akpọkwa ọtụtụ ngwá egwu ma nweta ohere iso ọtụtụ ndị na-ese egwu Hip Hop dị ka Prince rụọ ọrụ.[22] E'nwere ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị dị otú ahụ nke anyị na-amaghị aha ha..

Ụmụ nwanyị ndị a nwere ihe ịga nke ọma dị ukwuu, mana maka ụfọdụ ọ dị mkpụmkpụ. Ụmụ nwanyị ndị a ghọrọ ndị a ma ama mgbe a kpọrọ ndị ikom n'Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. Otú ọ dị, ozugbo ndị ikom a lọtara n'ụlọ site na itinye ha n'ọrụ, ndị na-agụ egwú jazz bụ ụmụ nwanyị chere ihe isi ike ihu. A hụrụ nsogbu ndị dị ka iyi egwu mmekọahụ na nkatọ siri ike site n'aka ndị otu ha ndị ọzọ na ndị egwu jazz ibe ha. [citation needed]

Pop n'afọ ndị 1960

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'ihe nkiri egwu pop nke afọ 1960, "[dị ka ọtụtụ akụkụ nke azụmahịa egwu [n'afọ ndị 1960], ide egwu bụ mpaghara nwoke na-achịkwa. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-abụ abụ na redio, a na-ahụ ụmụ nwanyị ... dị ka ndị na-azụ ahịa:.. Ịbụ abụ bụ ihe ntụrụndụ dị mma maka nwa agbọghọ mgbe ụfọdụ, mana ịkpọ ngwá egwu, ide egwu, ma ọ bụ mepụta ndekọ emeghị.[23] Ụmụ agbọghọ "anaghị emekọrịta ihe iji hụ onwe ha dị ka ndị na-emepụta [egwú].[23] Carole King "nwere mmekọrịta na-aga nke ọma na di Gerry Goffin, na-ede egwu dịka "The Loco-Motion," "Will You Love Me Tomorrow", "Up on the Roof" na "Natural Woman". "King bụ nwanyị mbụ natara 2013 Gershwin Prize for Popular Song".[23] Ellie Greenwich na di ya Jeff Barry dere "Mgbe ahụ ọ na-esusu m ọnụ", "Be My Baby" na "River Deep, Mountain High". Laura Nyro dere "Wedding Bell Blues", "Eli's Coming" na "And When I Die". O kwuru na "Enweghị m mmasị na njedebe nkịtị mgbe ọ na-abịa n'ide egwu m....Enwere m ike iweta echiche ụfọdụ nke ụmụ nwanyị na ederede abụ m. "[23] N'ime afọ 1960, ma King na Goffin gosipụtara ọdịdị na-agbanwe agbanwe nke egwu America yana mpụta nke usoro ịhụnanya na mmekọahụ ọhụrụ. "Ndị na-agụ egwú nọchitere anya otu n'ime ndị isi nke mgbanwe mmekọahụ na ịhụnanya na ọha mmadụ America", na-emetụta ma na-agbanwe ụkpụrụ mmekọrịta ndị ntorobịa.[24] N'ime ngwụcha afọ 1940 na 1950, ndị na-eto eto malitere ịlụ di na nwunye na ibu ọrụ ndị okenye n'oge ha dị obere.[24] Otú ọ dị, Eze mara ụbọchị, alụmdi na nwunye, usoro mmekọahụ aka site n'igosi na mmekọahụ mgbe alụmdi na nwanyị gasịrị na omume omenala nke mkpakọrịta nwoke na nwanyị, abụghị ihe na-adọrọ mmasị. Ọ kwalitere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị mmadụ ma gosipụta omume nke ndị nwoke na nwanyị "na-aghọ ndị enyi" na abụ ya You've Got a Friend.[24]

Lotti Golden, Lower East Side c.1968 text
Lotti Golden, Lower East Akụkụ c. 1968

Afọ 1960: Ọganiru ọhụrụ nke ụmụ nwanyị na-agụ egwú ma na-ede egwú

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ka ọ na-erule ngwụsị afọ 1960, ebili mmiri ọhụrụ nke ndị nwanyị na-abụ abụ-ndị na-ede abụ kwụsịrị site na mmachi nke pop, na-ede abụ nke onwe karịa n'ụdị nkwupụta nke ndị na-ede uri dị ka Anne Sexton na Sylvia Plath. E gosipụtara ndị na-ese ihe na-eduzi mmegharị a na Newsweek, Julaị 1969, "The Girls: Letting Go": "Ihe na-emekarị ha - nye Joni Mitchell na Lotti Golden, nye Laura Nyro, Melanie, Janis Ian na Elyse Weinberg. abụ ahaziri onwe ha na-ede, dị ka njem nlegharị anya nke nchọpụta onwe onye." Mgbe ha na-emepụta ihe ọhụrụ, ụmụ nwanyị ndị a cherekwa ọtụtụ mgba dị ka ịkpa oke ihu. N'ụwa nke ndị nwoke na-ebi akwụkwọ, ndị inyom na-ede abụ dị ka Joni Mitchell chọrọ ka a hụ ya n'èzí agbụrụ na okike, na n'ime ụdị nka dị ọcha. N'ajụjụ ọnụ 1994 ya na Alice Echol, Joni Mitchell jụrụ ịlụ nwanyị mana kwupụta oke iwe ya megide ịkpa oke, mwepu dabere na mmekọahụ, na inwe mmekọahụ na-enweghị isi. Echol na-etinye "ahụ erughị ala nke Mitchell na akara nwanyị n'ime ọnọdụ nka ya". Ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-ede abụ na-achọ ka a na-ahụ ha dị ka ezigbo ndị egwu egwu na-enweghị ikepụrụ nkà ha n'ihi okike ha. Ọzọkwa, Grace Slick bụ onye bụbu ihe nlereanya, bụ onye ama ama na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke San Francisco na-eto eto na egwu psychedelic na etiti 1960. Okwu – ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ọgwụ ọjọọ, ndakpọ olileanya, ikewapụ nke ndị na-eme njem, na ndụ obodo mepere emepe.Native New Yorker, Lotti Golden, na ya Atlantic mpụta mbụ album Motor-Cycle, kọọ akụkọ ndụ ya na NYC's East Village na ngwụcha 60s counterculture, nleta. isiokwu ndị dị ka njirimara nwoke na nwanyị (The Space Queens-Silky is Sad) na ịṅụ ọgwụ ike gabigara ókè (Gonna Fay's) Ụmụ nwanyị ndị dị n'akwụkwọ akụkọ Newsweek 1969 webatara ọgbọ ọhụrụ nke onye na-agụ egwú na-agụ egwú, na-agwa ọgbọ ndị inyom na-agụ egwú na-ede egwú.

Egwuregwu egwú

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N'ihe nkiri egwu egwu, "ndị na-ede egwú nwanyị na-adịkarị ụkọ na ụlọ ọrụ nke ụmụ nwoke na-achịkwa na njedebe okike. A na-emepụtakarị ọrụ nke ndị na-ede egwú na-arụ ọrụ, ọ bụkwa nanị [na 2015] ka otu nwoke na-ede akwụkwọ na-ede akụkọ ihe mere eme site n'inweta Tony. Award maka akara kacha mma." Na 2015, maka oge mbụ, otu nwanyị na-ede akwụkwọ Lisa Kron (Best Book) na Jeanine Tesori na Kron (Best Original Score) meriri Tony Award maka Best Score for Fun Home, ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ nke nwoke na-ede egwú na-anọgide na-abụ. emepụtara ọtụtụ mgbe. Na 2013, Cyndi Lauper bụ "onye na-ede egwú mbụ nke nwanyị meriri [Tony for] Best Score na-enweghị onye na-emekọ ihe ọnụ" maka ide egwu na egwu maka Kinky Boots. Ndị na-ede abụ nwanyị na ụlọ ihe nkiri egwu gụnyere onye na-agụ egwú na onye na-eme ihe nkiri Lauren Pritchard, onye dere Songbird; Zoe Sarnak, onye dere A Lasting Impression na The Years Between; na Katie Thompson, onye ga-achọ "ịhụ ụmụ nwanyị agwa ... ndị dị mgbagwoju anya na ndị siri ike na ndị na-adịghị ike." Thompson kwuru na na ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri egwu, "mgbe ị na-alụ ọgụ maka ihe dị ka nwanyị, karịsịa ihe nka .. a na-ahụta gị dị ka anụ ọhịa ma ọ bụ na a na-ahụta gị [dị ka] 'mmetụta uche'', akara nke na-enyere ndị ọzọ aka. ịchụpụ gị. Enweghị ahaghị nhata nwoke na nwanyị na ụlọ ihe nkiri egwu dị n'ime narị afọ nke iri abụọ na mbụ ebe ụmụ nwanyị bụ naanị 3% nke ndị na-egwu egwu ikuku yana 12% nke ndị na-agụ egwu egwu. N'agbanyeghị m'kparị na enweghị ụmụ nwanyị na ụlọ ihe nkiri egwu, ihe karịrị ụmụ nwanyị iri ise enwetala amara nka nka nke mba ụwa maka ịdepụta akara egwu zuru oke na ụlọ ihe nkiri Broadway na elu-Broadway.

Abbey Lincoln (1930 2010), bụ onye America na-agụ egwú jazz, onye na-ede egwu, na onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye dere ma mee ihe nke ya. Ọ bụ onye na-akwado ikike obodo n'afọ ndị 1960.[25][26]

Ụmụ nwanyị ojii

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Dị ka LaShonda Katrice Barnett, onye nkuzi kọleji na mahadum na onye dere akwụkwọ gbasara ụmụ nwanyị ojii na-ede egwu, si kwuo, n'ime "ihe karịrị ndị otu 380 nke Songwriters Hall of Fame, naanị abụọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii (Sylvia Moy na Valerie Simpson).

Ndị na-ede abụ

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A na-edepụta ndị na-ede egwu na Rolling Stone's 100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a bụ ndị na-agụ egwú na ndị na-ede egwú bụ ndị a ma ama maka abụ ha na / ma ọ bụ nkà ha na-arụ ọrụ, mana edepụtara ha ebe a maka ihe ha rụzuru n'ide egwú:[27]

  • Carole Eze
  • Joni Mitchell
  • Dolly Parton
  • Stevie Nicks
  • Madonna
  • Chrissie Hynde
  • Loretta Lynn
  • Lucinda Williams
  • Björk
  • Taylor Swift
  • Patti Smith

Ndị na-ede egwú n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ

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Onye na-ede egwú na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu Clara Schumann

Onye America na-ahụ maka egwu bụ Marcia Citron ajụọla "[w]hy bụ egwu ụmụ nwanyị dere nke na-adịghị mma na ọkọlọtọ 'nke oge ochie'?"[28] Citron "na-enyocha omume na àgwà ndị dugara n'iwepụ ụmụ nwanyị na-ede egwu na 'canon' nke ọrụ egwu a na-eme. " Ọ na-ekwu na n'afọ 1800, ndị inyom na-ede egwu na-edekarị egwu nka maka ịrụ ọrụ na obere recitals karịa symphonies e bu n'obi maka ịrụ ọrụ ya na ndị egwú n'ime nnukwu ụlọ nzukọ, ebe a na-ahụ ọrụ ndị ikpeazụ dị ka ụdị kachasị mkpa maka ndị na-ede egwú; ebe ọ bụ na ndị inyom ndị na-agụ egwú edeghị ọtụtụ symphoni, a na-ewere ha dị ka ndị a na-amaghị ama dị ka ndị na-ede egwú.[28]

Dị ka Abbey Philips si kwuo, "ndị inyom na-egwu egwu enweela oge siri ike ịbanye na inweta otuto kwesịrị ekwesị". N'ime oge ochie, ọtụtụ n'ime egwu nka ka e kere maka ebumnuche okpukpe (okpukpe) na n'ihi echiche banyere ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị nke ndị isi okpukpe na-enwe, ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole dere ụdị egwu a, onye nọn Hildegard von Bingen bụ n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ọgụgụ mahadum na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu na-atụle ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nanị ọrụ ndị nwoke na-agụ egwú. N'otu aka ahụ, ọrụ ole na ole nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-ede egwú bụ akụkụ nke usoro egwu oge gboo. Na Concise Oxford History of Music, Clara Schumann bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị na-ede egwú a kpọtụrụ aha. Philips na-ekwu na "[d] n'ime narị afọ nke 20, ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-edepụta / na-egwu egwu enwetachaghị nlebara anya karịa ndị nwoke ibe ha".

Oge Oge Ụwa Na-emepechabeghị Anya

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Hildegard von Bingen (1098 na 1179) bụ onye German Benedictine abbess, onye na-ede egwu, onye edemede, onye ọkà ihe ọmụma, na onye ọhụụ.[29] Otu n'ime ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ede egwu, Ordo Virtutum, bụ ihe atụ mbụ nke ihe nkiri liturgical na egwuregwu omume ọma mbụ. Ụfọdụ ndị edemede ekwuola na ọ bụ ebe dị anya maka opera na mpempe akwụkwọ a, ọ bụ ezie na enweghị ihe akaebe ọ bụla.[30][31][32] Egwú iri isii na itoolu, nke ọ bụla nwere ederede uri nke ya, ka dị. Nke a bụ otu n'ime repertoires kachasị n'etiti ndị na-ede egwu oge ochie. Hildegard dere ọtụtụ abụ liturgical nke a chịkọtara n'ime okirikiri a na-akpọ Symphonia armoniae celestium revelationum. A na-etinye abụ ndị sitere na Symphonia na ederede nke Hildegard ma malite na antiphons, hymns, na usoro, na responsories.[33] A na-akọwa egwu ya dị ka monophonic, na-eji ụda olu na-arị elu nke na-ebugharị ókèala nke abụ ọdịnala Gregorian.

Oge Renaissance

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Maddalena Casulana (1544-1590) bụ onye Itali na-ede egwu, onye na-agụ egwú na onye na-abụ abụ.[34] Ọrụ mbụ ya malitere na 1566: madrigals anọ na nchịkọta, Il Desiderio, nke o mepụtara na Florence. Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, o bipụtara na Venice akwụkwọ mbụ ya nke madrigals maka olu anọ, Il primo libro di madrigali, nke bụ nke mbụ e bipụtara, bipụtara ọrụ nke nwanyị na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu ọdịda anyanwụ. Ọ nọ nso Isabella de 'Medici ma nyefee ụfọdụ egwu ya. N'afọ 1570, 1583 na 1586 o bipụtara akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ nke madrigals. N'ime nraranye ya n'akwụkwọ mbụ ya nke madrigals, ọ na-egosi mmetụta ya banyere ịbụ nwanyị na-ede egwu n'oge nke a dị ụkọ: "[Achọrọ m] igosi ụwa, dịka m nwere ike na ọrụ egwu a, njehie efu nke ụmụ nwoke na naanị ha nwere onyinye nke ọgụgụ isi na nka, nakwa na anaghị enye ụmụ nwanyị onyinye dị otú ahụ. " Ụdị ya bụ contrapuntal na chromatic na ahịrị abụ ya bụ singable ma na-elebara ederede anya. Ndị ọzọ na-ede egwu n'oge ahụ, dị ka Philippe de Monte, chere echiche nke ọma banyere ya.

Caterina Assandra (1590-1618) bụ onye Itali na-ede egwu na onye nọn Benedictine. Ọ ghọrọ onye a ma ama dị ka onye na-akpọ ụbọ akwara ma bipụta ọrụ dị iche iche.[35][36] Assandra dere ọtụtụ motets na organ pieces. Ọ gụrụ counterpoint na Benedetto Re, otu n'ime ndị nkuzi na Pavia Cathedral. O dere nchịkọta nke motets n'ụdị concertato ọhụrụ na Milan na 1609, otu olu asatọ Salve Regina na 1611, na motet, Audite verbum Dominum, maka olu anọ na 1618. O dere egwu ọdịnala na ọrụ ọhụrụ ndị ọzọ. Otu n'ime ndị nke ikpeazụ bụ Duo seraphim. Motet ya O Salutaris hodie, nke gụnyere na Motetti op. 2, bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị mbụ gụnyere violone, ngwá egwu nwere eriri.

Oge Baroque

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Onye n'eti lute nke Orazio Gentileschi, nke a na-eche na ọ bụ onyinyo Francesca Caccini

Francesca Caccini (15871641) bụ onye Itali na-ede egwu, na-agụ egwu, onye na-ede uri, na onye nkuzi egwu. Henry toro abụ ya maka agbamakwụkwọ Henry nke anọ nke France na Maria de Medici na 1600, onye kpọrọ ya "onye na-agụ egwú kachasị mma na France niile". Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ikpe Medici dị ka onye nkuzi, onye na-agụ egwú, onye na'azụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-ede egwú nke ụlọ na nke ihe nkiri ruo 1627. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1614, ọ bụ onye na-agụ egwú a na-akwụ ụgwọ kachasị elu n'ụlọ ikpe ahụ, n'ihi na nkà egwu ya gosipụtara echiche nke ịdị mma nwanyị nke onye na-achị Tuscany, Granduchess Christina nke Lorraine. E dere ọtụtụ n'ime egwu ya maka ịrụ ọrụ na comedies. N'afọ 1618 o bipụtara nchịkọta nke egwu iri atọ na isii na soprano / bass duets. N'afọ 1625, o dere "comedy-ballet" nke nkeji iri asaa na ise. N'ozuzu, o dere ọrụ iri na isii. Ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka ihe ijuanya dị egwu: na egwu ya ọ bụ mgbanwe nkwekọrịta, karịa counterpoint, nke kachasị ike na-ekwurịta mmetụta mmetụta uche.

Barbara Strozzi (16191677) bụ onye na-ede egwu na onye na-agụ egwu Baroque nke Ịtali. Dị ka nwatakịrị, e gosipụtara nnukwu nkà olu ya n'ihu ndị na-ege ntị. O nwekwara onyinye n'ihe osise, nna ya mekwara ndokwa ka ya na onye na-ede egwu Francesco Cavalli mụọ. A na-ekwu na Strozzi bụ "onye na-ede egwu kachasị mma nke a na-ebipụta na Venice n'etiti narị afọ".[37] Ihe ọ na-emepụta bụkwa ihe pụrụ iche n'ihi na ọ nwere naanị egwu olu, ma e wezụga otu mpịakọta nke abụ dị nsọ.[38] A maara ya nke ọma maka ikike uri ya yana nkà ide ihe. Okwu ya na-abụkarị abụ ma na-ekwu nke ọma.[37] E dere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụzọ atọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ọrụ ya maka soprano, mana o bipụtakwara ọrụ maka olu ndị ọzọ.[39] Ihe ndị o dere gbanyesiri mkpọrọgwụ ike na omenala seconda pratica. Egwú Strozzi na-echetara mmụọ nke Cavalli, onye nketa nke Monteverdi. Otú ọ dị, ụdị ya bụ nke na-abụ abụ, ma na-adabere na ụda olu.[40] Nna ya Giulio dere ọtụtụ n'ime ihe odide maka ihe odide mbụ ya. Ndị ọrụ ibe nna ya dere ihe odide ndị ọzọ, maka ọtụtụ ihe o dere, ọ nwere ike ide ihe odide nke ya.

Élisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre (16651729) bụ onye France na-ede egwu, onye na-eti egwu na onye na-akpọ ụbọ akwara. A mụrụ ya n'ezinụlọ ndị na-agụ egwú na ndị na-emepụta ngwá egwú. Nwatakịrị mara mma, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ụbọ akwara n'ihu Eze Louis nke iri na anọ. Ọ ghọrọ onye na-agụ egwú na Royal Court ma kụzie, dee, ma nye kọntaktị n'ụlọ na Paris dum, na nnukwu otuto. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole a ma ama na-ede egwu n'oge ya, n'adịghị ka ọtụtụ ndị ọgbọ ya, o dere n'ụdị dịgasị iche iche.[41] Titon du Tillet kwetara na ọ nwere nkà na ihe ọ rụzuru, onye nyere ya ọnọdụ n'Ugwu Parnassus ya mgbe ọ dị naanị afọ 26, n'akụkụ Lalande na Marais na kpọmkwem n'okpuru Lully. Ọrụ ya gụnyere ballet, opera (Céphale et Procris), sonatas atọ, ụbọ akwara, Sonates pour le viollon et pour le clavecin na ọrụ olu dị ka Cantates françoises sur des sujets tirez de l'Ecriture.

Oge ochie

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Onye na-agụ egwu opera na onye na-ede egwu na Sweden bụ Elisabeth Olin n'afọ 1780

[42]Harriett Abrams (1758 Xi1821) bụ onye Bekee na-ede egwu na soprano. Dị ka onye na-agụ egwu, e toro ya maka arụmọrụ ya nke George Frideric Handel. Ọ gụrụ egwu, echiche egwu, na ihe osise na onye na-ede egwu Thomas Arne tupu ya emee opera mbụ ya na 1775 na Theatre Royal, Drury Lane na London. Abrams ghọrọ onye isi na-abụ abụ na kọntaktị na-ewu ewu na London na ememme mpaghara, na-apụta mgbe niile site na 1780 ruo 1790. Abrams dere ọtụtụ egwu, abụọ n'ime ha, "The Orphan's Prayer" na "Crazy Jane", ghọrọ ndị a ma ama. O bipụtara usoro abụọ nke Italian na English canzonets, nchịkọta nke egwu Scottish na glees kwekọrọ maka olu abụọ na atọ, na ihe karịrị abụ iri na abụọ, ọkachasị ballads mmetụta uche. Harriett raara nchịkọta abụ ndị e bipụtara na 1803 nye Queen Charlotte.

Maria Teresa Agnesi (17201795) bụ onye Itali na-ede egwu. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ onye a ma ama maka ihe ndị o dere, ọ bụkwa onye na-akpọ ụbọ akwara na onye na-agụ egwú. E dere ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị ọ na-ede maka keyboard, olu, ma ọ bụ ha abụọ. Ọrụ ya mere ka ọ nwee ike site na Austrian Lombardy, nke na-aga n'ihu ma na-enwu gbaa na ikike ụmụ nwanyị. Onye na-akwado ya bụ Maria Theresia, eze nwanyị Rom dị nsọ na onye na-achị Lombardy, na Maria Antonia Walpurgis, onye na-ede egwu nwere onyinye na onye oge ya. Ọrụ mbụ ya dị mfe ma dị ọcha, ebe ọrụ ya ndị ọzọ dị mma, dị mgbagwoju anya, na melodramatic. O dere ihe nkiri, gụnyere ihe nkiri dike na ụdị ihe nkiri siri ike. O dekwara arias, concerto na sonatas maka keyboard, obere ìgwè na olu.

Princess Anna Amalia (17231787) bụ onye Prussian na-ede egwu na onye na-ahụ maka egwu. Ọ mụtara ịkpọ ụbọ akwara, ọjà, na violin mgbe ọ bụ nwa agbọghọ. Ọ ghọrọ Abbess nke Quedlinburg na 1755.[43] Ọ nọrọ ọtụtụ oge ya na Berlin, ebe o tinyere onwe ya n'egwú, wee ghọọ onye na-akwado egwu na onye na-ede egwu. Dị ka onye na-ede egwu, ọ nwetara aha ọma ma bụrụ onye a maara nke ọma maka obere ọrụ ụlọ ya, nke gụnyere trios, marches, cantatas, abụ na fugues. N'afọ 1758, ọ mụrụ usoro egwu na nhazi ya na Johann Philipp Kirnberger, nwa akwụkwọ nke Johann Sebastian Bach. O dere egwu ụlọ dị ka sonatas flute. Ọzọkwa, o setịpụrụ ederede nke Ramler's Passion cantata Der Tod Jesu ("Ọnwụ Jizọs") na egwu. Ọ bụkwa onye na-anakọta egwu, na-echekwa ihe karịrị 600 mpịakọta nke ọrụ Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frideric Handel, Georg Philipp Telemann, Karl Heinrich Graun na Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Ọrụ ọgwụgwọ ya bụ onyinye dị mkpa na ọdịbendị ọdịda anyanwụ.

Princess Anna Amalia (17231787) bụ onye Prussian na-ede egwu na onye na-ahụ maka ihe ngosi nke a maara maka ọrụ ụlọ ya, nke gụnyere trios, marches, cantatas, abụ na fugues.

Elisabeth Olin (1740-1828) bụ onye na-agụ egwu opera na onye na-ede egwu na Sweden. Ọ malitere dị ka Alfhild na Syrinx nke a na-akpọ Opera comique mbụ nke Sweden, na Bollhuset na 1747. Ọ ghọrọ onye a ma ama na-agụ egwú na kọntaktị ọha na eze na Riddarhuset na Stockholm, ma bipụta egwu nke ya; ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ede egwu Sweden dere otu egwu ọ bụla maka nchịkọta Gustaviade. N'ime ihe na-eme n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma ('Gustaviade. A heroic poem of twelve songs') from 1768; ebe o dere ihe osise nke asatọ.[44] N'oge emere ihe ngosi na ntọala nke Royal Swedish Opera na 18 Jenụwarị 1773, ọ bụrụ ọrụ nke Chi nwanyị Oké Osimiri Thetis na opera Francesco Uttini Thetis och Pélée . Ọ nọgidere bụrụ onye isi nke Swedish opera ruo afọ iri. N'afọ 1773, ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ e nyere aha Hovsångare, na 1782, a nabatara ya dị ka nwanyị mbụ so na Royal Swedish Academy of Music.[45]

Onye France na-ede egwu na onye na-agụ egwu opera Henriette Adélaïde Villard de Beaumesnil

[46]Henriette Adélaïde Villard de Beaumesnil (1748[[1813) bụ onye France na-ede egwu na onye na-agụ egwu opera. Ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na obere ọrụ na-atọ ọchị site na mgbe ọ dị afọ asaa wee malite dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Paris Opera na 1766.[47] Ọ bụ nwanyị nke abụọ nwere ihe egwu a na-eme na Paris Opéra.[48] N'oge gara aga, Paris Opera emeela ihe nkiri Céphale et Procris nke Élisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre, na 1694. Anacréon, opera mbụ ya, nwetara ihe ngosi onwe onye na ebe obibi nke Count of Provence na 1781. N'afọ 1784, e mere ihe nkiri ya bụ Tibulle et Délie na Paris Opera . N'afọ 1792, e mere ihe nkiri opera comique ya abụọ, Plaire, c'est commander na Théâtre Montansier.

Anna Bon (17391767?) bụ onye Itali na-ede egwu na onye na-eme ihe nkiri. Ọ gara Ospedale della Pietà na Venice, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na maestra di viola, Candida della Pièta.[49] O nwere ọkwa ọhụrụ nke 'chamber music virtuosa' n'ụlọ ikpe nke Margrave Friedrich nke Brandenburg Kulmbach. Ọ raara sonatas flauta isii ya, nke e bipụtara na Nürnberg na 1756, nye Friedrich.[49] N'afọ 1762, ọ kwagara n'ụlọ ikpe Esterházy na Eisenstadt, ebe ọ nọrọ ruo 1765. Ọ raara usoro e bipụtara nke sonatas ụbọ akwara isii, op. 2 (1757), nye Ernestina Augusta Sophia, Princess of Saxe-Weimar, na usoro nke divertimenti isii (trio sonatas), op. 3 (1759), nye Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria.[50] O dekwara divertimenti isii maka ọjà abụọ na basso continuo; otu aria, "Astra coeli", maka soprano, violin abụọ, viola, na basso continu; otu onyinye, "Ardete amore", maka ndị na-agụ egwú, ngwá egwú na basso continua; otu motet, "Eia in preces et veloces", maka alto, violin 2, viola, na bass continuo na opera.

Jane Mary Guest (1762 Xi 1846) bụ onye England na-ede egwu na onye na-akpọ piano. Nwa akwụkwọ nke Johann Christian Bach, na mbụ na-ede egwu n'ụdị galante, o dere sonatas keyboard, ọrụ keyboard ndị ọzọ na ọrụ olu na keyboard. Ọ bụ onye nkuzi piano nke Princess Amelia na Princess Charlotte nke Wales. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na London site na 1779, na-enye ndenye aha kọntaktị n'ebe ahụ na 1783/84.[51] A maara ya maka ụdị egwu ya.[51] N'oge a, o bipụtara Six Sonatas, Op. 1, nke nwetara ndenye aha dị ukwuu, gụnyere site n'aka ndị eze, nke e bipụtara na Paris na 1784 na Berlin na 1785.[52][53] Na mgbakwunye na sonatas keyboard ya, o dekwara ihe ndị ọzọ keyboard, dị ka Introduction na March site na Rossini's Ricciardo e Zoraide (1820) na ọtụtụ egwu na keyboard.

[54]Marianne von Martínez (1744-1812) bụ onye Austria na-ede egwu, na-agụ egwu na onye na-akpọ piano. Metastasio chọpụtara nkà ya n'oge ọ dị obere wee bịa lekọta agụmakwụkwọ egwu ya, nke gụnyere nkuzi keyboard site na Haydn, nkuzi ịbụ abụ na Porpora na nkuzi ide egwu na Johann Adolph Hasse na onye na-ede egwu n'ụlọ ikpe Imperial Giuseppe Bonno. Ọ bụ onye na-asụ asụsụ Italian na German ma mara French na Bekee.[55] Dị ka nwatakịrị, ọ na-egwuri egwu maka ụlọ ikpe Imperial, ebe ọ "na-adọta uche ya na olu ya mara mma na ịpị keyboard ya". Ka ọ na-etolite, a na-arịọkarị ya ka ọ rụọ ọrụ n'ihu Empress Maria Theresa.[56] A na-etinye ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ndị Marianna dere maka olu solo. O dere ọtụtụ cantatas ụwa na oratorios abụọ na ederede Italian. Ihe ndị dị ndụ gụnyere masses anọ, motets isii, na litanies atọ maka ndị ukwe. O dere n'ụdị Italian, dị ka ọ dị na mmalite oge Classical na Vienna. E jiri usoro ịgba ụbọ akwara ya tụnyere ụdị C.P.E. Bach. Ọ bụ nnukwu ndị agha gosipụtara oratorio ya n'Italian Isacco figura del redentore n'afọ 1782.[57]

Oge ịhụnanya

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Fanny Mendelssohn, 1842, nke Moritz Daniel Oppenheim dere

Maria Szymanowska (1789 Tian 1831) bụ onye Poland a ma ama na-ede egwu na onye na-akpọ piano. O dere n'ọtụtụ n'ime otu ụdị dị ka onye Pole Frederic Chopin (18101849). Szymanowska na ọtụtụ ndị ama ama na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu nwere njikọ, gụnyere Gioacchino Rossini, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, na Adam Mickiewicz, onye na-ede uri kachasị ukwuu na Poland.

Fanny Mendelssohn (1805X1847) bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị a ma ama na-ede egwu na 1800s. O gosipụtara ikike egwu dị egwu dị ka nwatakịrị wee malite ide egwu. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị ọbịa a ma ama n'ụlọ ezinụlọ ya nwere mmasị Fanny na nwanne ya nwoke Felix Mendelssohn, àgwà ndị dị n'oge ahụ n'ebe ụmụ nwanyị nọ na-egbochi Fanny. Nna ya na-anabata, kama ịkwado, ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ede egwu. Nna ya degaara ya akwụkwọ ozi na 1820, na-agwa ya na "[m]usic ga-abụ nke ya [ya bụ. Ọrụ Felix, ebe ọ bụ na maka gị ọ nwere ike ma ga-abụ naanị ihe ịchọ mma [na ndụ gị]".[58] Felix dọrọ ya aka na ntị ka ọ ghara ibipụta ọrụ ya n'aha nke ya ma chọọ ọrụ na egwu. O dere, sị:

'Site na ihe ọmụma m banyere Fanny, m kwesịrị ikwu na ọ nweghị ọchịchọ ma ọ bụ ọrụ maka onye edemede [egwú]. Ọ bụ ihe niile nwanyị kwesịrị ịbụ maka nke a. Ọ na-achịkwa ụlọ ya, ọ naghị echebara ọha na eze ma ọ bụ ụwa egwu echiche, ma ọ bụ ọbụna egwu ọ bụla, ruo mgbe ọrụ mbụ ya mezuru. Mbipụta ga-enye ya nsogbu na ndị a, enweghị m ike ikwu na m kwadoro ya.[59]

Clara Schumann (18191896) bụ onye Germany na-ede egwu na onye na-eme egwu piano nke nwere ọrụ egwu egwu afọ iri isii na otu, nke gbanwere usoro na usoro nke egwu piano na mmasị nke ndị na-ege ntị. Site n'oge ọ dị obere, ọ nwere nkuzi otu awa na piano, violin, ịbụ abụ, echiche, nkwekọrịta, nhazi, na counterpoint. N'afọ 1830, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na otu, ọ ghọrọ onye na-eme ihe nkiri nke ọma ma ọ hapụrụ njem egwu nke obodo ndị Europe. Na ngwụcha afọ 1830, ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka ìgwè mmadụ na-ere ahịa na nyocha nkatọ. Frédéric Chopin kọwara egwu ya na Franz Liszt, onye bịara ịnụ otu n'ime egwu ya ma mesịa "na-eto ya nke ukwuu" n'akwụkwọ ozi e bipụtara na Parisian Revue et Gazette Musicale .[60] A kpọrọ ya Königliche und Kaiserliche Kammervirtuosin ("Royal and Imperial Chamber Virtuoso"), nsọpụrụ egwu kachasị elu nke Austria.[60]

O nyekwara aka n'ịgbanwe ụdị mmemme a na-atụ anya ya n'aka ndị na-eme piano. N'oge mbụ ọ na-arụ ọrụ, tupu ya alụọ Robert Schumann, ọ na-eme ihe bụ omenala n'oge ahụ, ọkachasị egwu egwu iji gosipụta usoro onye na-ese ihe, mgbe mgbe n'ụdị nhazi ma ọ bụ ọdịiche na isiokwu ndị a ma ama site na opera, nke ndị virtuosos dị ka Thalberg, Herz, ma ọ bụ Henselt dere. Dị ka ọ bụkwa omenala ịkpọ egwu nke onwe ya, ọ gụnyere ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu n'ime ọrụ nke ya na mmemme ọ bụla, ọrụ dịka Variations on a Theme nke Bellini (Op. 8) na Scherzo ya a ma ama (Op. 10). Ọrụ ya gụnyere abụ, piano pieces, piano concerto, piano trio, choral pieces, na atọ Romances maka violin na piano.

Narị afọ nke 20 na nke 21

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Onye na-ede egwú bụ Lili Boulanger (1893-1918)

Katherine Hoover (1937-2018) gụrụ egwu na Mahadum Rochester na Eastman School of Music, ebe ọ nwetara asambodo arụmọrụ na Flute na Bachelor's of Music na Music Theory na 1959.[61] Ọ malitere ibipụta ọrụ ọkachamara na 1965, na Duet for Two Violins. Hoover bụ onye mmeri nke National Flute Association's Newly Published Music Competition ugboro abụọ, nke mbụ na 1987 na mpempe Medieval Suite ya na nke abụọ na 1991 na mpempe Kokopelli maka ọjà solo. Egwú ndị a na-eji ọtụtụ usoro gbasaa maka ọjà, dị ka ịgbanye ụda. Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya ka ndị egwu a ma ama dekọrọ ma rụọ ya na Carnegie Hall.[62]

Joan Tower (amụrụ n'afọ 1938) dere akwụkwọ ya nke 1976 Black Topaz, nke gosipụtara ọtụtụ ụda olu na nkwekọrịta.[63] Ọ natara DMA ya na Mahadum Columbia n'afọ 1978. Ọ bụ American Composers Orchestra nyere ya ọrụ n'afọ 1979, nke mere ka ọ rụọ ọrụ mbụ ya, Sequoia . Ọtụtụ ndị na-akụ egwú emeela nke a n'ụwa niile. Site na 1985 ruo 1988 Tower bụ onye na-ede egwu na St. Louis Symphony. N'afọ 1990 ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ meriri Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition, nke gụnyere ihe nrite nke $ 150,000. Kemgbe ahụ, Tower abụwo onye na-ede egwu na ọtụtụ ememme egwu, gụnyere Norfolk Chamber Music Festival na Tanglewood Contemporary Music Festival. Tower abụwo prọfesọ nke egwu na Bard College na New York kemgbe 1982 ma a na-ewere ya dịka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị na-ede egwu kachasị emetụta na narị afọ nke 20.[64]

Ellen Taaffe Zwilich (amụrụ n'afọ 1939) natara nzere doctorate ya na Juilliard ma bụrụ nwanyị mbụ nwetara nke a. N'otu afọ ahụ, o ritere ihe nrite ọla edo na asọmpi International Composition na Ịtali. N'afọ 1983, Zwilich mere akụkọ ihe mere eme ọzọ, na-aghọ nwanyị mbụ meriri Pulitzer Prize na egwu maka Symphony No. 1. Kemgbe ihe ịga nke ọma a, ọ natala ọtụtụ ọrụ. Egwú ya bụ Millennium abụwo nke ndị egwú iri abụọ na asaa kemgbe emere ya na 2000. Ọ bụ Francis Eppes Prọfesọ nke Egwú na Mahadum Steeti Florida kemgbe 1999.[65] A maara Zwilich ka o nwere 'olu puku afọ' n'ihe ndị o dere, na-eji nhazi doro anya na ụda olu bara ọgaranya. Ọ bụ ezie na egwu ya na mbụ bụ nke na-adịghị mma ma nwee mmetụta nke ụlọ akwụkwọ nke abụọ nke Vienna, ụdị ya bịara nwekwuo mmetụta uche mgbe ọnwụ di ya gasịrị.[66]

Libby Larsen (amụrụ n'afọ 1950) nwetara MM ya na 1975 site na Mahadum Minnesota na PhD ya site n'otu ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na 1978. N'afọ 1973, o guzobere Minnesota Composers Forum, nke a maara ugbu a dị ka American Composer's Forum.[67] Larsen bụ onye na-ede egwu na Minnesota Orchestra site na 1983 ruo 1987. Larsen dere ihe karịrị ọrụ 220, gụnyere ndị egwú, ịgba egwú, opera, ndị ukwe, ihe nkiri, ụlọ, na solo repertoire. A na-eme ihe nkiri ya na United States na Europe. Larsen bụ onye nkwado siri ike nke egwu nke oge a na ndị inyom na-agụ egwú, ọ nwetakwara onyinye Grammy maka CD ya The Art of Arleen Auger na 1994. Larsen meriri Lifetime Achievement Award site na Academy of Arts and Letters na 2000 wee bipụta akwụkwọ ya The Concert Hall That Fell Asleep and Woke Up as a Car Radio na 2007.[68][69]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Singer Asha Bhosle enters Guinness World Records for most single studio recordings", India Today, 21 October 2011. Retrieved on 12 March 2016. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "indiatoday.intoday.in" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ Tugharịa ihuakwukwọ - Wikipedia, Njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ (ig). ig.wikipedia.org. Retrieved on 2023-03-10.
  3. ↑ Mizoguchi (12 December 2015). Lady Gaga Calls Music Industry a 'F—king Boys Club'. People. Archived from the original on 9 November 2021.
  4. ↑ McDermott (9 December 2016). Madonna blasts music industry sexism: 'If you're a girl, you have to play the game'. USA Today. Retrieved on 12 December 2022.
  5. ↑ Smith (January 2018). "Inclusion in the Recording Studio? Gender and Race/Ethnicity of Artists, Songwriters & Producers across 600 Popular Songs from 2012-2017": 1–31. 
  6. ↑ Sisario. "Gender Diversity in the Music Industry? The Numbers Are Grim", The New York Times, 25 January 2018. Retrieved on 18 May 2018.
  7. ↑ Tugharịa ihuakwukwọ - Wikipedia, Njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ (ig). ig.wikipedia.org. Retrieved on 2023-03-10.
  8. ↑ Schaap (2014). "Grunting Alone? Online Gender Inequality in Extreme Metal Music". IASPM Journal 4. DOI:10.5429/2079-3871(2014)v4i1.8en. 
  9. ↑ 9.00 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 9.08 9.09 9.10 Women Composers in American Popular Song, Page 1. Parlorsongs.com (25 March 1911). Retrieved on 20 January 2016.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 CBC Music. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved on 7 April 2018.
  11. ↑ Duchen. "Why the male domination of classical music might be coming to an end", The Guardian, 28 February 2015. Retrieved on 20 January 2016.
  12. ↑ Levintova (n.d.). Here's Why You Seldom See Women Leading a Symphony. Mother Jones. Retrieved on 20 January 2016.
  13. ↑ Ncube (September 2013). "Sounding Off: Why So Few Women In Audio?". Sound on Sound. 
  14. ↑ John Mullen. The Show Must Go On! Popular Song in Britain During the First World War. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2015
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 Gioia (12 Maachị 2013). [http://blog.oup.com/2013/03/jazz-women-songwriters-gioia/ Ụmụ nwanyị ise na-ede abụ bụ ndị nyere aka ịkpụzi ụda jazz. OUPblog. A na-eji edensibịa a ugboro 5 na ibe a.]. OUPblog.
  16. ↑ Show Boat. rnh.com. Archived from the original on 26 March 2019. Retrieved on 26 March 2019.
  17. ↑ jazzlib. d.umn.edu. Retrieved on 20 March 2019.
  18. ↑ Inductee Explorer. Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved on 20 March 2019.
  19. ↑ Dolly Jones | Biography & History. AllMusic. Retrieved on 20 March 2019.
  20. ↑ Alexandra Daoud (26 September 2017). Women in Jazz: 10 Ladies Who Changed Music Forever. Project Revolver. Retrieved on 20 March 2019.
  21. ↑ (1 January 2003) The NPR curious listener's guide to jazz. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Saur, Kirsten (20 April 2016). "Swing It Sister: The Influence of Female Jazz Musicians on Music and Society". The Research and Scholarship Symposium.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 White (28 January 2015). Music History Primer: 3 Pioneering Female Songwriters of the '60s. REBEAT Magazine.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Kutulas (2017). After Aquarius Dawned: How the Revolutions of the 1960s Became the Popular Culture of the 1970s. University of North Carolina Press. 
  25. ↑ Griffen (December 2012). The Abbey Lincoln Collection, 1949–2008 (MC 101). Institute of Jazz Studies, Rutgers University Libraries. Retrieved on 30 May 2015.
  26. ↑ Chinen. "Abbey Lincoln, Jazz Singer and writer, Dies at 80", The New York Times, 14 August 2010. Retrieved on 14 August 2010.
  27. ↑ Melton (August 18, 2015). Taylor Swift makes her mark on Rolling Stone's 100 Greatest Songwriters list. AXS. Retrieved on June 8, 2018.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Citron, Marcia J. Gender and the Musical Canon. CUP Archive, 1993.
  29. ↑ Bennett, Judith M. and Hollister, Warren C. Medieval Europe: A Short History (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001), p. 317.
  30. ↑ Dictionary by Merriam-Webster: America's most-trusted online dictionary.
  31. ↑ alt Opera, see Florentine Camerata in the province of Milan, Italy.
  32. ↑ 1998 New York Times art-at-large Matt Mirapaul Hildegurls feature. kitbraz.com. Archived from the original on 2016-06-12. Retrieved on 2023-03-10.
  33. ↑ Maddocks, Fiona. Hildegard of Bingen: The Woman of Her Age (New York: Doubleday, 2001), p. 194.
  34. ↑ Alternative names: Madalena Casulana di Mezarii, Madalena Casula.
  35. ↑ Women Composers: Music Through the Ages.
  36. ↑ Archived copy. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved on 19 October 2015.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Glixon (1999). "More on the life and death of Barbara Strozzi". The Musical Quarterly 83 (1): 134–141. DOI:10.1093/mq/83.1.134. 
  38. ↑ Heller (2006). "Usurping the place of the muses: Barbara Strozzi and the female composer in seventeenth-century Italy", in Stauffer: The World of Baroque Music: New Perspectives. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 145–168. ISBN 978-025334798-5. 
  39. ↑ Kendrick (2002). "Intent and intertextuality in Barbara Strozzi's sacred music". Recercare 14: 65–98. 
  40. ↑ Rosand (1986). "The voice of Barbara Strozzi", in Bowers: Women Making Music: The Western Art Tradition, 1150–1950. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-025201204-4. 
  41. ↑ Mary Cyr. "Elisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre: Myth or Marvel? Seeking the Composer's Individuality." The Musical Times. Vol. 149, No. 1905 (Winter, 2008), pp. 79–87.
  42. ↑ Tugharịa ihuakwukwọ - Wikipedia, Njikotá édémédé nke onye'bulạ (ig). ig.wikipedia.org. Retrieved on 2023-03-10.
  43. ↑ Huberty, Michel (1989). L'Allemagne Dynastique, Tome V – Hohenzollern-Waldeck. France: Laballery, 162, 172. ISBN 978-2-901138-05-1. 
  44. ↑ Anna Ivarsdotter Johnsson och Leif Jonsson: Musiken i Sverige. Frihetstiden och Gustaviansk tid 1720–1810 (Music in Sweden. The age of Liberty and the Gustavian age 1720–1810) (Swedish), page 373
  45. ↑ Anna Ivarsdotter Johnsson och Leif Jonsson: Musiken i Sverige. Frihetstiden och Gustaviansk tid 1720–1810 (Music in Sweden. The age of Liberty and the Gustavian age 1720–1810) (Swedish)
  46. ↑ Tugharịa ihuakwukwọ - Wikipedia, Njikotá édémédé nke onye'obula (ig). ig.wikipedia.org. Retrieved on 2023-03-10.
  47. ↑ Sadie (1994). The Norton/Grove dictionary of women composers. ISBN 9780393034875. Retrieved on 13 October 2010. 
  48. ↑ Composers biography:V – Vz. Retrieved on 13 October 2010.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 Jane L. Berdes, "Anna Bon," Norton/Grove Dictionary of Women Composers (New York: Norton, 1995).
  50. ↑ More extensive biography is found in Barbara Garvey Jackson's introduction to her edition of the op. 2 sonatas (Fayetteville, AR: ClarNan Editions, 1989).
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Guest
  52. ↑ Fuller (1994). Pandora Guide to Women Composers. London: Pandora, 143–144. ISBN 978-0-04-440897-0. 
  53. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ODNB
  54. ↑ Tugharịa ihuakwukwọ - Wikipedia, Njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ (ig). ig.wikipedia.org. Retrieved on 2023-03-10.
  55. ↑ Godt, 541
  56. ↑ Godt 1995, 538
  57. ↑ Pohl (1856:60)
  58. ↑ Letter of 16 July 1820, in Hensel (1884), I 82
  59. ↑ Letter to Lea Mendelssohn-Bartholdy,24 June 1837. Mendelssohn (1864), p. 113
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 Reich (1986), 250.
  61. ↑ Tu. About Katherine. Katherine Hoover. Archived from the original on 27 November 2016. Retrieved on 4 May 2017.
  62. ↑ Gray (2007). The World of Women in Classical Music. La Jolla, California: WordWorld, 252–253. ISBN 978-1-59975-320-1. 
  63. ↑ Von Glahn (2013). Music and the Skillful Listener (eBook), Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Retrieved on 4 May 2017. 
  64. ↑ Gray (2007). The World of Women in Classical Music. La Jolla, California: WordWorld, 278–280. ISBN 978-1-59975-320-1. 
  65. ↑ Gray (2007). The World of Women in Classical Music. La Jolla, California: WordWorld, 288–290. ISBN 978-1-59975-320-1. 
  66. ↑ Von Glahn (2013). "7", Music and the Skillful Listener. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 179. Retrieved on 4 May 2017. 
  67. ↑ Larsen. Libby Larsen: About. Libby Larsen. Archived from the original on 20 August 2017. Retrieved on 4 May 2017.
  68. ↑ Von Glahn (2013). "9", Music and the Skillful Listener. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 242–253. Retrieved on 4 May 2017. 
  69. ↑ Gray (2007). The World of Women in Classical Music. La Jolla, California: WordWorld, 256–258. ISBN 978-1-59975-320-1. 
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