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Ịgagharị agagharị

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Ịnyịnya ígwè obodo, otu n'ime ụgbọala ndị a ma ama maka ịgagharị

Mbugharị na-arụsi ọrụ ike, ngagharị dị nro, njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike, ụgbọ njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike ma ọ bụ ụgbọ njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike bụ ibufe ndị mmadụ ma ọ bụ ngwa ahịa, site n'ụzọ na-abụghị moto, dabere na gburugburu mmega ahụ mmadụ.[1] Ụdị mmegharị ahụ a kacha mara amara bụ ịga ije na ịgba ígwè, ọ bụ ezie na ụdịdị ndị ọzọ gụnyere ịgba ọsọ, ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri, ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri, skoota ịgba ụkwụ na skate skate.[2] N'ihi mgbasa ya, a na-atụle ịgba ígwè mgbe ụfọdụ iche iche na ụdị mmegharị ahụ ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ.[1]

Amụma ọhaneze na-akwalite mmegharị mmegharị ahụ na-eme ka ihe ngosi ahụike dịkwuo mma site n'ịbawanye ọkwa ahụike anụ ahụ yana ibelata ọnụego oke ibu na ọrịa shuga, [1] [2] ebe ọ na-ebelata oriri nke mmanụ ọkụ na ikuku carbon na-esi na ya pụta.[3]. E gosipụtara amụma ndị a na-ebute mmụba dị ukwuu na njem ụgbọ njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike maka njem: dịka ọmụmaatụ Portland, Oregon, nwere ike ịbawanye iji igwe igwe ugboro ise site na 1990 ruo 2009 site na mmemme ịgba ígwè.[4] Nnyocha egosiwo na mmemme ọkwa obodo dị irè karịa ịgba ume ngagharị na-arụ ọrụ n'ọkwa onye ọ bụla[2]

Ahụike

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Uru ahụike nke ngagharị na-arụsi ọrụ ike gụnyere ibelata nrụgide obodo, mbelata oriri ike na mmepụta, yana nkwalite ndụ dị mma.[1] Ụgbọ njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-egbochi ohere nke ọrịa na-egbu egbu sitere na mmetọ na nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi.[2] Mkpọgharị na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-eme ka ahụike dịkwuo mma site na ibelata mmetọ ikuku site na ụgbọ ala.[3] Agbanyeghị, nsogbu ahụike na-adịghị mma nwere ike ibilite site na ndụ anaghị arụ ọrụ na ịnọ nkịtị. Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchịkwa Ọrịa na United States na-atụ aro ịbawanye ohere njem njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike.[4] Ọtụtụ ihe ọmụmụ US na-akwado maka ịba ụba nke njem njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike maka onye ọ bụla, gụnyere ụmụaka, n'ihi ọtụtụ uru ahụike.

Ndị na-anọkarị otu ebe nwere ike belata BMI ha site n'ịbawanye mmega ahụ.[3] Otu House of Commons nke Kọmitii Ahụike nke United Kingdom kọrọ banyere oke ibu na 2004 tụrụ aro ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè na ịga ije dị ka isi ihe iji lụso oke ibu ọgụ.[4] Public Health England mere atụmatụ na 2016 na na UK, enweghị ọrụ anụ ahụ na-enye aka na otu onye n'ime mmadụ isii na-anwụ kwa afọ.[5] Akụkọ PHE na-ekwu na ịga ije na ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè kwa ụbọchị dị irè iji mụbaa mmega ahụ ma belata oke ibu, yana igbochi ọrịa obi, ụdị ọrịa shuga nke abụọ, ọrịa kansa na ọtụtụ ọrịa uche, gụnyere ịda mbà n'obi.[5]

Ndị na-emega ahụ na-agagharị agagharị n'ụbọchị mmiri na-ezo

Mmega ahụ na-eme ka ahụike uche na ahụike dị mma.[6] Ndị na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè na ndị na-aga ije na-ahụ gburugburu ebe obibi ha n'ụzọ dị iche karịa ndị na-anya ụgbọala n'ihi na ụgbọala na-egbochi ihe mmetụta nke na-ekpughe njem na-arụ ọrụ.[7] Ndị na-akwado ịgagharị na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-ekwusi ike na ihe omume ndị dị ka ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè na ịga ije na-akwalite mmetụta nke obodo na njikọ, na-eme ka ahụike uche dị mma na ọdịmma zuru oke.[7][8]

Inye ezigbo akụrụngwa maka ịgagharị na-akwalite ụdị njem a iji belata okporo ụzọ na mkpọchi obodo.[9] Ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè na ịga ije nwere ike ịchekwa ego site na ibelata ego a na-emefu na gasoline.[10] Nsonaazụ nke ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè na ịga ije gụnyere mmụba nke mmetọ ikuku, mkpọtụ, na ihe mberede ugboro ugboro.[10] Ịgba ígwè na-ebelata mkpa maka nnukwu okporo ụzọ na ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala ka ịnyịnya ígwè na-ewe 8% nke ohere dịnụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụgbọala.[10] Ka ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè na ịga ije na-abawanye, enwere ike ịgbanwe akụrụngwa obodo ka ọ bụrụ ogige ntụrụndụ iji gbakwunye oghere ahịhịa ndụ na gburugburu obodo.[10] Ebe ndị mara mma nwere ike ịghọ ebe kachasị mma maka ịga ije na ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè n'obodo ukwu.[11] A pụkwara ịgbanwe gburugburu obodo ka ọ bụrụ ebe a na-agagharị agagharị, nke nwere ike ịba uru nye ndị agadi, mana nchekwa nwere ike ịbụ nsogbu ma ọ bụrụ na ebe ndị ụgbọala jupụtara.[12] Ịmepụta ebe ndị dị nchebe na-agagharị n'obodo ukwu nwere ike ịbawanye ewu ewu nke ịga ije, belata enweghị ọrụ, ma melite ahụike.[12]

Tụkwasị na nke a, ndị na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè eletrik na-erite uru site na ụdị mmega ahụ a. N'obodo asaa dị na Europe, ndị na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè eletrik nwere 10% dị elu kwa izu karịa ndị ọzọ na-agba ígwè.[13] Ndị na-agbanwe na e-bike site na ụgbọala onwe ha ma ọ bụ ụgbọ njem ọha na eze na-emefu ike ka mmega ahụ na-abawanye, na-enweta n'etiti 550 na 880 Metabolic Equivalent Task nkeji kwa izu.[13] Ịnyịnya ígwè eletrik nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị nwee ike ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè.[14]

Ebe obibi

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Uru gburugburu ebe obibi nke ịgagharị na-arụsi ọrụ ike bụ ibelata gas na-ekpo ọkụ iji belata okpomọkụ ụwa.[15] Kwa afọ, ụgbọ ala na-ewepụta 4.6 metric ton nke carbon dioxide.[16] Dị ka gas na-eme ka ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ, carbon dioxide dị na ikuku na-eme ngwa ngwa mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe.[17] Ka ojiji ụgbọala na-abawanye ikuku gas na-ekpo ọkụ, ọnụego nke ụwa anyị na-eru n'ókè ihu igwe na-agbanwe agbanwe na-arịwanye elu.[17] Ịgagharị na-eme ka ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ na-ebelata kwa ụbọchị, na-ebepụ ebe ndị a na-agbadata.[18] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na New Zealand, achọpụtala na njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike iji belata ikuku carbon dioxide site na 1% kwa afọ.[18] N'ime nnyocha nke obodo asaa dị Ndị Europe, a chọpụtara na mgbanwe ndị ọ bụla na njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-abịa na uru dị ukwuu nke ikuku carbon, ọbụlagodi na obodo ukwu dị na Europe nke nwere oke ịga ije na ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè.[19] Mmụba nke ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè ma ọ bụ ịga ije n'otu n'otu belatara ikuku CO2 metụtara ndụ. Onye ọ bụla na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè 1 njem / ụbọchị ọzọ ma na-akwọ 1 njem / Ụbọchị na-erughị ụbọchị 200 n'afọ ga-ebelata ikuku CO2 metụtara njem site na ihe dị ka tọn 0.5 karịa otu afọ.[20]

Mmetọ ikuku na mkpọtụ bụ mmetụta na-adịghị mma nke njem ụgbọ ala. Mmetọ ikuku na-emetụta ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi adịghị mma.[1] Mmetọ ikuku nwere ike ime ka mmiri ozuzo acid, eutrophication, haze, ọnwụ anụ ọhịa, mbelata oyi akwa ozone nke Ụwa, mmebi ihe ọkụkụ, na mgbanwe ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ.[1] Mkpọtụ mmetọ na-akpaghasị gburugburu ebe obibi na anụ ọhịa.[2] Ịgagharị na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-ebelata mmetọ ikuku na mkpọtụ site n'ịnọchite anya ụgbọ ala ndị na-emepụta gas na mkpọtụ, na-erite uru na gburugburu ebe obibi na gburugburu ebe obibi obodo.[10]

Nzaghachi gọọmentị

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ihe ịrịba ama n'okporo ụzọ na Victoria, Australia

Ịgagharị n'ihu na-arịọ ndị na-eme iwu n'ihi onyinye bara uru ọ na-enye na ahụike anụ ahụ na mbelata nke mmetọ ikuku, [21] na-eduga na mbọ ndị omeiwu na-eme iji mee ka ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè na ịga ije dị nchebe ma na-adọrọ mmasị maka njem na ọrụ onwe onye. [22] Nzọụkwụ ndị a gụnyere mgbanwe akụrụngwa iji kwado ndị na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè na ndị na-aga ije n'okporo ụzọ, iwu iji belata okporo ụzọ ụgbọ ala, [21] na agụmakwụkwọ na ọzụzụ iji melite nhazi n'etiti ụgbọala na ndị mmadụ na-eji njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike. [23] Mmepe nke akụrụngwa nke jikọtara ya na mmụba nke ịgagharị na-arụsi ọrụ ike bụ okporo ụzọ sara mbara, ọkụ n'okporo ámá, ala dị larịị, na ahịhịa ndụ n'obodo ukwu, ọkachasị na ohere ịbanye n'ogige ntụrụndụ.[24][25] Ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè karịsịa chọrọ mmepe nke akụrụngwa iji nweta mmụba dị ịrịba ama n'iji ya eme ihe, gụnyere:

  • Okporo ụzọ ịnyịnya ígwè: ụzọ dị iche n'okporo ụzọ a na-ahụkarị nke a họpụtara site na akara na akara okporo ámá ka echekwa maka ịnyịnya ígwè.
  • Igbe ịnyịnya ígwè: ebe ndị dị na nkuku a họpụtara maka ịnyịnya ígwè iji nọrọ mgbe ọ kwụsịrị.
  • Ebe ịnyịnya ígwè na-akwụsị: ebe ndị a na-adọba ụgbọala pụrụ iche nke na-agụnyekwa ngwá ọrụ ndị bụ isi maka mmezi ịnyịnya ígwè.[21]

Ọtụtụ ndị na-eme nchọpụta ekwuputala na onyinye kachasị ukwuu maka ịgagharị na-abịa site na ịnweta ihe ntụrụndụ dị mfe dị ka ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ, ụlọ ahịa, na ụlọ ihe nkiri, nke gọọmentị ime obodo nwere ike ịkwalite.[26][27] Nchegbu dị ịrịba ama banyere mmụba nke ịgagharị na-arụsi ọrụ ike bụ mmụba kwekọrọ na mmerụ ahụ na ọnwụ, ọkachasị n'etiti ndị na-aga ije ma ọ bụ ndị na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè na ụgbọala.[28] Ịgagharị n'ọrụ nwere ike na-eri oge karịa ịgagharị n'ụgbọala, na mmetụta nke ebe dị anya, ihe ndị dị na ala dị ka ugwu, na ihu igwe nwere ike ime ka ịrụsi ọrụ ike n'èzí ghara ịdị mma ma ọ bụ ghara ịdị irè.[29] Nkatọ ọzọ nke iwu njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-ekwu na ịgbanwere okporo ụzọ maka iji ịnyịnya ígwè eme njem na-eme ka njem sie ike maka ndị njem ga-enwe ụgbọala.[30]

Ịgagharị agagharị site na mba

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Njikọ Europe

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Carfree Juist, Germany
Juist na-enweghị ụgbọala, Germany

European Union's Mobility and Transport organization gụnyere ịkwalite ịga ije na ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè n'etiti atụmatụ ya iji mee ka njem na-adịgide adịgide na Europe.[31] European Union anabatala ebumnuche Vision Zero iji kpochapụ ọnwụ okporo ụzọ niile, na-achọ ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe omume n'etiti ndị na-agafe agafe na ndị na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè na ụgbọala, ebe ndị a na-akpatakarị nnukwu mmerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ ọnwụ.[32] N'ịbụ ndị kewapụrụ na European Union, ọtụtụ obodo na mpaghara Europe guzobere otu nzukọ, Polis, na 1989 iji hazie mbọ dị n'etiti gọọmentị ime obodo na European Union iji melite arụmọrụ nke njem.[33] Nke a na-agụnye ime ka ọ dịkwuo mfe ịgagharị, nke Polis na-ekwu na ọ na-enye uru na gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike ọha na eze ma na-ekwusi ike na ọganihu ndị a na-enye aka na akụ na ụba.[34] Polis na-atụ aro na mkpebi iwu kwesịrị ịkọwa uru sitere na mbelata ahụike na ụgwọ gburugburu ebe obibi site na njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike, mmụba nke ohere obodo site na mbelata mkpọchi na mmetọ, ma tụlee ụkpụrụ gbasara imepụta ụgbọala iji dozie nchegbu nke nchekwa na ịdị mfe.[35] Polis na-agba ume mmepe nke Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans (SUMPs) iji duzie ọrụ njem n'obodo niile. [36]

Netherlands

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ọnwụ ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè na Netherlands site na 2007 ruo 2016.

A na-eji agagharị agagharị eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na Netherlands, gụnyere ihe karịrị 40% nke njem n'ime ime obodo.[1] Ọdịdị dị larịị na ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ nke Netherlands na-erite uru mmegharị ahụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike, nke amụma gọọmentị kwadoro kemgbe ọtụtụ iri afọ, [2] gụnyere kilomita 35,000 nke ụzọ ịgba ígwè raara onwe ya nye.[3] N'ihi ya, gọọmentị Dutch na-eme atụmatụ na e nwere ihe dị ka igwe igwe 1.3 maka onye ọ bụla na Netherlands.[3] Ihe si na nke a pụta bụ na ihe dị ka 20% nke ndị na-egbu ihe mberede okporo ụzọ Dutch bụ ndị na-agba ígwè, ihe karịrị 100 ndị na-agba ígwè na-anwụ kwa afọ.[4] Ọnụego ya na ọnụ ọgụgụ a dị elu karịa ọtụtụ mba ndị ọzọ dị na Europe, na-egosipụta oke ojiji nke ngagharị na-arụ ọrụ na Netherlands.[4] Otú ọ dị, mgbalị amụma nke Ministry of Industry and Water Management[5] nwere ike iso mee ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-anwụ anwụ na-ebelata, bụ nke dara karịa 30% site na 2007 ruo 2016. [37][38]

Singapore

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Land Transport Authority (LTA) nke Singapore na-achụso ebumnuche ekwupụtara iji gbakwunye usoro njem na "nhọrọ ije na ịnyịnya ígwè".[39] N'ịgbaso atụmatụ nnwale nke etinyere n'ógbè Tampines, Minista nke Transport gosipụtara atụmatụ ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè nke mba na 2013 iji nye ụzọ iji jikọta ịgba ịnyịnya na usoro Mass Rapid Transit nke Singapore. [40][41] Nke a gụnyere ụzọ 190 kilomita, ọtụtụ puku ebe a na-adọba ịnyịnya ígwè, akara, na agụmakwụkwọ ndị na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè. Otú ọ dị, a katọrọ mgbalị ndị a dị ka ndị a kpaara ókè, karịsịa maka igbochi mgbasawanye nke ịnweta ịnyịnya ígwè na njikọ ndị na-abụghị ụzọ, dịka site na Park Connectors Network, karịa ihe ndị ọzọ maka ịgagharị n'obodo ukwu.[40]

United Kingdom

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Association of Directors of Public Health na United Kingdom, nke ihe karịrị otu narị ndị bịanyere aka na ya gụnyere Sustrans na Royal College of Physicians sonyeere na akwụkwọ ọnọdụ na njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike, setịpụrụ ọtụtụ usoro iwu doro anya a tụrụ aro maka atụmatụ mpaghara na ndị isi okporo ụzọ, gụnyere:

  • Ogologo ọsọ 20 mph (32 km / h) maka ebe obibi.  
  • Okporo ụzọ ịnyịnya ígwè nke na-enye maka njem dị mfe na nke bara uru.
  • Agụmakwụkwọ nke ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala na mmanye iwu iji melite nchekwa okporo ụzọ.
  • Mbipụta ebumnuche doro anya maka mgbasawanye nke njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike. [42]

England

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A tọhapụrụ atụmatụ Gọọmentị UK maka njem na England na 2020 ma mara ya dị ka Gear Change. Atụmatụ a bu n'uche ime ka England bụrụ 'mba na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè ukwu'. Atụmatụ ahụ na-ezube ịmepụta ụzọ ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè na ịga ije, iwebata mpaghara ndị ọzọ na-enweghị okporo ụzọ na okporo ụzọ ụlọ akwụkwọ, na-eju anya ịtọ ụkpụrụ dị elu maka akụrụngwa ịgba ịnyịnya. Atụmatụ ahụ na-eso £ 2 ijeri na ego ndị ọzọ n'ime afọ ise sochirinụ maka ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè na ịga ije mara ọkwa na Mee 2020. Atụmatụ ahụ webatara ahụ ọhụrụ na onye nyocha a maara dị ka Active Travel England . [43]

Scotland

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Iwu Gọọmentị Scotland na-ezube ịbawanye ojiji nke ụzọ njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Scotland maka njem dị mkpirikpi na ime ka njem na-aga n'ihu dị nchebe ma na-agụnye. E bipụtara National Walking Strategy na 2017 ma melite Cycling Action Plan for Scotland (CAPS) na 2017. [44]

Òtù na-akwado njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike Cycling UK katọrọ Gọọmentị Scotland maka ịghara ịbawanye ego maka njem na-eme ihe. Mmefu ego Scotland na-ekenye £ 100 nde maka ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè na ịga ije, nke bụ 3.3% nke mmefu ego njem ma ọ bụ ngụkọta nke kilomita atọ nke atụmatụ A9.[45] N'ime ngalaba ọha na eze na Scotland ngalaba njem nwere pasentị kachasị ala nke ụmụ nwanyị na ọkwa ndị dị elu. Naanị 6.25% nke ndị isi ụgbọ njem bụ ụmụ nwanyị.[46]

Wales

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Nzọụkwụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere Active Travel (Wales) Act 2013, nke gafere na 2013. Iwu ahụ chọrọ ka ndị ọchịchị mpaghara nọgide na-emeziwanye ihe owuwu na ụzọ maka ndị na-aga ije na ndị na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè na ịkwadebe map na-achọpụta ụzọ dị ugbu a na nke nwere ike ime n'ọdịnihu maka ojiji ha. Ọ chọkwara imeziwanye okporo ụzọ na ọrụ mmepe iji tụlee mkpa nke ndị na-aga ije na ndị na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè n'oge imewe.[47]

United States

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ndị bi na United States na-eji njem dị ka ụzọ njem karịa ndị bi na mba ndị ọzọ.[48] Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-anwụ anwụ nke ndị na-aga ije na ndị na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè n'obodo ukwu US ka e depụtara dị ka ihe na-enye aka n'ọnọdụ a.[48] Mgbalị iji mụbaa ojiji nke ịgagharị agagharị na steeti etiti site na Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Njem nke US, nke na-agbaso mmepe nke ịgagharị na-arụsi ọrụ ike site na Livability Initiative.[49] Livability Initiative gụnyere ọtụtụ ijeri dollar nke ego site na ọtụtụ mmemme enyemaka, gụnyere Better Utilizing Investments to Leverage Development (BUILD), Infrastructure for Rebuilding America (INFRA), na Transportation Infrastructures Finance and Innovation Act (TIFIA), iji mee ka iwu akụrụngwa na-akwado mmụba nke ndị na-aga ije na ịnyịnya ígwè.[50] Mmụba ego maka mmemme ndị a, dị ka Fixing America's Surface Transportation (FAST) nke 2015, enwetala nkwado abụọ.[51] Ọtụtụ obodo dị na United States, gụnyere Seattle, Chicago, Minneapolis, Sacramento, na Houston, etinyela iwu nke ha iji gbaa ndị na-agagharị agagharị maka ịga ọrụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ.[52] Mgbalị ndị ọzọ dị ukwuu gụnyere mmemme njem zuru ezu (ATPs), dị ka ndị a na-etinye na California, Oregon" id="mwATU" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon, Texas" id="mwATk" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth, Texas, na San Diego County.[53][54][55][56] Otú ọ dị, mgbalị ndị a agbalịwo ịkwalite mgbanwe ndị a na-atụle na pasentị nke ndị njem na-eji ụgbọ njem na-arụ ọrụ: na United States Census Bureau's American Community Survey, 3.4% nke ndị America gbara ịnyịnya ígwè ma ọ bụ na-eje ije ịrụ ọrụ na 2013, naanị 3.1% mere ya na 2018.[57]

Ụzọ ịnyịnya ígwè na ndị njem na Roger Williams Park.
Njem na United States [57]
Afọ Ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè Ịga ije Ngụkọta nke Ọrụ Na-aga
2013 0.614% 2.792% 3.405%
2014 0.631% 2.754% 3.385%
2015 0.595% 2.768% 3.362%
2016 0.573% 2.706% 3.279%
2017 0.556% 2.639% 3.195%
2018 0.526% 2.574% 3.100%

Ndị nwere nkwarụ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ndị nwere nkwarụ na-enwekarị nsogbu na njem karịa ndị na-enweghị nkwarụ.   [citation needed]

Ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ nwere ihe mgbochi ahụike maka njem siri ike. E nwere ụfọdụ ọnọdụ ebe ọ na-agaghị ekwe omume ka mmadụ gaa ije ma ọ bụ gbaa ịnyịnya ígwè, ọbụnakwa ma ọ bụrụ na ewepụ ihe mgbochi anụ ahụ, ọha na eze na ego, ụfọdụ ka ga-achọ ịnweta ụgbọala.[58]

Ihe mgbochi ozugbo maka ndị nwere nkwarụ na-agagharị n'okporo ụzọ bụ enweghị ike ịbanye n'okpogige, dịka ọmụmaatụ: [58]

  • Ihe mgbagwoju anya n'okporo ụzọ, dịka ihe ịrịba ama okporo ụzọ na ebe a na-akwụ ụgwọ ụgbọala eletrik
  • Okporo ụzọ ndị na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụ ndị na-agbago elu
  • Enweghị okporo ụzọ dara ada na ụzọ a na-emetụ n'ahụMmetụta a na-emetụ n'ahụ
  • Enweghị ebe ndị mmadụ ga-akwụsị izu ike
  • Ihe ize ndụ ndị ohere ha na ụgbọala na-akpata

Maka ndị chọrọ ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè, ihe mgbochi nwere ike ịgụnye ụzọ ịnyịnya ígwè dị warara, akụrụngwa nke chọrọ ka onye na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè rịtuo, ihe mgide anụ ahụ na enweghị ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala kwesịrị ekwesị.[58]

Ọdịiche dị n'etiti nwoke na nwanyị

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'obodo na mba ụfọdụ, ụmụ nwanyị na-eduga n'ụzọ mgbe a bịara n'ịga ije. 54% nke njem ndị e ji ụkwụ mee na London bụ ndị inyom na-eme.[59]

Dabere na nyocha banyere ọdịiche nwoke na nwanyị na njem na-agafe n'ọtụtụ obodo mba ụwa, ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịga ije karịa ụmụ nwoke ma nwee ike iji ụgbọ njem ọha na eze.[60] Ọdịiche nwoke na nwanyị na usoro njem na-adabere n'afọ ndụ. Echiche ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke banyere ihe ize ndụ na nchekwa na-enye ahụmịhe njem dị iche.[61] Nnyocha na-eme ka mkpa ọ dị ụzọ nwoke na nwanyị na-aga ndụ dị mma na iwu njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-atụle iji belata ihe ize ndụ okporo ụzọ na ime ihe ike nwoke.[62]

Ụmụ nwoke nwere ike ịnweta ụgbọ ala nkeonwe karịa ụmụ nwanyị.[1] Nhazi nke na-abara ụgbọ ala uru karịa ụdị njem ndị ọzọ na-abara ụmụ nwoke uru na-enweghị oke.[2] Ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị na-enwekarị usoro njem dị iche iche.[3] Ụmụ nwanyị na-enwekarị ike ịgbụ njem, na ịgbụ njem na-akwado iji ụgbọ ala eme ihe.[4][5] O yikarịrị ka a ga-ejide ụmụ nwanyị site na iburu ụmụaka, ịzụ ahịa ma ọ bụ soro ndị enyi agadi [6] Na UK obere okirikiri ụmụ nwanyị karịa ụmụ nwoke [7] [8] na nchekwa okporo ụzọ na-ezo aka dị ka nchegbu metụtara ịgba ígwè [9] ] na ije ije.[10][11] Otu akụkọ Sustrans na UK chọpụtara enweghị ihe akaebe na ụmụ nwanyị na-ekere òkè n'ịmepụta amụma njem na nhazi.[46]

Hụkwa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  • Ịdabere n'ụgbọala
  • Bicycle-friendly - Atụmatụ obodo na-ebute ụzọ ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè
  • Ịgba ígwè
  • Carfree city - Obodo mepere emepe nke na-enweghị ụgbọala
  • Health impact of light rail systems - mmetụta dị mma na nke na-adịghị mma dị ka ikuku, mkpọtụ, mmega ahụ, mmetụPeeji na-egosi nkọwa wikidata dị ka ọdịda azụ
  • Ụgbọ njem nke mmadụ
  • Ụgbọala nwere injin
  • Nkọwa nke ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè
  • Pedestrian village - Atụmatụ obodo maka ebe a na-eji eme ihe dị iche iche na-ebute ndị na-aga ije ụzọ
  • Street reclamation - Ịgbanwe okporo ámá iji lekwasị anya n'iji ụgbọala eme ihe
  • Mgbasawanye obodo

Ebem si dee

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  1. ↑ (2018) Bicycling for Transportation (in en). Elsevier. DOI:10.1016/c2016-0-03936-0. ISBN 978-0-12-812642-4. 
  2. ↑ Audrey (December 2019). "Evaluation of an intervention to promote walking during the commute to work: a cluster randomised controlled trial" (in en). BMC Public Health 19 (1): 427. DOI:10.1186/s12889-019-6791-4. ISSN 1471-2458. PMID 31014313. 
  3. ↑ Dons (2018). "Transport mode choice and body mass index: Cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence from a European-wide study". Environment International 119 (119): 109–116. DOI:10.1016/j.envint.2018.06.023. PMID 29957352. 
  4. ↑ House of Commons Health Committee, Obesity – Third Report of Session 2003–04
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Physical activity: applying All Our Health (en). GOV.UK. Retrieved on 2020-08-04.
  6. ↑ Ione Avila-Palencia (2018). "The effects of transport mode use on self-perceived health, mental health, and social contact measures: A cross-sectional and longitudinal study". Environment International 120: 199–206. DOI:10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.002. PMID 30098553. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Orellana (2016-06-08). "A Multidisciplinary Analytical Framework for Studying Active Mobility Patterns" (in en). ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B2: 527–534. DOI:10.5194/isprs-archives-XLI-B2-527-2016. ISSN 2194-9034. 
  8. ↑ Scrivano (2024). "Active mobility and mental health: A scoping review towards a healthier world". Cambridge Prisms: Global Mental Health 11. DOI:10.1017/gmh.2023.74. PMID 38390252. 
  9. ↑ Zhou (March 2020). "Effects of improvements in non-motorised transport facilities on active mobility demand in a residential township" (in en). Journal of Transport & Health 16: 100835. DOI:10.1016/j.jth.2020.100835. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Giorgio Guariso (2017-08-24). "Assessing the Value of Systematic Cycling in a Polluted Urban Environment" (in en). Climate 5 (3): 65. DOI:10.3390/cli5030065. ISSN 2225-1154.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content
  11. ↑ Vich (March 2019). "Green streetscape and walking: Exploring active mobility patterns in dense and compact cities" (in en). Journal of Transport & Health 12: 50–59. DOI:10.1016/j.jth.2018.11.003. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Lee (December 2013). "Safely active mobility for urban baby boomers: The role of neighborhood design" (in en). Accident Analysis & Prevention 61: 153–166. DOI:10.1016/j.aap.2013.05.008. PMID 23777888. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Castro (2019). "Physical activity of electric bicycle users compared to conventional bicycle users and non-cyclists: Insights based on health and transport data from an online survey in seven European cities". Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives 1: 100017. DOI:10.1016/j.trip.2019.100017. 
  14. ↑ Wild (2021-07-07). "Gender and the E-bike: Exploring the Role of Electric Bikes in Increasing Women's Access to Cycling and Physical Activity". Active Travel Studies 1 (1). DOI:10.16997/ats.991. ISSN 2732-4184. 
  15. ↑ Fraser (2011-12-01). "Cycling for transport and public health: a systematic review of the effect of the environment on cycling" (in en). European Journal of Public Health 21 (6): 738–743. DOI:10.1093/eurpub/ckq145. ISSN 1101-1262. PMID 20929903. 
  16. ↑ US EPA (2016-01-12). Greenhouse Gas Emissions from a Typical Passenger Vehicle (en). US EPA. Retrieved on 2020-08-04.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Jørgensen (2014-04-01). "Assessment of urgent impacts of greenhouse gas emissions—the climate tipping potential (CTP)" (in en). The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 19 (4): 919–930. DOI:10.1007/s11367-013-0693-y. ISSN 1614-7502. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Keall (2018-12-01). "Reductions in carbon dioxide emissions from an intervention to promote cycling and walking: A case study from New Zealand" (in en). Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 65: 687–696. DOI:10.1016/j.trd.2018.10.004. ISSN 1361-9209. 
  19. ↑ Brand (2021). "The climate change mitigation effects of daily active travel in cities" (in en). Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 93. DOI:10.1016/j.trd.2021.102764. 
  20. ↑ Brand (2021). "The climate change mitigation impacts of active travel: Evidence from a longitudinal panel study in seven European cities" (in en). Global Environmental Change 67. DOI:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102224. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Pucher (2010-01-01). "Infrastructure, programs, and policies to increase bicycling: An international review" (in en). Preventive Medicine 50: S106–S125. DOI:10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.07.028. ISSN 0091-7435. PMID 19765610.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":8" defined multiple times with different content
  22. ↑ Mackenbach (March 2016). "The Influence of Urban Land-Use and Public Transport Facilities on Active Commuting in Wellington, New Zealand: Active Transport Forecasting Using the WILUTE Model" (in en). Sustainability 8 (3): 242. DOI:10.3390/su8030242. 
  23. ↑ Pucher (2003-09-01). "Promoting Safe Walking and Cycling to Improve Public Health: Lessons From The Netherlands and Germany". American Journal of Public Health 93 (9): 1509–1516. DOI:10.2105/AJPH.93.9.1509. ISSN 0090-0036. PMID 12948971. 
  24. ↑ Cervero (1997-09-01). "Travel demand and the 3Ds: Density, diversity, and design" (in en). Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 2 (3): 199–219. DOI:10.1016/S1361-9209(97)00009-6. ISSN 1361-9209. 
  25. ↑ Vich (2019-03-01). "Green streetscape and walking: Exploring active mobility patterns in dense and compact cities" (in en). Journal of Transport & Health 12: 50–59. DOI:10.1016/j.jth.2018.11.003. ISSN 2214-1405. 
  26. ↑ Fan (2014-11-01). "An ecological analysis of environmental correlates of active commuting in urban U.S." (in en). Health & Place 30: 242–250. DOI:10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.09.014. ISSN 1353-8292. PMID 25460907. 
  27. ↑ Dogan (2020-01-02). "Urbano: A Tool to Promote Active Mobility Modeling and Amenity Analysis in Urban Design". Technology|Architecture + Design 4 (1): 92–105. DOI:10.1080/24751448.2020.1705716. ISSN 2475-1448. 
  28. ↑ Lindsay (2011). "Moving urban trips from cars to bicycles: impact on health and emissions" (in en). Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 35 (1): 54–60. DOI:10.1111/j.1753-6405.2010.00621.x. ISSN 1753-6405. PMID 21299701. 
  29. ↑ Rietveld (2004-08-01). "Determinants of bicycle use: do municipal policies matter?" (in en). Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 38 (7): 531–550. DOI:10.1016/j.tra.2004.05.003. ISSN 0965-8564. 
  30. ↑ Dangerous 'road diets' are starving LA of common sense: Susan Shelley (en-US). Daily News (2017-09-19). Retrieved on 2020-08-04.
  31. ↑ Smith (2016-09-22). Sustainable transport (en). Mobility and Transport - European Commission. Retrieved on 2020-08-04.
  32. ↑ Mobility and transport (en). Mobility and transport - European Commission. Retrieved on 2020-08-04.
  33. ↑ About Polis (en-US). Polis Network. Retrieved on 2020-08-04.
  34. ↑ "Active Transportation Best Practices" (PDF). Polis Network. June 2019. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  35. ↑ "Securing the health benefits of active travel in Europe" (PDF). Polis Network. November 2011. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  36. ↑ "Polis: Cities and Regions for Transport Innovation" (PDF). Polis Network. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
  37. ↑ Zaken (2017-06-09). Safe cycling - Bicycles - Government.nl (en-GB). www.government.nl. Retrieved on 2020-08-04.
  38. ↑ "Traffic Safety Basic Facts 2018: Cyclists" (PDF). European Commission. European Road Safety Observatory. 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
  39. ↑ LTA | Who We Are. www.lta.gov.sg. Retrieved on 2020-08-04.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Meng (2014-10-01). "Influences of urban characteristics on cycling: Experiences of four cities" (in en). Sustainable Cities and Society 13: 78–88. DOI:10.1016/j.scs.2014.05.001. ISSN 2210-6707. 
  41. ↑ MOT Singapore – Gain new perspectives on land, sea & air transport (en). www.mot.gov.sg. Archived from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved on 2020-08-04.
  42. ↑ "Take action on active travel" (PDF). Association of Directors of Public Health. January 2010. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
  43. ↑ Cycling and walking plan for England (en). GOV.UK. Retrieved on 2021-07-02.
  44. ↑ Active Travel Framework (1). www.transport.gov.scot. Retrieved on 2021-07-02.
  45. ↑ Is £500m for cycling and walking in Scotland enough? | Cycling UK. www.cyclinguk.org. Retrieved on 2021-07-02.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Exploring gender and active travel (en). Sustrans. Retrieved on 2022-02-05.
  47. ↑ Active Travel (Wales) Act 2013 – National Assembly for Wales. assembly.wales (18 February 2013). Retrieved on 2 June 2017.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Lee (2013-12-01). "Safely active mobility for urban baby boomers: The role of neighborhood design" (in en). Accident Analysis & Prevention 61: 153–166. DOI:10.1016/j.aap.2013.05.008. ISSN 0001-4575. PMID 23777888. 
  49. ↑ Livable and Sustainable Communities | FTA. www.transit.dot.gov. Retrieved on 2020-08-04.
  50. ↑ U.S. Department of Transportation Transit, Highway, and Safety Funds - Funding - Bicycle and Pedestrian Program - Environment - FHWA. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved on 2020-08-04.
  51. ↑ Davis (2015-12-04). H.R.22 - 114th Congress (2015-2016): FAST Act. www.congress.gov. Retrieved on 2020-08-04.
  52. ↑ Lee (2017-03-04). "Understanding the role of equity in active transportation planning in the United States". Transport Reviews 37 (2): 211–226. DOI:10.1080/01441647.2016.1239660. ISSN 0144-1647. 
  53. ↑ Active Transportation Program (ATP) | Caltrans (en). dot.ca.gov. Retrieved on 2020-08-04.
  54. ↑ Regional Active Transportation Plan (en). Metro (2014-07-25). Retrieved on 2020-08-04.
  55. ↑ Active Transportation Plan | City of Fort Worth, Texas (en). fortworthtexas.gov. Retrieved on 2020-08-04.
  56. ↑ Active Transportation Plan. www.sandiegocounty.gov. Retrieved on 2020-08-04.
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 Bureau. American Community Survey Data (EN-US). The United States Census Bureau. Retrieved on 2020-08-04. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":13" defined multiple times with different content
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 Pave The Way (streetspace) » Transport for All (en-GB). Transport for All (21 January 2021). Retrieved on 2021-07-02. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":14" defined multiple times with different content
  59. ↑ Understanding the travel needs of London's diverse communities Women. Transport for London (April 2012).
  60. ↑ Oyebode (2 February 2022). From walking to cycling, how we get around a city is a gender equality issue – new research (en). The Conversation. Retrieved on 2022-02-05.
  61. ↑ Haynes (2019-12-21). "Gender and active travel: a qualitative data synthesis informed by machine learning". International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 16 (1): 135. DOI:10.1186/s12966-019-0904-4. ISSN 1479-5868. PMID 31864372. 
  62. ↑ Goel (2022-01-03). "Gender differences in active travel in major cities across the world" (in en). Transportation 50 (2): 733–749. DOI:10.1007/s11116-021-10259-4. ISSN 1572-9435. PMID 37035250. 
Ewepụtara na https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ịgagharị_agagharị&oldid=190403