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Ịdị ọcha

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Usoro mkpofu: nchịkọta, njem, ọgwụgwọ, na iwepụ ma ọ bụ iji ya eme ihe ọzọ

 

 

Nlekọta ahụike ọha na eze metụtara mmiri ọṅụṅụ dị ọcha na ọgwụgwọ na iwepụ nsị mmadụ na nsị.[1] Igbochi mmetụ mmadụ na nsị bụ akụkụ nke Ịdị ọcha, dị ka ịsa aka na ncha. Usoro nhicha ahụ na-ezube ichebe ahụike mmadụ site n'inye gburugburu ebe obibi dị ọcha nke ga-akwụsị nnyefe nke ọrịa, ọkachasị site na ụzọ nsị-ọnụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, afọ ọsịsa, isi ihe na-akpata nsogbu nri na-edozi ahụ na uto na-adịghị mma n'ime ụmụaka, nwere ike belata site na ịdị ọcha zuru oke.[2] E nwere ọtụtụ ọrịa ndị ọzọ na-ebute ngwa ngwa na obodo ndị nwere ọkwa dị ala, dị ka ascariasis (ụdị ọrịa ikpuru eriri afọ ma ọ bụ helminthiasis), ọgbụgbọ na ọgbụgba, ịba ọcha n'anya, polio, schistosomiasis, na trachoma, Iji kpọọ aha ole na ole.

E nwere ọtụtụ teknụzụ na ụzọ mkpofu. Ihe atụ ụfọdụ bụ mkpocha zuru oke nke obodo, mkpocha nke container, mkpochi gburugburu ebe obibi, mkpoche mberede, mkpochapụ gburugburu ebe obibi na mkpocha na-adịgide adịgide. Usoro nhicha na-agụnye ijide, ichekwa, ibugharị, ọgwụgwọ na ikpofu ma ọ bụ iji nsị mmadụ na mmiri mkpofu.[3] Ọrụ iji ya mee ihe n'ime usoro nhicha ahụ nwere ike ilekwasị anya na ihe na-edozi ahụ, mmiri, ike ma ọ bụ ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe mkpofu na mmiri mkpofu. A na-akpọ nke a "usoro uru nke ịdị ọcha" ma ọ bụ "akụnụba nke ịdị ọcha". [4] [5] A na-akpọ ndị na-ahụ maka nhicha, ịnọgide na-elekọta, ịrụ ọrụ, ma ọ bụ ikpochapụ teknụzụ ịdị ọcha n'oge ọ bụla nke usoro ịdị ọcha. "Ndị ọrụ nhicha". : 2 : 2 

A na-eji ọtụtụ "ọkwa" ịdị ọcha iji tụnyere ọkwa ọrụ ịdị ọcha n'ime mba ma ọ bụ n'ofe mba.[6] Ugo nke ịdị ọcha akọwapụtara site na Joint Monitoring Programme na 2016 na-amalite na nsị na-aga n'ihu na-eji okwu "na-adịghị mma", "oke", "isi", na ọkwa kachasị elu bụ " n'enweghị nsogbu".[6] Nke a metụtara Mba ndị na-emepe emepe.

Nzukọ Ezumezu nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu nabatara ikike mmadụ nwere maka mmiri na ịdị ọcha n'afọ 2010. Idebe ihe dị ọcha bụ ihe kachasị mkpa maka mmepe zuru ụwa ọnụ na isiokwu nke Sustainable Development Goal 6. JMP"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-JMP2017-9","html":"WHO and UNICEF (2017) <a href=\"https://washdata.org/reports\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\" class=\"external text\" id=\"mwA94\">Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines</a> <a about=\"#mwt34\" class=\"external text\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Webarchive&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Webarchive&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20190725020452/https://washdata.org/reports&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2019-07-25&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190725020452/https://washdata.org/reports\" id=\"mwA98\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\" typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\">Archived</a><span about=\"#mwt34\" id=\"mwA-A\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"> 2019-07-25 at the </span><a about=\"#mwt34\" class=\"cx-link\" data-linkid=\"768\" href=\"./Wayback_Machine\" id=\"mwA-E\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Wayback Machine\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Wayback Machine</a><link about=\"#mwt34\" href=\"./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links\" id=\"mwA-I\" rel=\"mw:PageProp/Category\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2017"}}" id="cite_ref-JMP2017_9-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Sanitation#cite_note-JMP2017-9 [1]] Atụmatụ na 2017 site na JMP na-ekwu na ijeri mmadụ 4.5 ugbu a enweghị ịdị ọcha n'enweghị nsogbu. [1] Enweghị ohere ịnweta ịdị ọcha nwere mmetụta ọ bụghị naanị na ahụike ọha na eze kamakwa na ùgwù mmadụ na nchekwa onwe onye.  

Nkọwa

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Vidio na-eme ihe nkiri iji mesie mkpa ịdị ọcha dị (ebe a na-elekwasị anya na ụlọ mposi) na ahụike ọha na eze na Mba ndị na-emepe emepe
Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ dị mma n'obodo ukwu na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ime obodo dị mma, 2015.[7]

E nwere ụfọdụ ọdịiche dị iche iche na ojiji nke okwu ahụ bụ "ịdị ọcha" n'etiti mba na òtù dị iche iche. Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa A na-akọwa okwu ahụ bụ "ịdị ọcha" dị ka ndị a: A na-agụnye ihe anọ ndị a na-agụnye ihe ndị a niile: usoro nchịkwa nsị, usoro nchịkwa mmiri mkpofu (gụnyere ebe a bụ Ụlọ ọrụ na-edozi mmiri mkpofu), usoro Nchịkwa ihe mkpofu siri ike yana usoro nsị mmiri maka mmiri ozuzo, nke a na-akpọkwa nsị mmiri ozuzo. [citation needed] Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ ndị nọ na ngalaba WASH na-agụnye naanị njikwa nsị na nkọwa ha nke ịdị ọcha. 

Ihe atụ ọzọ nke ihe a gụnyere na Ịdị ọcha dị n'akwụkwọ ntuziaka site na Sphere na "Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response" nke na-akọwa ụkpụrụ kacha nta na "akụkụ nzaghachi dị mkpa" anọ Ngalaba nzaghachi dị mkpa na Humanitarian Response. Otu n'ime ha bụ "Nkwado Mmiri, Nlekọta Mmiri na Nkwalite Ịdị ọcha" (WASH) ma ọ gụnyere Mpaghara ndị a: Nkwalite Ị dị ọcha, inye mmiri, njikwa nsị, njikwa vector, njikwa ihe mkpofu siri ike na WASH na Ntiwapụ nke ọrịa na ntọala nlekọta ahụike.  : 91 : 91 

Ọtụtụ ndị na-ahụ nkwalite Ịdị ọcha dị ka akụkụ dị mkpa nke ịdị ọcha. The Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council na-akọwa

N'agbanyeghị eziokwu ahụ bụ na ịdị ọcha gụnyere ọgwụgwọ mmiri nri, a na-ejikarị okwu abụọ ahụ eme ihe dị ka "ịdị ọcha na njikwa mmiri mmiri".

Nkọwa ọzọ dị na ntuziaka nduzi Nkọwa bụ DFID Ntuziaka Manuel na mmemme mmiri na ịdị ọcha sitere na Ịdị ọcha nwere ike ịgụnye ịdị ọcha onwe onye na ịdị ọcha ọha na eze. Ọrụ ịdị ọcha onwe onye nwere ike ịgụnye ijikwa ihe mkpofu nwoke, ihicha ụlọ mposi ụlọ, na ijikwa ihe mkpofu ụlọ. Ọrụ ịdị ọcha ọha na eze nwere ike ịgụnye ịnakọta ihe mkpofu, mbufe na ọgwụgwọ (njikwa mkpofu siri ike nke obodo), ihicha drains, n'okporo ámá, ụlọ akwụkwọ, ụgbọ oloko, ebe ọha na eze, ụlọ mposi obodo na ụlọ mposi ọha, nsị mmiri, ịrụ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ nsị, wdg. [1]: 4 Ndị ọrụ na-enye ọrụ ndị a maka ndị ọzọ

Ebumnuche

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Ịnweta mmiridị ọcha dị mma (2016)

Ebumnuche nke ịdị ọcha bụ inye gburugburu ebe obibi dị mma maka onye ọ bụla, iji chekwaa akụ ndị sitere n'okike. (dị ka mmiri dị n'elu, mmiri dị n"okpuru ala, ala), yana inye ndị mmadụ nchekwa, nchekwa na ùgwù mgbe ha na-eme nsị ma ọ bụ na-eme mamịrị. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [citation needed]

Nzukọ Ezumezu nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu (UN) nabatara ikike mmadụ maka mmiri na ịdị ọcha n'afọ 2010. [8] [9] A nabatara ya na iwu mba ụwa site na nkwekọrịta ikike mmadụ, nkwupụta na ụkpụrụ ndị ọzọ. A na-enweta ya site na ikike mmadụ na ọnọdụ ndụ zuru oke.

Usoro nhicha dị irè na-enye ihe mgbochi n'etiti nsị na ụmụ mmadụ n'ụzọ ga-emebi usoro mbufe ọrịa (dịka ọmụmaatụ n'ihe gbasara ọrịa na-ebute nsị). A na-ahụ akụkụ a na F-diagram ebe ụzọ niile isi nke ọrịa fecal-oral na-amalite na mkpụrụedemede F: nsị, mkpịsị aka, ụmụ ahụhụ, ubi, mmiri, nri.[10]

A ghaghị ime ka akụrụngwa dị ọcha kwekọọ n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ ụfọdụ gụnyere atụmanya ndị na-azụ ahịa na ihe onwunwe mpaghara dịnụ. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [citation needed]

Nkà na ụzụ mkpofu nwere ike ịgụnye ihe owuwu injinia dị ka Usoro nsị, ọgwụgwọ nsị, nhazi nsị n'elu na ebe a na-ekpofu ihe. A na-emepụta ihe owuwu ndị a iji gwọọ mmiri na ihe mkpofu obodo. Nkà na ụzụ mkpocha nwekwara ike iwere ụdị usoro mkpocha dị mfe. Nke a nwere ike ịnwe n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ ụlọ mposi dị mfe ma ọ bụ ụdị ụlọ mposi ndị ọzọ na-abụghị mmiri maka akụkụ njikwa nsị.

Inye ndị mmadụ idebe ihe ọcha chọrọ nlebara anya na usoro ahụ dum, ọ bụghị naanị na-elekwasị anya n'akụkụ teknụzụ dị ka ụlọ mposi, njikwa nsị ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-edozi mmiri. "Ụzọ mkpofu" na-agụnye ahụmịhe nke onye ọrụ, usoro Nchịkwa nsị na mmiri mkpofu, ibugharị na ọgwụgwọ nke ihe mkpofu, na iji ma ọ bụ kpochapụ. Ihe niile dị mkpa ka a tụlee ya nke ọma.[11]

Mmetụta akụ na ụba

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Uru ọha na eze nwere nke ijikwa nsị mmadụ buru ibu, maka ahụike ọha na eze yana maka gburugburu ebe obibi. Dị ka atụmatụ siri ike: Maka US $ 1 ọ bụla a na-emefu na nhicha, nloghachi na ọha mmadụ bụ US $ 5.50 .[12] : 2 : 2 

Maka mba ndị na-emepe emepe, ego akụ na ụba nke enweghị ịdị ọcha zuru oke bụ nnukwu nchegbu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, dị ka nnyocha nke World Bank si kwuo, mmebi akụ na ụba n'ihi enweghị ịdị ọcha zuru oke na akụ na ụba India bụ 6.4% nke GDP ya.[13] Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a bụ n'ihi ọnwụ mberede, oge furu efu na ịnweta, mmepụta ihe, ụgwọ ndị ọzọ maka nlekọta ahụike na ndị ọzọ.[13] Enweghị ịdị ọcha zuru oke na-eduga na mfu site na ego njem nleta.[13] Nnyocha a chọpụtakwara na mmetụta dị elu karịa maka ndị ogbenye, ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka. N'aka nke ọzọ, nnweta nke ụlọ mposi n'ụlọ na-enye aka n'ụzọ dị mma na ọdịmma akụ na ụba nke ụmụ nwanyị ka ọ na-eduga na mmụba nke ịgụ na ide na itinye aka na ndị ọrụ.[14]

Ụdị na echiche (maka njikwa nsị)

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Percentage of population served by different types of sanitation systems[15]
Ihe atụ nke akụrụngwa dị ọcha: Ịsa ahụ, mposi abụọ na-eme ka mmiri dị jụụ (UDDT) na mposi na-enweghị mmiri na Lima, Peru

A na-ejikọta okwu ahụ dị ọcha na nkọwa ma ọ bụ adjectives dị iche iche iji gosipụta ụdị usoro ịdị ọcha ụfọdụ (nke nwere ike ịmekọrịta naanị njikwa nsị mmadụ ma ọ bụ usoro ịdị ọcha dum, ya bụ, mmiri na-acha ntụ ntụ, mmiri ozuzo na njikwa ihe mkpofu siri ike) - n'usoro mkpụrụ akwụkwọ:

Idebe ihe ọcha

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N'afọ 2017, JMP kọwara okwu ọhụrụ: "ọrụ mkpofu". A na-akọwa nke a dị ka ojiji nke ụlọ mposi ka mma nke na-esoghị n'ezinụlọ ndị ọzọ. A na-akpọ ọkwa dị ala ugbu a "ọrụ mkpofu dị oke ala" nke na-ezo aka n'iji ụlọ mkpofu dị mma nke ezinụlọ abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa na-ekerịta.

Mmiri dị ọcha nke na-adabere na container

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  1. ↑ sanitation | Definition of sanitation in English by Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford Dictionaries | English. Archived from the original on November 17, 2017. Retrieved on 2017-11-17.
  2. ↑ Diarrhoeal disease (en-GB). World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 2014-04-01. Retrieved on 2017-11-17.
  3. ↑ Gates Foundation (2010). Water Sanitation Hygiene Fact Sheet 2010. Gates Foundation. Archived from the original on 2020-10-21. Retrieved on 2017-11-17.
  4. ↑ Paranipe (19 September 2017). The rise of the sanitation economy: how business can help solve a global crisis. Thomson Reuters Foundation News. Archived from the original on 29 December 2019. Retrieved on November 13, 2017.
  5. ↑ (2017) Introducing the Sanitation Economy. Toilet Board Coalition. Retrieved on 2017-12-19. 
  6. 1 2 Sanitation | JMP (en). washdata.org. Archived from the original on 2021-07-21. Retrieved on 2017-11-17.
  7. ↑ Urban sanitation facilities vs. rural sanitation facilities. Our World in Data. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved on 6 March 2020.
  8. ↑ General Assembly. Archived from the original on 2017-03-19. Retrieved on 2019-11-25.
  9. ↑ The human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation. Archived from the original on 2017-08-25. Retrieved on 2019-11-25.
  10. ↑ Conant (2005). Sanitation and Cleanliness for a Healthy Environment. Berkeley, California, USA: The Hesperian Foundation in collaboration with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Sida. 
  11. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Tilley".
  12. ↑ WWAP (United Nations World Water Assessment Programme) (2017). The United Nations World Water Development Report 2017. Wastewater: The Untapped Resource. ISBN 978-92-3-100201-4. 
  13. 1 2 3 WSP (2011). The economic Impacts of Inadequate Sanitation in India.. Water and Sanitation Programme, The World Bank. 
  14. ↑ Gius (2015). "The Relationship between Inadequate Sanitation Facilities and the Economic Well-Being of Women in India". Journal of Economics and Development Studies 3 (1). DOI:10.15640/jeds.v3n1a2. ISSN 2334-2382. 
  15. ↑ WWAP (United Nations World Water Assessment Programme) (2017). The United Nations World Water Development Report 2017. Wastewater: The Untapped Resource. ISBN 978-92-3-100201-4. 

Mmiri dị ọcha nke obodo

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Mmiri na-adịghị ọcha

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Okwu ahụ bụ "ikpocha mmiri" anaghị eji ya eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe, akọwaghịkwa ya nke ọma. Ọ na-ezo aka na usoro nke na-eji ụdị ụlọ mposi kpọrọ nkụ na enweghị ihe mkpofu iji buru nsị. Ọtụtụ mgbe mgbe ndị mmadụ na-ekwu maka "ikpocha mmiri" ha na-ekwu na usoro mkpocha nke na-eji ụlọ mposi na-eme ka mmiri na-emebi mmiri (UDDTs).

Ịdị ọcha gburugburu ebe obibi

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Ngwá ọrụ mkpuchi olulu mberede site na Evenproducts

Ịdị ọcha gburugburu ebe obibi

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Mmiri dị ọcha gburugburu ebe obibi na-agụnye njikwa nke ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi ndị metụtara ọrịa. Akụkụ nke ụdị a bụ njikwa ihe mkpofu siri ike, mmiri na Mmiri mkpofu, ọgwụgwọ Ihe mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ na njikwa mmetọ mkpọtụ. Dị ka ụlọ ọrụ ahụike ụwa (WHO) si kwuo, akọwapụtara ịdị ọcha gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka njikwa nke ihe ndị ahụ niile dị na gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-enwe mmetụta na-emerụ ahụ na mmepe ahụike, ahụike na ndụ mmadụ. Otu n'ime ọrụ bụ isi nke ịdị ọcha gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ichebe ahụike ọha na eze. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [citation needed]

Mmetụta dị ọcha nke gburugburu ebe obibi site n'aka onye otu NGO
Omume dị ọcha nke otu NGO haziri

Nchịkwa nsị

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Imeziwanye na imeziwanye ịdị ọcha

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Enweghị ịdị ọcha

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Enweghị ịdị ọcha na-ezo aka na enweghị ịdị ọcha. N'okwu ndị dị irè, ọ na-apụtakarị enweghị ụlọ mposi ma ọ bụ enweghị ụlọ mpụ dị ọcha nke onye ọ bụla ga-achọ iji n'afọ ofufo. Nsonaazụ nke enweghị ịdị ọcha na-abụkarị nsị na-emeghe (na nsị na oghe ma nke a anaghị echegbu onwe ya) na nsogbu ahụike ọha na eze siri ike.[1] A na-eme atụmatụ na ijeri mmadụ 2.4 ka na-enweghị ụlọ mposi ka mma gụnyere nde mmadụ 660 na-enweghị mmiri ọṅụṅụ dị mma ka ọ na-erule afọ 2015.[2][3]

A na-akọwa ịdị ọcha n'ebe ahụ (ma ọ bụ ịdị ọcha n"ebe ahụ) dị ka "usoro ịdị ọcha nke a na-anakọta nsị na Mmiri na-adịghị mma ma chekwaa ma ọ bụ dozie ya na ogige ebe a na-emepụta ha". :: 173  Okwu ọzọ a na-eji maka otu usoro ahụ bụ usoro nhicha na-enweghị nsị (NSSS), nke jupụtara n'ọtụtụ mba. NSSS na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na njikwa dị nchebe nke nsị, na-aza ajụjụ maka ihe dịka ọkara nke usoro nhicha niile dị.[4] Ọdịdị ọgwụgwọ nwere ike ịdịgasị iche, site na enweghị ruo n'ọkwa. Ihe atụ bụ ụlọ mposi (enweghị ọgwụgwọ) na tankị septic (ọgwụgwọ mbụ nke mmiri mkpofu). A na-ejikọkarị usoro nhicha dị n'ebe ahụ na usoro Nchịkwa nsị (FSM) ebe a na-agwọ nsị nke a na-emepụta n'ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ. A na-emepụta mmiri mkpofu (ihe nsị) naanị mgbe mmiri dị na paịpụ dị n'ime ụlọ ma ọ bụ na nso ha. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [citation needed]

Okwu yiri ya bụ Usoro mmiri na-adịghị mma nke na-ezo aka karịsịa na akụkụ mmiri na-enweghị isi nke ịdị ọcha n'ebe ahụ. N'otu aka ahụ, ụlọ ọrụ nsị dị n'ebe ahụ nwere ike ịgwọ mmiri nsị a na-emepụta n'ógbè ahụ. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [citation needed]

A na-eme atụmatụ na ikuku methane zuru ụwa ọnụ sitere na NSSS na 2020 dị ka 377 Mt CO2e kwa afọ ma ọ bụ 4.7% nke ikuku methane sitere n'ụwa niile, nke a pụrụ iji tụnyere ikuku gas na-ekpo ọkụ site na ụlọ ọrụ nhicha mmiri. Nke a pụtara na ikuku GHG sitere na NSSS bụ isi iyi na-enweghị isi.[4]

Nlekọta dị mma

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Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities in 2022
Ọnụ ọgụgụ ebe ịsa aka n'ụwa, 2022

Nlekọta dị ọcha bụ ọkwa kachasị elu nke ịdị ọcha n'ụlọ nke atụmatụ mmepe na-adịgide adịgide nke 6 chepụtara.[5] A na-atụle ya n'okpuru Sustainable Development Goal 6.2, Indicator 6.2.1, dị ka "ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị mmadụ na-eji (a) ọrụ nhicha na (b) ụlọ ịsa aka na ncha na mmiri". [6] Ọnụ ego dị ugbu a na atụmatụ 2024 nke United Nations bụ na ijeri mmadụ 3.4 enweghị usoro nhicha.[7]

A na-akọwa ịdị ọcha a na-achịkwa n'ụzọ dị mma dị ka ụlọ ọrụ dị ọcha nke a na-ejikọghị ya na ezinụlọ ndị ọzọ, na ebe a na-edozi ma tụfuo nsị a na-emepụta n'ebe ahụ, na-echekwa ya nwa oge wee tụfuo ya ma buru ya gaa ọgwụgwọ n'èzí, ma ọ bụ na-ebugharị ya site na nsị nwere mmiri nsị wee gwọọ ya n'èbe.[6] N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, usoro nhicha dị n'enweghị nsogbu bụ ọrụ nhicha dị mkpa ebe a na-atụfu nsị n'enweghị ihe mgbochi n'ebe ahụ ma ọ bụ buru ya ma gwọọ ya n'ebe ọzọ.

Idebe ihe ọcha

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  1. ↑ Mara (2017). "The elimination of open defecation and its adverse health effects: a moral imperative for governments and development professionals" (in en). Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 7 (1): 1–12. DOI:10.2166/washdev.2017.027. ISSN 2043-9083. Retrieved on 2017-08-17. 
  2. ↑ WHO and UNICEF Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2015 Update Archived 2021-02-12 at the Wayback Machine, WHO, Geneva and UNICEF, New York
  3. ↑ European Investment Bank (2019). On Water (in en). Publications Office. DOI:10.2867/509830. ISBN 978-92-861-4319-9. Retrieved on 2020-12-07. 
  4. 1 2 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ":1".
  5. ↑ JMP - Sanitation. washdata.org. Joint Monitoring Programme of UNICEF and WHO. Archived from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved on 25 February 2021.
  6. 1 2 Indicator 6.2.1 - Proportion of population using safely managed sanitation services, including a handwashing facility with soap and water. sdg6monitoring.org. UN Water. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved on 25 February 2021.
  7. ↑ Martin. Water and Sanitation (en-US). United Nations Sustainable Development. Retrieved on 2025-08-13.

Ụdị, echiche na usoro ndị ọzọ

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Templeeti:Owidslider

Ụlọ ọrụ na-edozi nsị, Australia.

Nchịkwa mmiri mkpofu na-agụnye nchịkọta, ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu (ma ọ bụ mmiri mkpofu nke obodo ma ọ bụ nke ụlọ ọrụ), mkpofu ma ọ bụ iji mmiri mkpofu a na-edozi eme ihe. A na-akpọkwa nke ikpeazụ dị ka mmiri mkpocha. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [citation needed]

Sanitation systems in urban areas of developed countries usually consist of the collection of wastewater in gravity driven sewers, its treatment in wastewater treatment plants for reuse or disposal in rivers, lakes or the sea. [citation needed]

Na Mba ndị na-emepe emepe, a ka na-ewepụ ọtụtụ mmiri na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ na gburugburu ebe obibi.[1] Ihe ndị ọzọ na-eme ka usoro nsị dị n'etiti gụnyere ịdị ọcha n'ebe ahụ, usoro mmiri nsị dị iche iche, Ụlọ mposi kpọrọ nkụ ejikọtara na njikwa nsị.

Mmiri mmiri ozuzo

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  A na-ejikọta nsị na nsị Mmiri ozuzo ma ọ bụ kewapụ ha dị ka nsị mmiri. A na-ahụkarị nsị ndị a jikọtara ọnụ n'etiti, akụkụ ochie ma ọ bụ obodo ukwu. Mmiri ozuzo siri ike na mmezi ezughi oke nwere ike iduga na ngụkọta nke nsị ma ọ bụ nsị nsị dị ọcha, ya bụ, a na-ewepụ nsị na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ụlọ ọrụ na-ewepụkarị mmiri nsị n'ime ụlọ mposi obodo, nke nwere ike ime ka ọgwụgwọ mmiri nsị dị mgbagwoju anya ọ gwụla ma ụlọ ọrụ na-edozi mmiri ha.Templeeti:Owidslider

Hiriya Landfill, Israel.

A na-atụfu Ihe mkpofu siri ike n'ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa, mana ọkụ, imegharị ihe, composting na ntụgharị gaa na biofuels bụkwa ụzọ. N'ihe banyere ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa, mba ndị dị elu na-enwekarị usoro iwu siri ike maka mkpuchi ala kwa ụbọchị, ebe Mba ndị na-emepebeghị emepe na-adabere na usoro iwu siri oke. Mkpa nke mkpuchi kwa ụbọchị dị na mbelata nke njikọ vector na mgbasa nke pathogens. Ihe mkpuchi kwa ụbọchị na-ebelata ikuku na-esi ísì ma belata ihe mkpofu ikuku na-ebugharị. N'otu aka ahụ, mba ndị mepere emepe na-enwekarị ihe achọrọ maka imechi gburugburu ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa na ụdị ala ụrọ iji belata mbugharị nke leachate nke nwere ike imerụ Mmiri dị n'okpuru ala (ma si otú a mee ka ụfọdụ mmiri ọṅụṅụ dị n'ihe ize ndụ).

Maka nhọrọ ọkụ, ntọhapụ nke mmetọ ikuku, gụnyere ụfọdụ ihe na-egbu egbu bụ nsonaazụ ọjọọ. Recycling na biofuel ntụgharị bụ nhọrọ na-adịgide adịgide nke na-enwekarị ọnụahịa ndụ dị elu, ọkachasị mgbe a na-atụle nsonaazụ gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọnụ ahịa composting ga-emesị bụrụ nke ahịa chọrọ maka ngwaahịa compost. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [citation needed]

Nchebe Nri

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Ebe a na-akwadebe nri n'Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ nke oge a.
Page 'Container-based sanitation' not found

Nlekọta n'ime ụlọ ọrụ nri pụtara ọgwụgwọ zuru oke nke ebe nri na-emetụ aka site na usoro nke dị irè n'ibibi mkpụrụ ndụ ahịhịa nke microorganisms nke dị mkpa maka ahụike ọha na eze, yana ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke microorganismes ndị ọzọ a na-achọghị, mana na-enweghị mmetụta ọjọọ na nri ma ọ bụ nchekwa ya maka ndị na-azụ ahịa (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Code of Federal Regulations, 21CFR110, USA). Usoro Ọrụ nke Sanitation Standard bụ iwu maka ụlọ ọrụ nri na United States. N'otu aka ahụ, na Japan, a ga-enweta ịdị ọcha nri site n'ịgbaso iwu ịdị ọcha nri.[2]

N'ime ụlọ ọrụ nri na biopharmaceutical, okwu ahụ bụ "ngwá ọrụ dị ọcha" pụtara ngwá ọrụ nke nwere ike ịsacha kpamkpam site na iji usoro dị ọcha (CIP) na usoro sterilization-in-place (SIP): nke ahụ nwere ike ịpụ kpamkpam na ngwọta nhicha na mmiri ndị ọzọ. Nhazi ahụ kwesịrị ịnwe obere ụkwụ nwụrụ anwụ, ma ọ bụ ebe ọgba aghara n'oge nhicha ezughi ezu iji wepụ ngwaahịa. N'ozuzu, iji melite ịdị ọcha, a na-eji Stainless Steel 316L, (ngwakọta nwere obere molybdenum) emepụta ngwá ọrụ a. A na-ejikarị eletropole elu ya ruo n'ókè dị irè nke na-erughị 0.5 micrometer iji belata ohere nke njikọ nje bacteria.

Nkwalite ịdị ọcha

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Page 'Community-led total sanitation' not found
Mmụta ịdị ọcha (na Ịsa aka kwesịrị ekwesị) na Afghanistan

N'ọtụtụ ntọala, inye naanị ụlọ mposi anaghị ekwe nkwa ahụike dị mma nke ndị mmadụ. Nnyocha atụwo aro na mmetụta nke omume ịdị ọcha nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ọrịa ndị metụtara ịdị ọcha dị ka inye ihe ndị dị ọcha. N'ihi ya, nkwalite ịdị ọcha bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ịdị ọcha ma na-abụkarị isi ihe na-eme ka ahụike dị mma.[3]

Nkwalite ịdị ọcha bụ usoro a haziri ahazi iji mee ka ndị mmadụ mee ihe ma gbanwee omume ha iji belata na / ma ọ bụ gbochie ihe ndị metụtara WASH" id="mwAn8" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="WASH">mmiri, ịdị ọcha na ịdị ọcha (WASH) [4] . Ọ na-agụnyekarị usoro itinye aka nke itinye ndị nnọchiteanya na mmadụ n'ọrụ iji were ọrụ na akụrụngwa WASH gụnyere ọrụ ya na mmezi ya. Ihe atọ dị mkpa nke ịkwalite ịdị ọcha bụ; ịkekọrịta ozi na ihe ọmụma, ịhazi obodo ndị metụtara na inye ihe na ihe ndị dị mkpa.

"F-diagram" (nri, mkpịsị aka, ụmụ ahụhụ, ubi, mmiri, nri), na-egosi ụzọ ọrịa na-efe efe. Ahịrị ndị na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-egosi ihe mgbochi: ụlọ mposi, mmiri dị mma, ịdị ọcha na Ịsa aka.
Page 'Ecological sanitation' not found
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Akụkụ gburugburu ebe obibi

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Ihe ndị na-egosi ihe ndị dị ndụ

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Mgbe a na-enyocha ihe nlele gburugburu ebe obibi, a na-eji ụdị ihe dị iche iche na-egosi ihe iji chọpụta mmetọ nsị nke ihe nlele ahụ. Ihe ngosi ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka Nnyocha mmiri nje nje bacteria gụnyere nje bacteria Escherichia coli (nke a na-akpọ E. coli) na fecal coliforms na-abụghị kpọmkwem. Banyere ihe nlele nke ala, nsị, ihe ndị dị ndụ ma ọ bụ ihe nsị sitere na Ụlọ mposi kpọrọ nkụ, àkwá helminth bụ ihe ngosi a na-ejikarị eme ihe. Site na nyocha nke àkwá helminth, a na-ewepụta àkwá site na sample ahụ mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na'eme nnọchi anya steeti na-anọchite anya mpaghara wale iji mee ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti àkwá dị irè na nke na-adịghị adị. A na-agụta akụkụ dị irè nke àkwá helminth na sample ahụ.

Mgbanwe ihu igwe

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Usoro zuru ụwa ọnụ

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Ihe mgbaru ọsọ na-adịgide adịgide 6

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United Nations SDG 6 Logo

N'afọ 2016, Ihe mgbaru ọsọ mmepe ụwa-adịgide adịgide nọchiri Ihe mgbaruzu mmepe nke puku afọ. Idebe ihe dị ọcha bụ ihe kachasị mkpa maka mmepe zuru ụwa ọnụ ma gụnye Ihe mgbaru ọsọ mmepe na-adịgide adịgide 6 (SDG 6). Ebumnuche bụ maka "mmiri dị ọcha na ịdị ọcha maka mmadụ niile" site na 2030.[5] A na-eme nke a na-akpọkwa nke e atụmatụ na nde mmadụ 660 ka na-enweghị mmiri ọṅụṅụ dị mma ka ọ na-erule afọ 2015.[6][7]

Kemgbe ọrịa COVID-19 na 2020, ọgụ maka mmiri dị ọcha na ịdị ọcha dị mkpa karịa mgbe ọ bụla. Ịsa aka bụ otu n'ime ụzọ mgbochi a na-ahụkarị maka Coronavirus, ma mmadụ abụọ n'ime mmadụ ise enweghị ohere ịnweta ebe ịsa aka.[8]

Example for lack of sanitation: Unhygienic pit latrine with ring slab in Kalibari community in Mymensingh, Bangladesh

Òtù Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu, n'oge Nzukọ Millennium na New York na 2000 na Nzukọ Ụwa nke 2002 na Mmepe Na-adịgide adịgide na Johannesburg, mepụtara Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) nke e mere iji kpochapụ ịda ogbenye na mmepe na-adịgide. Ebumnuche nke ịdị ọcha maka afọ 2015 bụ iji ọkara belata ọnụ ọcha na-agụnye gụgụ ndị na-enweghị mmiri ọṅụṅụ na ịdị ọcha n'afọ 1990. Dị ka JMP na United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Human Development Report na 2006 gosipụtara, ọganihu na-ezute ebumnuche nke ịdị ọcha nke MDG dị nwere ayọ, yana nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'etiti mkpuchi ebumnuche na eziokwu dị ugbu a.

Logo gbanwere nke International Year of Sanitation, nke e ji mee ihe na UN Drive ruo 2015 campaign logo

N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2006, Nzukọ Ezumezu nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu kwupụtara afọ 2008 "Afọ Mba Nile nke Ịdị ọcha", iji kwado ọganihu dị nwayọ a na-eme maka ebumnuche nke ịdị ọcha MDGs.[9] Ebumnuche nke afọ ahụ bụ ịzụlite mmata na ihe ndị ọzọ iji mezuo ebumnuch nse ahụ.

E nwere ọtụtụ ihe kpatara na ahu a ọdịiche a. Otu isi bụ na a naghị enyefe ịdị ọcha nlebara anya ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị site na isiokwu ndị ọzọ n'agbanyeghị mkpa ọ dị. Idebe Mmiri adịghị elu na atụmatụ mmepe mba ụwa, a na-ekwukwa ọrụ ndị metụtara ọrụ inye mmiri.[10]

Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation nke WHO na UNICEF (JMP)anọwo na-ebipụta anọwo na-ebipụta akụkọ nke atụmatụ emelitere kwa afọ abụọ na ojiji nke ụdị mmiri ọṅụṅụ dị iche iche na ụlọ ọrụ nhicha na mba, mpaghara na ụwa. Akụkọ JMP maka afọ 2015 kwuru na: [6]

  • N'agbata afọ 1990 na afọ 2015, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-eme nsị n'èzí belatara site na 38% ruo 25% n'ụwa niile. Ihe na-erughị otu ijeri mmadụ (946 nde) ka na-eme nsị n'ụwa niile na 2015.
  • 82% nke ndị bi n'obodo ukwu zuru ụwa ọnụ, na 51% nke ndị bi na ime obodo na-eji ụlọ mposi ka mma na 2015, dịka nkọwa JMP nke "mposi ka mma".

Omume iji kwalite ịdị ọcha

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N'afọ 2011, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation malitere "Reinvent the Toilet Challenge" iji kwalite ụzọ dị nchebe, nke dị irè iji gwọọ ihe mkpofu mmadụ. Usoro ihe omume nke mmemme a bụ ịmepụta teknụzụ nke Nke ahụ ike inyere aka dozie ọdịiche dị n'etiti ịdị ọcha zuru ụwa ọnụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ Omni Processor, ma ọ bụ teknụzụ maka njikwa nsị). N'afọ 2015, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation bipụtara "Mmiri, ịdị ọcha, na mmelite atụmatụ ịdị ọcha" nke akpọrọ "Mkpa iwu maka ịdị ọcha".

Ihe ọhụrụ na mpaghara nke ịdị ọcha nke ahụike ọha na eze na a eze, ugbu a na-anwale, gụnyere - iji 'ihe ọṅụṅụ na-aba n'anya na-emepụta aka'; 'imeziwanye ụlọ mposi ọhụrụ'; na 'ikpocha nke na-adabere na container'. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), ụlọ ọrụ ahụike ọha na eze nke United States anabatala atụmatụ atọ ahụ.

Mmepe ikike

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A na-ewere Mmepe ikike dị ka usoro dị mkpa iji nweta ọganihu na ngalaba nhicha. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na India, e mere ikpo okwu Sanitation Capacity Building (SCBP) iji "kwado ma wuo ikike nke obodo / obodo iji hazie ma tinye n'ọrụ ngwọta nke ịdị ọcha" na ego nke Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation site na 2015 ruo 2022.[11] Nsonaazụ sitere na ọrụ a gosipụtara na mmepe ikike kachasị mma na-eme n'ọrụ na n'omenala nzukọ mmụta. N'ime atụmanya matụ mmepe ikike gọọmentị, ọ dị oke mkpa inwe iwu na ego mmemme iji sụgharịa ntinye mmepe ikike n'ime mmemme na mmepe obodo site na ụta akụrụngwa. Mmepe ikike na-ezube inye ndị ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ike, mepụta usoro mmụta, ọdịnaya mmụta na usoro ọzụzụ, yana mmekọrịta siri ike na ụlọ ọrụ mmụta.[12] Capacity Development Effectiveness Ladder Framework (CDEL) na-akọwa nzọụkwụ ise dị mkpa maka itinye aka na mmepe ikike: Ịmepụta ọdịnaya mmụta mbụ, mmekọrịta maka mmụta na mgbasa ozi, usoro mmụta, ịhụ mgbanwe na imepụta ihe ngwọta, onyinye maka okwu mmepe ikike. [12]

Ihe Ndị Na-efu

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E mere nnyocha na 2018 iji tụnyere ọnụahịa ndụ nke usoro nhicha zuru oke n'obodo ndị na-emepe emepe nke Africa na Eshia. Ọ chọpụtara na usoro nsị ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ nhọrọ mkpofu kachasị ọnụ, na-esote, n'usoro ọnụahịa, usoro mkpofu nke gụnyere tankị septic, ụlọ mposi ikuku ka mma (VIP), ụlọ mposi na-adọba mmiri na ụlọ mposi.[13] Ihe ndị bụ isi na-ekpebi mmefu ego nke ime obodo gụnyere: Ụdị teknụzụ, ọrụ, ihe onwunwe na ọnụahịa, njupụta, ọdịdị ala, ọkwa ọrụ nke usoro ime ụlọ, ọnọdụ ala, ọnụahị a ike na ndị ọzọ (ebe dị anya na ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụgwọ mmiri, ihu igwe, njedebe nke ngwaahịa hịa ọgwụgwọ, ụdị azụmahịa, ịdị elu nke tebụl mmiri). [13]

Ụfọdụ òtù ndị na-ahụ maka ụlọ mposi anwalewo ụlọ mposi na-achịkwa obodo nke ezinụlọ nwere ike ikpuchi ụgwọ owuwu na mmezi ya. Otu nnyocha nke yocha nke Mumbai informal settlements chọpụtara na US $ 1.58 kwa okenye ga-ezu maka owuwu, na ihe na-egbu -erughị US $ 1 / ezinụlọ / ọnwa ga-ezu maka mmezi. [14]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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Obodo ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịmalite naanị ebe mmiri dị ọcha dị n'elu dị ọtụtụ, dị ka n'akụkụ osimiri ma ọ bụ isi iyi. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme niile, ndebirị mmadụ emepụ tala usoro iji nweta mmiri iri n'ime obodo na ezinụlọ ha, na iji kpochapụ (ma mesịa gwọọ) mmiri nsị.[15] Ihe a na-elekwasị anya ya n'ịgwọ nsị n'oge e ahụ bụ ibufe nsị na mmiri sitere n'okike, dịka a osimiri ma ọ bụ oké osimiri, ebe a ga-agbanye ya ma kpochapụ ya.

The Sanitation in the Indus Valley Civilization in Asia bụ ihe atụ nke inye mmiri ọha na eze na ịdị ọcha na-agụnye n'oge Bronze Age (3300-1300 BCE). Idebe Oge Ọcha na Rom oge ochie dị nnọọ ukwuu. Usoro ndị a nwere mmiri na-emebi si na nkume na oasis i na-anakọta ma wepụ mmiri na-adịghị mma mma n'ebe e ndị mmadụ bi - lee ihe atụ Cloaca Maxima n'ime Osimiri Tiber na Rom. E wuru ụlọ mposi mbụ nke Rom oge ochie n'etiti 800 na 735 BCE.

Site na mba

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Page 'Sustainable sanitation' not found

E nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ ndị na-etinye aka na ngalaba nke ịdị ọcha, dịka ọmụmaatụ n'akụkụ teknụzụ na ọrụ: ndị ọrụ ịdị ọcha, Ndị na-anakọta ihe mkpofu, ndị injinia dị ọcha.

Hụkwa

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Ihe odide

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Njikọ mpụga

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  1. ↑ Nallapaneni Sasidhar (2026). Economically Viable Nature-based Sewage Treatment Method by Using Life Cycles of Mosquitoes and Non-biting Midges. Indian Journal of Environment Engineering.
  2. ↑ Japan External Trade Organization. Food Sanitation Law in Japan. Archived from the original on 9 April 2008. Retrieved on 1 March 2008.
  3. ↑ Reed (2014). Managing hygiene promotion in WASH programmes. Leicestershire, UK: Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC), Loughborough University. ISBN 978-1-84380-168-9. 
  4. ↑ 2021 water, sanitation and hygiene barometer. SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL (2021). Archived from the original on 2021-03-25. Retrieved on 2021-04-13.
  5. ↑ Goal 6: Ensure access to water and sanitation for all. Archived from the original on 2019-04-16. Retrieved on 2017-11-17.
  6. 1 2 WHO and UNICEF Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2015 Update Archived 2021-02-12 at the Wayback Machine, WHO, Geneva and UNICEF, New York
  7. ↑ European Investment Bank (2019). On Water (in en). Publications Office. DOI:10.2867/509830. ISBN 978-92-861-4319-9. Retrieved on 2020-12-07. 
  8. ↑ UN. Water and Sanitation (en-US). United Nations Sustainable Development. Archived from the original on 2019-04-16. Retrieved on 2021-01-04.
  9. ↑ (2010) in Kurian: Peri-urban Water and Sanitation Services. Springer. DOI:10.1007/978-90-481-9425-4. ISBN 978-90-481-9424-7. Retrieved on 2017-09-11. 
  10. ↑ Abellán (2022). "Promoting global access to water and sanitation: A supply and demand perspective" (in en). Water Resources and Economics 38. DOI:10.1016/j.wre.2022.100194. 
  11. ↑ About SCBP | SCBP. www.niua.org. Archived from the original on 2021-08-03. Retrieved on 2021-06-09.
  12. 1 2 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ":42".
  13. 1 2 Daudey (2018). "The cost of urban sanitation solutions: a literature review" (in en). Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 8 (2): 176–195. DOI:10.2166/washdev.2017.058. ISSN 2043-9083. 
  14. ↑ Patel (2015-04-01). "The 20-year sanitation partnership of Mumbai and the Indian Alliance" (in en). Environment and Urbanization 27 (1): 55–72. DOI:10.1177/0956247815569698. ISSN 0956-2478. 
  15. ↑ The Art of Plumbing as Recorded through History. www.academia.edu. Archived from the original on 2020-04-09. Retrieved on 2016-03-10.
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