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Ịgụ na ide nke ọma

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Ịgụ na ide nke ọma bụ echiche nke ịkụzi ịgụ na ide Asụsụ Bekee nke bilitere na 1990s ma nwee nkọwa dịgasị iche iche. Maka ụfọdụ, ịgụ na ide dị mma na-eme ka asụsụ dum na ụdaume kwụsị ma na-akpọ agha ịgụ ihe. Ndị ọzọ na-ekwu na ịgụ na ide ziri ezi, n'omume, na-apụtakarị usoro asụsụ niile maka ịgụ ihe.[1][2]

Ụfọdụ ndị na-akwado agụmakwụkwọ ziri ezi na-ekwu na ọ na-eji ihe ndị dabeere na nyocha nke nghọta, okwu, fluency, phonemic awareness na phonics ma na-agụnye ntụziaka na njikọta nke otu ahụ dum, obere ìgwè na 1: 1 ntụziaka n'ịgụ, ide, ikwu okwu na ige ntị na ihe ndị dabeọ na nyocha nke ọ bụla. Ha na-aga n'ihu na-ekwu na ihe ndị mejupụtara usoro agụmakwụkwọ ziri ezi gụnyere ọtụtụ atụmatụ dị iche iche a na-etinye n'oge Reading Workshop na Writing Workshops.[3]

N'aka nke ọzọ, ndị nkatọ na-ekwu na ịgụ na ide ziri ezi, dị ka asụsụ dum, bụ usoro dabeere na nkọwa nke mgbe etinyere ya anaghị agụnye nkuzi doro anya nke mmekọrịta ụda dị ka usoro phonics nyere. [4]Ọzọkwa, ọ dị irè naanị maka ụmụaka ndị mmụta ịgụ ihe na-abịa n'ụzọ dị mfe, nke na-erughị ọkara nke ụmụ akwụkwọ.[5]

Ịgụ Ihe

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'oge agụmakwụkwọ dị mma, a na-egosipụta nkà n'ụzọ doro anya n'oge obere nkuzi. Obere nkuzi ahụ nwere akụkụ anọ: njikọ, nkuzi (egosipụta), itinye aka na njikọ. Onye nkuzi na-ahọrọ nkà na atụmatụ nke ọ kwenyere na ọ dị mkpa ka a kụziere klas ya dabere na nyocha ọ mere na klas ya. N'oge njikọ, ọ na-ejikọta mmụta tupu ya na nkà ọ na-akụzi ugbu a. Onye nkuzi na-ekwupụta ihe nkuzi ma ọ bụ nkà na atụmatụ ọ ga-akụzi. N'ụzọ a, onye nkuzi na-egosi ụmụaka otu esi emezu nkà ahụ site n'ịmepụta atụmatụ ahụ n'akwụkwọ ụmụ akwụkwọ maara nke ọma. Onye nkuzi ahụ na-ejikwa "iche echiche n'olu dara ụda" na usoro a iji gosi ụmụ akwụkwọ ihe ọ na-eche ugbu a wee kwe ka ụmụ akwụkwọ rụọ ọrụ nke a n'akwụkwọ nke ha ma ọ bụ n'akwụkwọ ya n'oge ha na-arụsi ọrụ ike. N'oge njikọ, ọ na-echetara ụmụ akwụkwọ banyere atụmatụ ha nwere ike ime mgbe ha na-agụ.[6]

Ịgụ ihe ọnụ bụ mgbe ụmụ akwụkwọ na-agụ site na ederede ha na-agụ. Ọtụtụ mgbe nke a bụ nnukwu akwụkwọ, akwụkwọ na ihuenyo na-eji ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ igwefoto. Ọ bụrụ na o kwere omume, ụmụ akwụkwọ kwesịrị inwe akwụkwọ nke ha. Ụmụ akwụkwọ na onye nkuzi na-agụ n'olu dara ụda ma na-ekerịta echiche ha banyere ederede ahụ.N'oge obere nkuzi, agụmakwụkwọ na-agbakọta ọnụ na agụmakwụkwọ a ga-emepụta chaatị. Chaatị ndị a na-echetara ụmụ akwụkwọ otu na mgbe ha ga-esi jiri nkà na atụmatụ dị iche iche.[7]

Nchịkọta ọgụgụ bụ obere ọrụ otu ebe ọtụtụ ọrụ dị n'aka nwa akwụkwọ. Ụmụ akwụkwọ na-agụ site na ederede dị larịị. Ha na-eji nkà a na-akụzi n'onwe ha n'oge obere nkuzi, na-agụ ihe n'olu dara ụda ma na-agụkọ ọnụ iji mee ka nghọta na nghọta ha dịkwuo mma. Onye nkuzi nọ ebe ahụ iji nye ihe mkpali ma jụọ ajụjụ. Ịgụ ihe na-eduzi na-enye ohere maka nnukwu ọdịiche na klas. A na-emepụta ìgwè gburugburu ọkwa ọgụgụ, ụmụ akwụkwọ na-aga n'ihu mgbe ha chọpụtara na ìgwè ahụ dum dị njikere. N'oge a na-eduzi agụmakwụkwọ, ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ nwere ike itinye aka n'ịgụ akwụkwọ na-eme ka nkà dị iche iche ma ọ bụ onye mmekọ ma ọ bụ ọgụgụ onwe ya sie ike. Ha na-arụkarị ọrụ abụọ abụọ n'oge a. Ụlọ ọrụ nwere ike ịgụnye ọbá akwụkwọ, nnukwu akwụkwọ, edemede, ihe nkiri, ụmụ bebi, ọmụmụ okwu, uri, kọmputa, ige ntị, mgbagwoju anya, ịgụ akwụkwọ enyi, bọọdụ projector / promethean, ụlọ ọrụ okike, sayensị, ọmụmụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.[8]

Ịgụ ihe n'onwe ya bụ kpọmkwem ihe ọ na-ada: ụmụ akwụkwọ na-agụ akwụkwọ onwe ha họọrọ n'onwe ha. Ụmụ akwụkwọ na-ahọrọ akwụkwọ dabere na mmasị na ọkwa ọgụgụ onwe onye.

Ihe ọmụmụ okwu na-adabere na ọkwa na mkpa nke nwa akwụkwọ. Ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara na-amalite site na ịmara ụdaolu, wee gbakwunye mbipụta maka ụdaolu, ọrụ okwu anya, na rimes / mmalite nkịtị. Na klas mbụ na nke abụọ, ọrụ fonics na-esikwu ike ka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-etinye ihe ọmụma ha n'ihe odide ha gụnyere ịgbakwunye njedebe, prefixes, suffixes, na iji okwu anya a maara iji mụọ okwu ndị ọzọ. Gịnị ka ọ pụtara "ịmara" otu okwu? Nwa akwụkwọ ahụ nwere ike ịgụ ya, dee ya, dee na ya ma jiri ya mee ihe na mkparịta ụka.

Ide ihe

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọkara nke abụọ nke ịgụ na ide bụ akụkụ ederede nke na-enye ụmụ akwụkwọ ọzụzụ ide ihe, maka ogologo oge, na isiokwu ndị ha họọrọ. Ịkwado ụmụ akwụkwọ ide banyere isiokwu ha na-ahụ na-adọrọ mmasị na-enye ha mmetụta nke nwe.[9]

E nwere isi ihe anọ dị na ogbako edemede: obere nkuzi, ịbanye, ide / inye oge, na ịkekọrịta.[10][11]

Obere nkuzi bụ ọrụ klas dum. Onye nkuzi na-ewebata nkà ma ọ bụ atụmatụ ha chọrọ ka ụmụ akwụkwọ nwee ike itinye n'ọrụ n'oge oge ederede onwe ha. [12]Ihe atụ nke nkà ma ọ bụ atụmatụ nwere ike ịgụnye: iji ngwaa siri ike; otu esi agafe site n'otu echiche gaa na nke ọzọ; mkpa ọ dị ịgbakwunye nkọwa doro anya; otu esi ahazi ederede na mmalite, etiti, na njedebe, na ndụmọdụ maka ide ezigbo mmeghe ma ọ bụ nkwubi okwu.[12]

Obere oge tupu ụmụ akwụkwọ amalite ide ihe, onye nkuzi ga-enyocha iji hụ ebe nwa akwụkwọ ọ bụla nọ na usoro ide ihe. [10]Nke a bụ ngwa ngwa iji chọpụta ọnọdụ ha ma jide n'aka na mmadụ anaghị anọgide n'otu ebe.

Mgbe ha gosipụtara nkà ma ọ bụ atụmatụ a kụziiri n'oge obere nkuzi ahụ, ụmụ akwụkwọ na-amalite ide ihe n'onwe ha, na-etinye nkà ọhụrụ ndị ahụ n'ọrụ. Ụmụ akwụkwọ na-eji usoro niile nke usoro ederede: brainstorming, ide, nyochaa, idezi, na ibipụta. [12]Dabere na nha nke ederede, nke a nwere ike ime n'otu nnọkọ, ma ọ bụ n'ime ọtụtụ ụbọchị. Ka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-ede akwụkwọ, onye nkuzi na-agwa nwa akwụkwọ ọ bụla okwu. [13]Izute ụmụ akwụkwọ n'otu n'otu, na-enye onye nkuzi ohere ilekwasị anya na nkà ụfọdụ maka nwa akwụkwọ ọ bụla. Nzukọ ọ bụla na-ewe ihe dịka nkeji ise na ebumnuche bụ izute nwa akwụkwọ ọ bụla ọ dịkarịa ala otu ugboro n'izu. [12]Mgbe ụfọdụ, nzukọ ndị ọgbọ nwekwara ike ime, ebe ụmụ akwụkwọ na-achọ nzaghachi site n'aka ndị ọgbọ ha.[13]

Nzọụkwụ ikpeazụ na ogbako edemede bụ ịkekọrịta. Nke a bụ ihe dị mkpa, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe odide ahụ n'onwe ya. Usoro a na-enye ụmụ akwụkwọ ohere igosi ọrụ ha ma were ihe onwunwe maka ihe ha dere.[13]

Mmejuputa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A na-etinye n'ọrụ ịgụ na ide site na Reading and Writing Workshop Model. Onye nkuzi na-amalite site n'ịmepụta usoro ịgụ / ide ihe nke bụ ihe a na-elekwasị anya na ọmụmụ ihe n'oge obere nkuzi (lee nkọwa dị n'elu) Mgbe ahụ, ụmụ akwụkwọ na-agụ ederede dị larịị n'onwe ha ma ọ bụ na-ede n'onwe ya ruo ogologo oge ka onye nkuzi na'etiti ha iji hụ, dekọọ ihe ndị a hụrụ ma nye. Na njedebe nke nnọkọ ọmụmụ ihe ahụ, ụmụ akwụkwọ ahọpụtara na-ekerịta atụmatụ ha ma soro klas ahụ rụọ ọrụ.

A na-atụ aro ka a na-eduzi ọgụgụ n'oge ogologo oge ọgụgụ onwe onye. Dabere na nyocha, onye nkuzi na-arụ ọrụ na obere ìgwè ụmụ akwụkwọ (ihe na-erughị ụmụ akwụkwọ 6 n'ìgwè ọ bụla) na ederede dị larịị (akwụkwọ azụmahịa ziri ezi). Onye nkuzi na-emepụta atụmatụ ụfọdụ tupu ịgụ ma na-enyocha ụmụ akwụkwọ ka ha na-agụ onwe ha. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, onye nkuzi na ụmụ akwụkwọ na-etinye aka n'ihe omume na ọmụmụ okwu, nke ọma, na nghọta. Ebumnuche nke Guided Reading bụ iji usoro kọwaa na / ma ọ bụ nghọta nke ụmụ akwụkwọ na-enwe ihe ịma aka yiri ya.

Ntuziaka kpọmkwem na phonics na Okwu Study na-agụnye n'usoro agụmakwụkwọ ziri ezi. Maka ndị na-apụta na ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ n'oge na-adịghị anya, onye nkuzi na-eme atụmatụ ma na-etinye n'ọrụ obere nkuzi ndị dabeere na phonics. Mgbe onye nkuzi na-akụzi ihe fonemiki n'ụzọ doro anya, ụmụ akwụkwọ na-agụ na / ma ọ bụ na-ede okwu ndị ọzọ na-agbaso otu usoro fonemiki ahụ. Maka ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ dị elu, onye nkuzi na-elekwasị anya na mmalite nke okwu. Ụmụ akwụkwọ na-agụ akwụkwọ n'oge a na-etinye aka n'inyocha usoro nke okwu, okwu mgbọrọgwụ, prefixes na suffixes.

Ebumnuche zuru oke nke ntụziaka agụ na ide bụ inye ụmụ akwụkwọ usoro ntụziaka dị iche iche nke ga-akwado mmepe nke ọgụgụ na ide nke onye ọ bụla.

Atụmatụ nghọta

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A na-akụziri ụmụaka iji usoro nghọta gụnyere: usoro, ịkọwa ihe ọmụma, ime nkwubi okwu, iji tụnyere na ọdịiche, nchịkọta, ijikọta, idozi nsogbu, ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti eziokwu na echiche, ịchọta echiche bụ isi, na ịkwado nkọwa.

N'oge Reading and Writing Workshop ndị nkuzi na-eji ntụziaka scaffolded dị ka ndị a:

  • Onye nkuzi na-ese ihe ma ọ bụ na-egosi ụmụaka ihe onye na-agụ akwụkwọ na-eme mgbe ọ na-agụ ederede, na-eche n'olu dara ụda banyere usoro uche eji ewu ihe ọ pụtara mgbe ọ na'olu dara na klas.
  • Mmekọrịta siri ike n'oge obere nkuzi; ụmụ akwụkwọ na-anwa ọrụ onye nkuzi gosipụtara ha.
  • A na-echetara ụmụ akwụkwọ "Link" atụmatụ niile ha nwere ike ime dị ka ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ na ndị edemede.
  • Omume onwe onye ebe ụmụaka na-amalite ịrụ ọrụ naanị ha mgbe ha na-agụ akwụkwọ n'onwe ha, na-anwa ọrụ onye nkuzi kụziiri ha, ọ bụghị naanị n'ụbọchị ahụ kamakwa nkuzi ọ bụla gara aga.
  • A na-etinye usoro ahụ n'ọrụ mgbe ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere ike itinye usoro nghọta n'ụzọ ziri ezi na ụdị ederede dị iche iche ma ha anaghịzi eme ihe kama ha na-eme njikọ n'etiti ma nwee ike igosi nghọta site na ide ma ọ bụ mkparịta ụka.

N'ime usoro a, ụmụ akwụkwọ na-aga n'ihu site n'inwe nkwado dị ukwuu nke ndị nkuzi gaa n'ịbụ ndị na-amụ ihe n'onwe ha. A na-ewepụ nkwado onye nkuzi nke nta nke nta ka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-enweta atụmatụ ndị dị mkpa iji ghọta ederede ahụ n'onwe ha.

Nnakwere na ndị nkatọ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ndị nkatọ dị ka Diane Ravitch na-ekwu na ịgụ na ide nwere ike iji akụkụ nke ụdaume na asụsụ dum mana ọ na-elekwasị anya na usoro ịgụ ihe dịka "ịkọwapụta ihe ha ga-agụ, na-ahụ anya ihe ha ga na-agụ, ịkọwapụta ihe ihe ha gụrụ, ịgụ naanị ha, ịgụ n'ìgwè, na ihe ndị ọzọ". Ndị ọzọ, dị ka Louisa C. Moats, na-ekwu na ịgụ na ide ziri ezi bụ naanị asụsụ dum "na-eyi akwụkwọ fig nke ntụziaka ziri ezi".

Onye sayensị ụbụrụ Mark Seidenberg, onye na-akwado sayensị nke ịgụ na nkuzi nke phonics, dere na agụmakwụkwọ dị mma na-achọ ịkwụsị agha ịgụ "na-enweghị idozi nsogbu ndị dị n'ime ya", nakwa na "agụmakwụkwọ dị nro nyere obere nduzi maka ndị nkuzi chere na phonics bụ ihe kpatara ịgụ ihe na-adịghị mma ma ghara ịma otu esi akụzi ya". Karịsịa, ọ naghị akwado omume ndị dị ka usoro atọ ma ọ bụ ịgba ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ ume ka ha gbapụ ma ọ bụ chọpụta okwu mgbagwoju anya.[14][15][16]

Timothy Shanahan, onye nkuzi na onye nchọpụta a ma ama, na-ekwu na ọ naghị akwado ọmụmụ ihe ọgụgụ n'ihi na "ọ bụghị nyocha" na usoro ọmụmụ ihe anaghị akwado ntụziaka ọgụgụ.[17]

Ndị nkatọ na-ekwukwa na ndị nkuzi kwesịrị iji usoro ndị sitere na omume kachasị mma ma kwado ya site na Nnyocha sayensị ụmụaka chọkwara ntụziaka na phonics.[18][19][20]

Hụkwa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  • Nnyocha ụdaume
  • Echiche ụzọ abụọ iji gụọ n'olu dara ụda
  • Phonics
  • Agụmakwụkwọ ịgụ na United States
  • Echiche dị mfe nke ịgụ ihe
  • Mkpịsị okwu ndị e ji emepụta
  • Asụsụ zuru ezu

Ihe odide

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  1. ↑ Castles (2018). "Ending the Reading Wars: Reading Acquisition From Novice to Expert, Anne Castles, Kathleen Rastle, Kate Nation, Conclusions, 2018-06-11". Psychological Science in the Public Interest 19 (1): 5–51. DOI:10.1177/1529100618772271. PMID 29890888. 
  2. ↑ Barshay (March 30, 2020). Four things you need to know about the new reading wars. The Hechinger Report.
  3. ↑ Brotherton, S., & Williams, C. (2002). Interactive Writing Instruction in a First Grade Title I Literacy Program. Journal of Reading Education, 27(3), 8-19.
  4. ↑ It’s time to stop debating how to teach kids to read and follow the evidence (April 26, 2020).
  5. ↑ Mervosh. "In Memphis, the Phonics Movement Comes to High School", The New York Times, 2022-12-25. Retrieved on 2022-12-28. (in en-US)
  6. ↑ Calkins, Lucy (2000) Art of Teaching Reading
  7. ↑ Fountas, Irene C. and Gay Su Pinnell. 1996. Guided Reading. Portsmouth: Heinemann.
  8. ↑ Diller, D. Literacy work stations: making centers work. Portland, Maine: Stenhouse Publishers, 2003.
  9. ↑ Quick. Should Teachers Let Their Students Choose Their Own Topics to Write About? | Teaching Writing Fast and Effectively! (en-US). Retrieved on 2020-11-02.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Mulvahill (April 19, 2018). What is Writing Workshop? (en-US). WeAreTeachers. Retrieved on 2020-11-02.Mulvahill, Elizabeth; Svg (April 19, 2018). "What is Writing Workshop?". WeAreTeachers. Retrieved 2020-11-02.
  11. ↑ Ciampa (2016-08-03). "Implementing a Digital Reading and Writing Workshop Model for Content Literacy Instruction in an Urban Elementary (K-8) School". The Reading Teacher 70 (3): 295–306. DOI:10.1002/trtr.1514. ISSN 0034-0561. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Key Components of Writer's Workshop: Take a Look Inside My Classroom (en-US). Elementary Assessments (2019-11-17). Retrieved on 2020-11-02.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Literacy Today - teacher inspired Elementary ELA resources - Writer's Workshop. www.literacytoday.ca. Archived from the original on 2021-09-22. Retrieved on 2020-11-02.
  14. ↑ Is It a Good Idea to Teach the Three Cueing Systems in Reading?. Reading Rockets (April 1, 2019).
  15. ↑ The three-cueing system in reading: Will it ever go away?. www.nifdi.org.
  16. ↑ Reading Matters: Connecting science and education.
  17. ↑ Reading Workshop: How Not to Teach Reading Comprehension | Shanahan on Literacy. www.shanahanonliteracy.com.
  18. ↑ Complete report - National Reading Panel.
  19. ↑ Independent review of the teaching of early reading, Rose report, 2006, UK, pg. 2-89. Archived from the original on 2010-05-12. Retrieved on 2020-08-08.
  20. ↑ Whole Language Lives On: The Illusion of Balanced Reading Instruction | LD OnLine. www.ldonline.org.

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

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