Ịdị ọcha

Ịdị ọcha na-ezo aka na ọnọdụ ahụike ọha na eze metụtara mmiri ọ drinkingụ drinkingụ dị ọcha na ọgwụgwọ na mkpofu nsị na nsị mmadụ.[1] Igbochi mmekọ mmadụ na nsị bụ akụkụ nke ịdị ọcha, dịka iji ncha akwọ aka. Usoro ịdị ọcha na-achọ ichekwa ahụike mmadụ site n'inye ebe dị ọcha nke ga-akwụsị mgbasa nke ọrịa, ọkachasị site n'ụzọ fecal-ọnụ.[2] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, afọ ọsịsa, bụ isi ihe na-akpata erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ na nkwụsị uto ụmụaka, nwere ike ibelata site na ịdị ọcha zuru oke.[3] E nwere ọtụtụ ọrịa ndị ọzọ a na-ebute ngwa ngwa n’obodo ndị na-adịchaghị ọcha, dị ka ascariasis (ụdị ọrịa ikpuru nke eriri afọ ma ọ bụ helminthiasis), ọgbụgbọ, ịba ọcha n’anya, polio, schistosomiasis, na trachoma, n’ịkpọ aha ole na ole.

Teknụzụ dị ọcha na ụzọ dị iche iche dị. Ụfọdụ ihe atụ bụ mkpokọta ọcha nke obodo-eduga, idebe ihe ọcha dabere na akpa, idebe ihe ọcha, idebe ihe ọcha, idebe ihe ọcha gburugburu, idebe ihe ọcha na ebe obibi na idebe ọcha . Usoro nchịkọta ọcha na-agụnye ejide, nchekwa, ibufe, gbakwunye na mkpofu ma ọ bụ me ikike ihe mkpofu mmadụ na mmiri mkpofu . [1] Ime ihe omume n'ime usoro ọcha nwere ike ile ese anya na nri, mmirika, ike ma ọ bụ ihe ndị dị n'ime excreta na mmiri mkpofu. A na-akpọ nke a dị ka "usoro uru ndị ọcha" ma ọ bụ "akụnụba ọcha". [2] [3] A na-akpọ ndị na- maka ihicha, na-edobe, na-arụ ọrụ, ma ọ bụ ikpoahụ àjà ọcha n'ọkwa ọ lla nke agbụ idebe ihe ọcha bụ " ndị ọrụ idebe ihe ọcha ". [4]: 2

A na-eji ọtụtụ “ọkwa” atụnyere ụzọ ọrụ ọcha ọcha n’ime obodo ma ọ bụ n’ofe mba. [5] Ubube ndị ọcha nke ndị Nlebaanya mgbasa ozi n'afọ 2016 na-amalite n'ebe a na-asa ewepụ oghere wee gaa n'elu site n'iji okwu "Enweghị mma", "oke", "nke bụ isi" , na ɔkwan elu bụ "jikwaa n'ihe nsogbu". [5] Nke a na-emetụta mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe

Òtù Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu (UN) General Assembly ikike ikike inwe inwe mmiri na nke ọcha n'afọ 2010. Ịdị ọcha bụ ihe mkpa nke zuru ụwa ọnụ yana isiokwu nke mmepụta Sustainable 6 . [6] Atụmatụ na 2017 site na JMP na-ekwu na nọmba 4.5 ugbu a ihe àmà ọcha n'ihe nsogbu . [6] Enweghị nchekwa nke ọcha nwere , ọ bụghị nanị na nchekwa nchekwa na ndị mụrụ na nchekwa onwe onye

Nkọwa

Vidiyo eserese iji gosi mkpa ịdị ọcha dị (ebe a na-elekwasị anya na ụlọ mposi ) maka ahụike ọha na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe

Enwere ụfọdụ ọdịiche na ojiji nke okwu "ịdị ọcha" n'etiti mba na òtù. Òtù Ahụ́ Ike Ụwa na-akọwa okwu ahụ bụ́ “ịdị ọcha” dị ka ndị a: Ịdị ọcha na-agụnye usoro apụọ na ndị na-eso ụzọ na ndị na-eso ụzọ: Usoro usoro nke Excreta, usoro usoro mmiri na-ekpofu mmirika (gụnyere ebe a bụ ụlọ ọrụ mmiri na-ekpofu mmiri), usoro usoro mkpofu siri ike yana ụzọ drainage nke mmiri mmiri, nke a na-akpọkwa mmiri mmiri mmiri. </link>] ọ [, ọtụtụ ndị n'ọrụ na ngalaba WASH na-agụnye nanị excreta na-akpa ha gbasara akwụkwọ ọcha.

A na-ahụ ihe atụ nke ọzọ ihe gụnyere na akwụkwọ ọcha n'akwụkwọ nke Sphere na "Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response" nke na-n'anyị mmetụta kacha nta na "maka nzaghachi isi" a na ọnọdụ nzaghachi mmadụ . Otu n'ime ha bụ "Mkpokọta mmirika, ndị ọcha na mgbasa ahụ ọcha" ( WASH ) na ọ mpaghara ndị a: nkwalite , inye mmiri, njikwa excreta, njikwa vector, njikwa mkpọfu siri ike na WASH na mmetụta na ntọala . [8] : 91

Pul ndị na-ahụ nkwalite ahụ dị ọcha ka dị mkpa nke onye ọcha. Ndị otu na-ahụ maka mmiri na-eweta mmiri na nna ọcha na-ịhụhụ dị ka "Nchịkọta, njem, six na mkpofu ma ọ bụ ojiji nke mkpofu mmadụ, mmirika mkpọfu ụlọ na ihe mkpofu siri ike, na nweta nkwalite nwe ọcha. ọkwa." Ịdị ọcha nwere ọcha ọcha idebe ihe ọcha na akwụkwọ nke nsogbu. Ụbọchị idebe onwe onye nwe ike ike ejikwa ihe mkpofu nke ịhụ nsss, ihicha ụlọ mposi okwu, na ijikwa ihe mkpofu ụlọ . ihicha ọcha nke nwera ike ndekọ mkpofu, ịịfe na ngwaọrụ ( njikwa ihe mkpofu siri ike nke obodo ), ihicha drains, okporo ụzọ, ụlọ akwụkwọ, ụgbọ oloko, oghere ọha, ụlọ mposi obodo na ụlọ mposi ọha na eze, ọwa mmiri, ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ mmiri, wdg [10] : 4 A na-akpọ onye ọrụ na-enye ndị ọzọ ọrụ ndị a ndị ọrụ idebe ihe ọcha. .

Ebumnuche

Nzube n'ozuzu nke ndị ọcha bụ onye ọ gburugburu gburugburu ebe obibi dị mma, iji chebe ihe sitere n'okike (dị ka mmiri dị n'elu, mmiri ala, ala), na inye onyinye, ikike na ugwu maka ndị mmadụ mgbe ha na-esi akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ urinate . /link>^{[ a chọrọ nkọwa ]}

Ndị otu United Nations (UN) General Assembly nabatara ikike nwe maka mmiri na ọcha ọcha na 2010. [3] [4] [5] Aghọtala ya na iwu mba ụwa site na ibe ikike ikike, ókè na ikike ndị ọzọ. O sitere n'ikike mmadu inwe oke ibi ndu zuru oke.

QUsoro dị ọcha dị mma na-enye ihe ikwu n'etiti excreta na ụmụ anụmanụ n'ụzọ ga-eme ka mgbasa ọrịa, ikpuchi n'ihe gbasara ọrịa fecal). [4] A na-ahụahụ a na F ebe ụzọ niile isi na- ebufe ọrịa fecal-ọnụ na-amalite site na ike F: feces, ihe aka, ijiji, ubi, mmiri mmiri, nri. ^[2]

Teknụzụ idebe ihe ọcha nwere ike ụlọ ọrụ injinia etiti gba ụgbọ dị ka sistemu ọwa mmirika, ማርma mmiri, mbupụta mpụta mmiri n'elu na ebe mkpofu siri ike. Emebere ihe owuwu ndị a iji gwọọ mmiri mkpọfu na mkpọfu siri ike nke ime obodo . Nkà na ẹzebe idebe ihe ọcha ike n'ụdị usoro idebe ihe dị mfe n'ebe ahụ. Nke a nwere ike n'lẹka ụfọdụ nwere ụlọ mposi dị mfe ma ọ bụ ụdị ụlọ mposi ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka nkọwa excreta .

Inye ndị mmadụ idebe ihe ọcha nke nlebara anya na usoro dum, ọ bụghị nanị ile-anya na ike dị ka ụlọ mposi, njikwa sludge fecal ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ekpofu mmirika . [5] "Usoro ndị ọcha" ahụ ahụmihe nke onye ọrụ, ụzọ mkpọfu mmiri na mkpọfu mmiri, ibufe na iko nke mkpofu, na iji ígwè ma ọ bụ mkpofu. Ọ dị mkpa ka ọnọdụ ha niile echiche.^[3]

Maka mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe, ọnụ ahịa akụ na ụba nke enweghị idebe ọcha bụ nnukwu nchegbu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, dịka ọmụmụ ụlọ akụ ụwa si kwuo, mfu akụ na ụba n'ihi ezughị oke ịdị ọcha na akụnụba India bụ 6.4% nke GDP ya. ^[4] Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị a bụ n'ihi ọnwụ akabeghị aka, oge furu efu na ịnweta, nkwụsị nke mmepụta ihe, ụgwọ ndị ọzọ maka nlekọta ahụike n'etiti ndị ọzọ. ^[4] Enweghị ọcha nke ọma na-ebutekwa mfu site na ego ndị njem nwere ike inweta. ^[4] Ọmụmụ ihe a chọpụtakwara na mmetụta na-adịchaghị elu maka ndị ogbenye, ndị inyom na ụmụaka. Ịnweta ụlọ mposi n'ụlọ n'aka nke ọzọ, na-enye aka n'ụzọ dị mma na ọdịmma akụ na ụba ụmụ nwanyị ka ọ na-eduga n'ịbawanye agụm akwụkwọ na ikere òkè n'ọrụ. ^[5]

Ụdị na echiche (maka njikwa excreta)

Ejikọtara okwu ahụ ịdị ọcha na nkọwa ma ọ bụ nkọwa dị iche iche iji gosi ụfọdụ ụdị usoro ịdị ọcha (nke nwere ike metụtara naanị njikwa mkpochapụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ na usoro ịdị ọcha dum, ya bụ, mmiri isi awọ, mmiri ozuzo na njikwa mkpofu siri ike) - n'usoro mkpụrụedemede:

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Na Disemba 2006, Nzukọ Ezumezu nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu kwupụtara 2008 " Afọ ịdị ọcha nke mba ụwa ", iji kwado ọganihu ngwa ngwa a na-eme na ebumnuche ịdị ọcha nke MDG. ^[6] Afọ ahụ chọrọ ịzụlite mmata na ọtụtụ omume iji mezuo ebumnuche.

Obodo na omenala

Enwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ọrụ ndị na-etinye aka n'ihe gbasara ịdị ọcha, dịka ọmụmaatụ n'akụkụ ọrụ aka na ọrụ: ndị ọrụ idebe ihe ọcha, ndị na-ekpofu ihe, ndị injinia ọcha .

Ntụaka

↑ Urban sanitation facilities vs. rural sanitation facilities. Our World in Data. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved on 6 March 2020.
↑ Conant (2005). Sanitation and Cleanliness for a Healthy Environment. Berkeley, California, USA: The Hesperian Foundation in collaboration with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Sida.
↑ Tilley, E., Ulrich, L., Lüthi, C., Reymond, Ph. and Zurbrügg, C. (2014). Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. 2nd Revised Edition Templeeti:Webarchive. Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Duebendorf, Switzerland
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 WSP (2011). The economic Impacts of Inadequate Sanitation in India.. Water and Sanitation Programme, The World Bank.
↑ Gius (2015). "The Relationship between Inadequate Sanitation Facilities and the Economic Well-Being of Women in India". Journal of Economics and Development Studies 3 (1). DOI:10.15640/jeds.v3n1a2. ISSN 2334-2382.
↑ (2010) in Kurian: Peri-urban Water and Sanitation Services. Springer. DOI:10.1007/978-90-481-9425-4. ISBN 978-90-481-9424-7. Retrieved on 2017-09-11.

Njikọ mpụga

Media related to Sanitation at Wikimedia Commons
Sustainable Sanitation Alliance
Sanitation and Wastewater Atlas of Africa
Florence Nightingale (1863), Sanitary Statistics of Native Colonial Schools and Hospitals

[1] Urban sanitation facilities vs. rural sanitation facilities. Our World in Data. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved on 6 March 2020.

[2] Conant (2005). Sanitation and Cleanliness for a Healthy Environment. Berkeley, California, USA: The Hesperian Foundation in collaboration with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Sida.

[Tilley-3] Tilley, E., Ulrich, L., Lüthi, C., Reymond, Ph. and Zurbrügg, C. (2014). Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. 2nd Revised Edition Templeeti:Webarchive. Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Duebendorf, Switzerland

[:4-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 WSP (2011). The economic Impacts of Inadequate Sanitation in India.. Water and Sanitation Programme, The World Bank.

[5] Gius (2015). "The Relationship between Inadequate Sanitation Facilities and the Economic Well-Being of Women in India". Journal of Economics and Development Studies 3 (1). DOI:10.15640/jeds.v3n1a2. ISSN 2334-2382.

[Kurian_and_McCarney-6] (2010) in Kurian: Peri-urban Water and Sanitation Services. Springer. DOI:10.1007/978-90-481-9425-4. ISBN 978-90-481-9424-7. Retrieved on 2017-09-11.

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