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Ịñụbiga mmanya oke

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Alcoholism
Other namesAlcohol dependence syndrome, alcohol use disorder (AUD)[1]
"King Alcohol and His Prime Minister" Templeeti:Circa
SymptomsDrinking large amounts of alcohol over a long period, difficulty cutting down, acquiring and drinking alcohol taking up a lot of time, usage resulting in problems, withdrawal occurring when stopping[2]
ComplicationsMental illness, delirium, Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome, irregular heartbeat, cirrhosis of the liver, cancer, fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, suicide[3][4][5][6]
DurationLong term[2]
CausesEnvironmental and genetic factors[4]
Risk factorsStress, anxiety, inexpensive, easy access[4][7]
Diagnostic methodQuestionnaires, blood tests[4]
TreatmentAlcohol detoxification typically with benzodiazepines, counselling, acamprosate, disulfiram, naltrexone[8][9][10]
Frequency208 million / 4.1% adults (2010)[11][12]
Deaths3.3 million / 5.9%[13]

Ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè, nke a makwaara dị ka Aṅụrụma na Nsogbu Imeto Mmanya na-aba n'anya (AUD), [1] bụ, ịṅụ mmanya na-egbu egbu maọbụ mmanya na -aba n'anya ọ bụla nke na-akpata nsogbu isi mgbaka ma ọ bụ nke ahụike. [14][2][4] E kewa bụrụ nsogbu ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè ahụ n'ụdị abụọ: ịmetommanya na - egbu egbu na Ị dabere na mmanya na -aba na- anya [3][15] N'ihe gbasara ahụike, a na-ekwu na ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè bụ mgbe mmadụ mere ihe abụọ ma ọbụ karịa n'ime ọnọdụ ndị a : mmadụ na-aṅụ mmanya na-aba n'anya buru ibu ogologo oge, na ọ kweghị ya akwusizi ọ na-esiri ya ike , iji ya eme ihe na-eme ka ọ ghara ịrụzu ọrụ, iji ya na-eme nsogbu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, iji ya mee ihe na-akpata nsogbu, ịhapụ ya na ọnọdụ ahụike, ịkwụsị ya na-ewere ọnọdụ dị ize ndụ.[3] ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè na emetụta akụkụ ahụ niile , mana ọ na-emetụta karị ụbụrụ, obi, imeju, pancreas na usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ. [4][5] Ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè nwere ike ịkpata ọrịa uche, delirium tremens, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, ịkụ obi na-adịghị mma, mmeghachi omume na-adịghị ike, cirrhosis imeju na ohere cancer. [4][6][16] Ịṅụ mmanya mgbe nwanyị dị 'ime nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu nwammanya na-aba n'anya. [3] Ụmụ nwanyị na-enwekarị mmetụta na-emerụ ahụ nke mmanya na-aba n'anya karịa ụmụ nwoke, makana n'ihi na ahụ ha adịghị arọ ka nke umu nwoke ikike dị ala nke ịmịkọrọ mmanya, na oke abụba dị elu.[11]

Gburugburu ebe obibi na mkpụrụ ndụ bụ ihe abụọ metụtara ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè, na ihe dị ka ọkara ihe ize ndụ a na-ekwu na ọ bụ nke ọ bụla.[4] Onye nne ma ọ bụ nna ma ọ bụ nwanne ya nwoke na-aṅụbiga mmanya ókè nwere ike ịghọ onye aṅụrụma okpukpu atọ karịa onye enweghị onye anurima [1] Ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi gụnyere mmetụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ọdịbendị na omume.[17] Ọnọdụ nrụgide dị elu na nchegbu, yana ọnụ ala mmanya na-aba n'anya na ịdị mfe ịnweta, na-eme ka ihe ize ndụ ahụ dịkwuo elu. [1] [7] Ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịga n'ihu na-aṅụ mmanya iji gbochie ma ọ bụ melite mgbaàmà nke ịkwụsị.[1] Mgbe mmadụ kwụsịrị ịṅụ mmanya na-aba n'anya, ha nwere ike ịnwe ọkwa dị ala nke mmanya ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa.[1] N'ihe gbasara ọgwụ, a na-ewere ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè dị ka ọrịa anụ ahụ na nke uche. [18][19] Ajụjụ na Nnyocha ọbara ụfọdụ nwere ike ịchọpụta ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè.[1][20] A na-anakọta ozi ndị ọzọ iji kwado nchọpụta ahụ.[1] Ntuziaka anaghị agụnye ihe karịrị ihe ọṅụṅụ 2 kwa izu.[21]

A ga - akwụsị ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè site na ịchịkwa na igbochi ire mmanya na-aba n'anya, ịtụ ụtụ isi mmanya na-egbu egbu iji mee ka ọnụahịa ya dị elu, na inye ọgwụgwọ adịghị ọnụ ala.[22] Ọgwụgwọ nke ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè nwere ike ịnwe ụdị dị iche iche.[9] N'ihi nsogbu ahụike nke nwere ike ime n'oge ịpụ n'anya, a ga-eji nlezianya chịkwaa ọgwụ ọjọọ mmanya.[2] Otu usoro a na-e iji ọgwụ ya bụ benzodiazepine, dị ka diazepam.[2] Enwere ike inye ndị a mgbe a nabatara ha n'ụlọ ọrụ nlekọta ahụike ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ mgbe mmadụ nọgidere na obodo na nlekọta chiri anya.[2] Ọrịa uche ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ riri ahụ nwere ike ime ka ọgwụgwọ a ka osie ike.[23] Mgbe ewepụchara nsị, a na-eji ọgwụgwọ otu ma ọ bụ ìgwè nkwado enyere aka igbochi mmadụ ịlaghachi ịṅụbiga mmanya oke. [8][24] Otu n'ime ndị otu na akwado nke a bụ ụdị nkwado a bụ Alcoholics Anonymous . [25] A pụkwara iji ọgwụ acamprosate, disulfiram ma ọ bụ naltrexone mee ihe iji gbochie ịṅụ mmanya ọzọ.[10]

Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa Kwuru na afọ 2010, na e nwere nde mmadụ 208 na-aṅụbiga mmanya ókè n'ụwa niile (4.1% nke ndị mmadụ karịrị afọ iri na ise). [11][12]  Na afọ 2015 na United States, ihe dị ka nde 17 (7%) nke ndị okenye na nde 0.7 (2.8%) nke ndị dị afọ iri na abụọ ruo iri na asaa na-emetụta.[13]   Ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'etiti ụmụ nwoke na ndị na-eto eto, ọ naghịkwa ahụkebe ya n'etiti ndị agadi.[4] Anaghị ahukari ya na mba Afrịka (1.1% nke ndị bi na ya) e nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Europe (11%). [4] Ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè kpatara ọnwụ 139,000 na afọ 2013, site na ọnwụ 112,000 na 1990. [26] A na-eche na nde mmadụ 3.3 nwụrụ (5.9% nke ọnwụ niile) bụ n'ihi mmanya na-aba n'anya maọbụ ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè.3]  Ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè na-eji ihe dịka afọ iri ebelata ndụ mmadụ .[27] A na-eji ọtụtụ okwu, ụfọdụ bụ okwu mkparị wee na akọwa maọbụ na akpọ. ndị na anubiga mmanya ókè; okwu ndị ahụ gụnyere ọnyà na-ahapụ mmanya, onye na-egbu egbu, anurima,onye na'anya na onye na-adịghị ahụkebe.[28] N'afọ 1979, Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa kwụsịrị ịkpọ ndị anurima ndị na "aṅubiga mmanya ókè" maka na okwu ahụ ezie ezi kama ha ahọrọ "ọrịa na-adabere na mmanya". [29]

Ihe odide

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Alcoholism MeSH Descriptor Data 2020. Retrieved on 9 May 2020.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Alcohol Use Disorder: A Comparison Between DSM–IV and DSM–5 (November 2013). Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved on 9 May 2015.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Fetal Alcohol Exposure (14 September 2011). Archived from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved on 9 May 2015.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5, 5, Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 490–97. ISBN 978-0-89042-554-1. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Alcohol's Effects on the Body (14 September 2011). Archived from the original on 3 June 2015. Retrieved on 9 May 2015.
  6. ↑ (April 2017) "A meta-analysis of acute use of alcohol and the risk of suicide attempt.". Psychological Medicine 47 (5): 949–957. DOI:10.1017/S0033291716002841. PMID 27928972. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 (2012) "Stress, epigenetics, and alcoholism". Alcohol Research : Current Reviews 34 (4): 495–505. PMID 23584115. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 (May 2006) "Analytic complexities associated with group therapy in substance abuse treatment research: problems, recommendations, and future directions". Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 14 (2): 265–73. DOI:10.1037/1064-1297.14.2.265. PMID 16756430. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Blondell, RD (February 2005). "Ambulatory detoxification of patients with alcohol dependence". Am Fam Physician 71 (3): 495–502. PMID 15712624. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 (December 2014) "Treatment of alcohol dependence: recent progress and reduction of consumption". Minerva Medica 105 (6): 447–66. PMID 25392958. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 (2014) Global status report on alcohol and health 2014. World Health Organization, 8, 51. ISBN 978-92-4-069276-3. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Global Population Estimates by Age, 1950–2050 (30 January 2014). Archived from the original on 10 May 2015. Retrieved on 10 May 2015.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Alcohol Facts and Statistics. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved on 9 May 2015.
  14. ↑ Littrell (2014). Understanding and Treating Alcoholism Volume I: An Empirically Based Clinician's Handbook for the Treatment of Alcoholism: Volume Ii: Biological, Psychological, and Social Aspects of Alcohol Consumption and Abuse. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-78314-5. “The World Health Organization defines alcoholism as any drinking which results in problems” 
  15. ↑ Hasin (December 2003). "Classification of Alcohol Use Disorders". Alcohol Research & Health : The Journal of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism 27 (1): 5–17. PMID 15301396. Retrieved on 28 February 2015. 
  16. ↑ Romeo (October 2007). "Moderate alcohol consumption and the immune system: a review". The British Journal of Nutrition 98 Suppl 1: S111–115. DOI:10.1017/S0007114507838049. ISSN 0007-1145. PMID 17922947. 
  17. ↑ Agarwal-Kozlowski (April 2000). "[Genetic predisposition for alcoholism]". Ther Umsch 57 (4): 179–84. DOI:10.1024/0040-5930.57.4.179. PMID 10804873. 
  18. ↑ Mersy (1 April 2003). "Recognition of alcohol and substance abuse". American Family Physician 67 (7): 1529–32. PMID 12722853. 
  19. ↑ Health and Ethics Policies of the AMA House of Delegates (June 2008). Archived from the original on 20 March 2015. Retrieved on 10 May 2015. “H-30.997 Dual Disease Classification of Alcoholism: The AMA reaffirms its policy endorsing the dual classification of alcoholism under both the psychiatric and medical sections of the International Classification of Diseases. (Res. 22, I-79; Reaffirmed: CLRPD Rep. B, I-89; Reaffirmed: CLRPD Rep. B, I-90; Reaffirmed by CSA Rep. 14, A-97; Reaffirmed: CSAPH Rep. 3, A-07)”
  20. ↑ Higgins-Biddle (2018). "A Review of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), AUDIT-C, and USAUDIT for Screening in the United States: Past Issues and Future Directions". The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 44 (6): 578–586. DOI:10.1080/00952990.2018.1456545. ISSN 0095-2990. PMID 29723083. 
  21. ↑ New guidance on alcohol and health from the Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction | This Changed My Practice (TCMP) by UBC CPD. thischangedmypractice.com. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved on 24 March 2024.
  22. ↑ World Health Organization (January 2015). Alcohol. Archived from the original on 23 May 2015. Retrieved on 10 May 2015.
  23. ↑ DeVido (December 2012). "Treatment of the depressed alcoholic patient". Current Psychiatry Reports 14 (6): 610–08. DOI:10.1007/s11920-012-0314-7. PMID 22907336. 
  24. ↑ Albanese (November 2012). "Management of alcohol abuse". Clinics in Liver Disease 16 (4): 737–62. DOI:10.1016/j.cld.2012.08.006. PMID 23101980. 
  25. ↑ Tusa (2013). "Came to believe: spirituality as a mechanism of change in alcoholics anonymous: a review of the literature from 1992 to 2012". Journal of Addictions Nursing 24 (4): 237–46. DOI:10.1097/jan.0000000000000003. PMID 24335771. 
  26. ↑ GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death (17 December 2014). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet 385 (9963): 117–71. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMID 25530442. 
  27. ↑ Schuckit (27 November 2014). "Recognition and management of withdrawal delirium (delirium tremens)". The New England Journal of Medicine 371 (22): 2109–13. DOI:10.1056/NEJMra1407298. PMID 25427113. Retrieved on 26 June 2020. 
  28. ↑ Chambers English Thesaurus. Allied Publishers. ISBN 978-81-86062-04-3. Retrieved on 26 June 2020. 
  29. ↑ WHO. Lexicon of alcohol and drug terms published by the World Health Organization. World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 5 February 2013.
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