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Ịchịcha

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The Gleaners nke Jean-François Millet, 1857

Ịchịkọta ihe bụ ịnakọta ihe ndị fọdụrụ n'ubi ndị ọrụ ugbo ma e wetachara ya n'ahịa ma ọ bụ n'ubi ebe ọ na-adịghị mma maka ihe ubi. Ọ bụ omume a kọwara na Bible Hibru nke ghọrọ ikike ndị ogbenye nọ n'ọtụtụ alaeze Ndị Kraịst nwere n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro.[1][2] A na-ahụta "mmiri mmiri mkpofu" nke oge a, mgbe a na-eme ya maka nri ma ọ bụ nri nri, dịka ụdị mgbake nri. A ka na-ejikwa ịchịkọta ihe na-enye ndị nọ ná mkpa nri na-edozi ahụ e wetara. Na United States, a na-eji ya n'ihi mkpa nke netwọk mba iji nyere òtù mgbake nri aka. A na-akpọ nke a National Gleaning Project, [4] nke Center for Agriculture and Food Systems malitere na Vermont Law and Graduate School iji nyere ndị na-enweghị isi aka dị ka alaeze Ndị Kraịst ochie.[1]

Bible

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Dị ka akwụkwọ Deuterọnọmi na Levitikọs si kwuo, ndị ọrụ ugbo kwesịrị ịhapụ nsọtụ ubi ha n’akụghị mkpụrụ (pea), ghara ịtụtụkọta ihe a tụfuru (nchịkọta ọka), gharakwa iwere ihe ọ bụla e chefuru echefu bụ́ nke e chefuru mgbe ha na-ewe ihe ubi. Ọtụtụ mpaghara.[1][2][3] N’otu n’ime oge abụọ e kwuru nke a na Levitikọs, ọ gbakwụnyere na n’ubi vaịn, e kwesịrị ịhapụ mkpụrụ vaịn ụfọdụ, [4] otu okwu ahụ dịkwa na Deuterọnọmi.

Amaokwu ndị a na-enyekwa iwu na ekwesighi ịkụ osisi oliv n'ọtụtụ oge, na ihe ọ bụla fọdụrụ site na ịkụ mbụ kwesịrị ịhapụ. Dị ka Levitikọs si kwuo, a ga-ahapụ ihe ndị a maka ndị ogbenye na ndị bịara abịa, [2] na Deuterọnọmi nyere iwu ka a hapụ ya maka ndị inyom di ha nwụrụ, ndị bịara abịa na ụmụ mgbei nna. Akwụkwọ Rut na-akọ banyere nchịkọta nke nwanyị di ya nwụrụ Ruth iji lekọta onwe ya na nne di ya, Naomi, onye bụkwa nwanyị di ya.

Echiche ndị rabaị

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N'akwụkwọ ndị rabaị oge ochie, a rụrụ ụka na iwu Bible gbasara ihe ndị fọdụrụnụ na-emetụta naanị ubi ọka, ubi mkpụrụ osisi, na ubi vaịn.[3] A naghị ekwe ka onye ọrụ ugbo ahụ rite uru site na ihe ubi ahụ, a naghịkwa ekwe ka ọ na-akpa ókè n'etiti ndị ogbenye, ma ọ bụ gbalịa iji nkịta ma ọ bụ ọdụm tụọ ha egwu; [4] about="#mwt72" class="mw-ref reference" data-cx="{}" data-mw="{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Peah56"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Peah56-14","html":"<i id=\"mwAYI\"><a href=\"./Pe'ah\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" data-linkid=\"144\" class=\"cx-link\" id=\"mwAYM\" title=\"Pe'ah\">Pe'ah</a></i> 5:6"}}" id="cite_ref-Peah56_14-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Gleaning#cite_note-Peah56-14 [5][3]] E kweghị ka onye ọrụ ubi ahụ nyere otu n'ime ndị ogbenye aka ịchịkọta ndị fọdụrụ.[6] Otú ọ dị, a rụkwara ụka na iwu ahụ na-emetụta naanị na Kenan, ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ndị edemede ndị rabaị oge ochie, ndị bi na Babilọn, tinyere iwu ahụ n'ebe ahụ; a hụkwara ya dị ka ọ na-emetụ ndị Juu ogbenye, mana a hapụrụ ndị Jentaịl ogbenye ka ha rite uru maka udo obodo.[7][8][9][10]

Omume akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Europe

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Gleaning nke Arthur Hughes

N'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke Europe, gụnyere England na France, ikike nke Bible nwetara iji nweta ubi bụ maka ndị ogbenye; ikike, nke iwu kwadoro, nke gara n'ihu n'akụkụ Europe ruo n'oge a.[11][12]

Na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ n'England, nchịkọta bụ ikike iwu maka "cottagers", ma ọ bụ ndị bi na-enweghị ala. N'ime obere obodo, sexton na-akpọkarị mgbịrịgba ụlọ ụka n'elekere asatọ nke ụtụtụ na ọzọ n'elekare asaa nke mgbede iji gwa ndị na-achịkọta ihe mgbe ha ga-amalite ma kwụsị ọrụ. Ikike iwu a kwụsịrị n'ụzọ dị irè mgbe mkpebi Steel v Houghton gasịrị na 1788.

Oge Ndị A

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Ndị Germany dara ogbenye na-achịkọta ihe na 1956

Shulchan Aruch na-ekwu na ndị ọrụ ugbo ndị Juu anaghịzi arụ ọrụ irube isi n'iwu Bible.[13] Ka o sina dị, n'Israel nke oge a, ndị rabaị nke okpukpe Ọtọdọks nke ndị Juu na-ekwusi ike na ndị Juu na ndị ogbenye na ndị bịara abịa na-eri ihe oriri n'oge Afọ izu ike.[14]

N'ụwa nke oge a, ndị ọrụ enyemaka na-eme nchịkọta nri [15] nke na-ekesa nri a na-enweta na ndị ogbenye na agụụ; n'ọnọdụ nke oge a; nke a nwere ike ịgụnye nchịkọta nri site na nnukwu ụlọ ahịa na njedebe nke ụbọchị nke a ga-atụfu ma ọ bụghị ya. E nwere ọtụtụ òtù na-eme mkpokọta iji dozie nsogbu agụụ ọha; Society of St. Andrew, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na Boston Area Gleaners.

Ihe omume nchịkọta na-eme ebe ọ bụla nri karịrị akarị. Na mgbakwunye na nnukwu ụlọ ahịa, ịtụtụkọta ihe nwekwara ike ime n'ugbo dị n'ọhịa. Ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo, bụ́ ndị a na-akpọ ndị na-achịkọta ihe, na-aga n’ugbo ebe onye ọrụ ugbo na-enye ihe fọdụrụ n’ubi ha iji chịkọta ma nye onyinye n’ụlọ akụ nri. Na steeti New York na 2010, ụdị ịchịkọta ọka a napụtara naanị nde kilogram 3.6 nke mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri.i. [16]

Mgbe ndị mmadụ na-achịkọta ma na-ekesa nri, ha na-eme ya n'ihe ize ndụ ha; na Soviet Union, Iwu nke Spikelets (mgbe ụfọdụ a na-asụgharị "iwu banyere ịnakọta") [17] mere ka ịnakọta ihe, n'okpuru ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ, ma ọ bụ afọ 10 nke ọrụ mmanye n'ọnọdụ pụrụ iche.[18] Na US, Bill Emerson Good Samaritan Act nke 1996 gbochiri ibu ọrụ nke ndị na-enye onyinye na oge nke nleghara anya ma ọ bụ omume ọjọọ, na-ebelata ịnakọta ihe site na ọtụtụ ihe ize ndụ nke a na-ekwu na ọ na-egbochi nnyefe nri karịrị akarị site na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na ụlọ iri nri gaa na ebe nri mberede. Iwu ahụ na-ebute ụzọ kwuo Good Samaritan Acts, nke na-enye obere nchebe.[19]

N'àgwàetiti Bali, iwu ọdịnala na-enye ohere ka onye na-agafe agafe wepụta mkpụrụ osisi site n'ala - ọbụlagodi na osisi ahụ dị n'ala onwe onye.   [citation needed]

Na United States, e nwekwara iwu ndị na-akwado ma na-enye ikike. Iwu ndị a na-enye ụlọ ọrụ ohere ịnata enyemaka maka iji nchịkọta, na-enye ngalaba ọrụ ugbo iwu ka ha kwado nchịkọta ego na mba, ma na-enye ikike nkesa nke akwụkwọ nri ndị e nwetara site na nchịkọta.[1] N'afọ 2020, e nwere òtù 143 na-achịkọta ihe na United States na Canada jikọtara ọnụ, na-achịkwa ihe ọ bụla site na 163,000-5.2 nde pound nke nri a chịkọtara n'afọ.[20]

Ịma mma n'ihe osise

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Gleaning bụ isiokwu a ma ama na nka, ọkachasị na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu. Gleaning n'ime ime obodo France nọchitere anya na ihe osise Des Glaneuses (1857) nke Jean-François Millet na Le rappel des glaneuses (1 859) nke Jules Breton, ma nyochaa na ihe nkiri / nnwale nke afọ 2000, The Gleaners and I, nke Agnès Varda. Ihe osise Vincent van Gogh nke Nwanyị Na-arụ Ọrụ Ugbo na Nuenen, Netherlands (1885) dị na nchịkọta Charles Clore. [21]

  • Female figure in black skirt and white top holding gathered crops
    Jules Breton, The Gleaner, 1875, Aberdeen Art GalleryEbe Egwuregwu Ihe osise nke Aberdeen
  • Three figures in a field in the act of gathering leftover crops
    [Ihe na dere n'ala peeji]
  • Scene of many female figures gathering leftover crops in a field
    [Ihe na dere n'ala peeji]
  • Léon Augustin Lhermitte, Les glaneuses, 1898
    [Ihe na dere n'ala peeji]

Ịkụ ụmụ nwanyị

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Ịchịkọta ajị anụ nke Henry Herbert La Thangue

Ịchịkọta ajị anụ bụ omume yiri nke ịghọrọ, mana maka ajị anụ. Omume ahụ, nke na-adịkwaghịzi, bụ ịnakọta iberibe ajị anụ nke e jidere n'osisi na mgbidi ma ọ bụ daa n'ala ka atụrụ na-agafe. Njem na-agagharị agagharị nke onye na-eme ka okwu ahụ pụta dị ka ihe na-enweghị isi nke uche.[22]

Ịkụ azụ

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Ịma n'ala ahịhịa n'ime mmiri

N'akụkụ ụsọ oké osimiri, akọwaala mkpokọta dị ka "ịkụ azụ na ihe ndị bụ isi, gụnyere aka efu, na mmiri na-adịghị omimi karịa nke ahụ". Ịkụ azụ na-enweghị azụ (na-eje ije) bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ime ala ahịhịa n'ụwa niile, na-enye aka n'inye ọtụtụ narị nde mmadụ nri. [23] [24][25]

Nchịkọta gburugburu ebe obibi

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A na-ejikwa okwu nchịkọta eme ihe maka ụzọ iri nri nke na-agụnye iwere nri site n'elu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na Australia, a maara pardalotes (obere nnụnụ na-abụ abụ) maka iri nri ha na lerps, ụmụ ahụhụ na Eucalyptus sp. akwụkwọ.

Ọtụtụ azụ na-eri nri site n'iwepụ obere nri site na ebe siri ike, ihe atụ ọzọ nke nchịkọta gburugburu ebe obibi.

Hụkwa

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  • Canner (ọrụ)
  • Ịdaba n'ime mmiri
  • Ebe nchekwa nri
  • Nnapụta Nri
  • Nzọpụta nri
  • Freeganism
  • Tzedakah
  • Usufruct
  • Onye na-ekpofu ahịhịa

Ebem si dee

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  1. ↑ National Gleaning Project
  2. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Deu2420
  3. ↑ Templeeti:Jewish Encyclopedia
  4. ↑ Hullin 131a
  5. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Peah56
  6. ↑ Maimonides, Mishneh Torah, 4:11
  7. ↑ Pe'ah 2:5 (Palestinian Talmud)
  8. ↑ Hullin 134b
  9. ↑ Maimonides, Mishneh Torah, 1:14
  10. ↑ Gittin 59b
  11. ↑ Hussey (1997). "'The Last Survivor of an Ancient Race': The Changing Face of Essex Gleaning". The Agricultural History Review 45: 61–72. 
  12. ↑ Vardi (1993). "Construing the Harvest: Gleaners, Farmers, and Officials in Early Modern France". The American Historical Review 98: 1424–447. DOI:10.2307/2167061. 
  13. ↑ Shulchan Aruk, Yoreh De'ah 332:1
  14. ↑ "Israel prepares for 'fallow' new year", BBC News, 2007-09-12. Retrieved on 2010-05-03.
  15. ↑ "Food in Community: keeping community groups fed in Totnes", The Guardian, March 27, 2014.
  16. ↑ Lee, Deishen (April 2017). "Combining two wrongs to make two rights: Mitigating food insecurity and food waste through gleaning operations". Food Policy 68: 40–52. DOI:10.1016/j.foodpol.2016.12.004. 
  17. ↑ Polian (2004). Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR. Central European University Press, 87. ISBN 978-963-9241-68-8. 
  18. ↑ Solomon (1996). Soviet Criminal Justice Under Stalin. Cambridge University Press, 109–116. ISBN 978-0-521-40089-3. 
  19. ↑ MEMORANDUM FOR JAMES S. GILLILAND, GENERAL COUNSEL, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE (March 10, 1997).
  20. ↑ Peterson (2020). 2020 Gleaning Census. National Gleaning Project. Retrieved on November 7, 2022.
  21. ↑ Vincent van Gogh: The Drawings. vggallery.com.
  22. ↑ Woolgathering. Merriam-Webster online dictionary. Retrieved on December 18, 2019.
  23. ↑ Stiepani, J., Sandig, A. and Blicharska, M. (2023) ‘The Where, the How, and the Why of the gleaning fishery: Livelihoods, food security, threats and management on the island of Malalison, Philippines’, Ocean & Coastal Management, 244, p. 106806. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2023.106806.
  24. ↑ Stiepani, J., Jiddawi, N. and Mtwana Nordlund, L. (2023) ‘Social-ecological system analysis of an invertebrate gleaning fishery on the island of Unguja, Zanzibar’, Ambio, 52(1), pp. 140–154. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-022-01769-1.
  25. ↑ Stiepani, J. (2024) ‘Changing Coastlines of the Indo-Pacific : Local livelihoods and use of ecosystem resources from a social-ecological systems perspective’. Available at: https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-526284 (Accessed: 7 May 2024).

Njikọ mpụga

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