Ọhịa na Canada

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Ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọhịa na Canada bụ isi ihe na-enye aka na akụ na ụba Canada. Na 39% nke ala Canada kpuchiri ọhịa, mba ahụ nwere 9% nke ala ọhịa nke ụwa.[1] Oké ọhịa ndị ahụ bụ isi spruce, poplar na pine.[2] Ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọhịa na Canada nwere ngalaba atọ: mmepụta osisi siri ike, pulp na akwụkwọ na ịkpụ osisi.[3] Ọhịa, yana ọhịa na-achịkwa site na Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Dị n'Oké Ọhịa Canada na Ọrụ Ọhịa nke Canada, na mmekorita ya na ọtụtụ òtù na-anọchite anya òtù gọọmentị, ndị ọrụ, ndị ọkachamara na iwu, na ọtụtụ ndị[4] ọzọ. Mgbukpọ oke ọhịa site n'aka ndị bi na Europe n'oge narị afọ nke 18 na nke 19 akwụsịla site na iwu ndị ọzọ nke oge a.[5] Taa, ihe na-erughị 1% nke oké ọhịa Canada na-emetụta site na igbutu osisi kwa afọ.[2] Canada bụ nke abụọ kachasị ebubata ngwaahịa osisi, ma na-emepụta 12.3% nke òkè ahịa ụwa.[6] Nchegbu akụ na ụba metụtara ọhịa gụnyere gas na-ekpo ọkụ, biotechnology, ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ, na nje ndị na-efe efe dị ka mountain pine beetle.

Nlekọta Ọhịa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Oké ọhịa spruce na British Columbia

Canada bụ mba na-eduga maka njikwa ọhịa na-adịgide adịgide na usoro sayensị iji hụ na njikwa kwesịrị ekwesị na nke na-adịgidere nke gburugburu ebe obibi nke Canada.[7] Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 90% nke oké ọhịa ndị Canada bụ nke ọha na eze ma na-achịkwa mpaghara na ókèala ha. Gọọmentị mpaghara na nke mpaghara ọ bụla na-enye ọkwa mbụ nke owuwe ihe ubi ma chọọ omume mmelite mgbe owuwe ihe ọṅụṅụ gwụchara. Na mgbakwunye, maka ụlọ ọrụ iji owuwe ihe ọmụma ala ọha na eze, ha ga-emepụta atụmatụ nchịkwa ọhịa pụrụ iche ma gwa ọha na eze. 6% nke oké ọhịa ndị Canada bụ nke onwe ha ma ga-agbaso iwu na iwu na iwu nke mpaghara na nke gọọmentị etiti. 2% nke ndị fọdụrụ bụ nke ndị nwe obodo.[2][2]

Gọọmentị na-enyere aka site na National Advisory Board on Forest Research, nke e guzobere na 1997 ma na-elekwasị anya na nsogbu atụmatụ, na Forest Sector Advisory Council, nke na-anọchite anya ọdịmma nke ọtụtụ ndị nwe onwe ha, ndị na-enweghị uru na ndị agụmakwụkwọ na Canadian forestry. Kansụl Ndị Minista Ọhịa nke Canada, nke nwere ndị minista iri na anọ na-anọchite anya gọọmentị etiti na mpaghara na mpaghara dị iche iche, bụ isi ngwá ọrụ maka ịgbasa iwu mba na nke mba ụwa na mba ahụ dum.[4]

Oké ọhịa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ụgbọ mmiri e ji osisi rụọ n'ihu ụlọ omebe iwu nke Ottawa na 1882

Iwu gọọmentị na-echebe ihe dị ka pasent 8 nke mpaghara ọhịa, nke a na-egbutu ihe na-erughị pasent 1 kwa afọ; a chọrọ ka e mee ka akụkụ ikpeazụ a dịghachi mma mgbe a ghọchara ya.[8] Ọ bụ otu n'ime mba ise nwere oke ọhịa, tinyere Russia, Brazil, China na US; ọnụ ọgụgụ, mba ndị a na-achịkwa ihe karịrị ọkara nke ala ọhịa ụwa.[9]

Akụkọ banyere ọhịa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A na-eche na ọhịa Europe na Canada malitere na narị afọ nke iri na otu, mgbe Leif Erikson rutere n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke ihe a kwenyere na ọ bụ Newfoundland. Nnukwu ọhịa amaliteghị ruo mgbe ndị Europe bi na ya rutere ọtụtụ narị afọ ka e mesịrị. Ebe bụ Canada ugbu a nwere oke mgbukpọ ọhịa n'oge narị afọ nke 18 na nke 19, ka ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke ndị bi na ya kpochapụrụ ala ahụ; a hụkwara usoro a n'ebe ndị ọzọ na North America. Mgbanwe na usoro nchịkwa na narị afọ nke 20 na nke 21 enweela ike ịkwụsị omume na-aga n'ihu na mgbukpọ ọhịa.[5]

Ọhịa taa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọhịa bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na Canada, na-enye ihe karịrị ijeri $ 24.6 na GDP na akụ na ụba na 2017.[10] N'otu afọ ahụ, ihe karịrị mmadụ 209,940 were ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọhịa, na-enye pasent 1.1 nke ọrụ niile.[10] A na-ahụ ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ọhịa na Quebec, British Columbia na Ontario, ma n'akụkụ ka ukwuu ha na-arụ ọrụ na azụmaahịa osisi dị nro.[8] A rụzuru mmemme ntọhapụ Conifer na Canada kemgbe afọ 1950. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2011, Canada nyere pasent 10 nke osisi a na-akwachasị n'ụwa, pasent 10 maka akwụkwọ, pasent 9 nke osisi a rụrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ, pasent 4 nke akụkụ osisi na pasent 3 nke akwụkwọ na mpempe akwụkwọ.[11] N'afọ 2010, Canada nwere nnukwu ego na azụmaahịa ha, ọkachasị n'ihi ịbụ onye nke abụọ kachasị ebubata ngwaahịa ọhịa n'ụwa niile.[8] A na-ebupụ ọtụtụ n'ime nke a, ebe Canada na-ebupụta pasent 20 nke osisi a na-akwachasị n'ụwa, pasent 18 nke anụ ahụ maka akwụkwọ, pasent 8 nke akwụkwọ na bọọdụ akwụkwọ, pasenta 5 nke osisi na-arụ ọrụ na pasent 5 nke ogwe osisi.[12]

Nchegbu banyere gburugburu ebe obibi[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ugwu ndị dị na Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba Kootenay, British Columbia, na-egosi nnukwu ọkụ mebiri n'ebe ọhịa

Usoro okike nke Canada na-adabere na nnukwu ọhịa.[13] Otú ọ dị, nkezi okpomọkụ nke oké ọhịa Canada anọwo na-abawanye n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, oké ọhịa nke Canada enweela mmụba 1.5 °C kemgbe ahụ.[14] E nwere ọbụna ihe akaebe na mpaghara ụfọdụ dị n'ime ọhịa ọdịda anyanwụ na British Columbia ejirila 2 °C mụbaa kemgbe 1948, enwere nnukwu ohere na mpaghara ndị a ga-eji 3 ma ọ bụ 4 ọzọ na njedebe nke narị afọ ahụ, si otú a gbanwee usoro okike a kpamkpam.[15] Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-emetụta mmepụta nke oké ọhịa Canada.[16]

Canada na-ekere òkè n'ọtụtụ usoro na nzukọ mba ụwa na mpaghara ndị na-emetụta ala ọhịa ya. Dị ka onye bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ihu igwe nke Paris, a chọrọ mbelata nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ. Biotechnology na mmetụta ya na ala ọhịa bụ nchegbu, na nchekwa nke ụdị dị iche iche nke ọhịa bụ isi ihe kachasị mkpa. Nke ikpeazụ a bụ isiokwu nke Nzukọ nke mbụ nke mba ahụ na akụkọ Convention on Biological Diversity.[4]

Nsogbu Okike[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

 

Mmetụta nke Mountain pine beetle na Yoho National Park, British Columbia, Canada

N'afọ 2016, ụmụ ahụhụ bibiri 15,489,117 hekta (38,274,440 acres) nke oké ọhịa Canada.[2] Ụmụ ahụhụ abụọ bụ isi na-etinye ụlọ ọrụ ọhịa nke Canada n'ihe ize ndụ, ahụhụ pine ugwu na emerald ash borer. Ugwu pine beetle ebibiwo ọtụtụ n'ime osisi pine nke ọdịda anyanwụ. Ọbara pine ahụ enweela ọganihu n'ihi njikọta nke nnukwu osisi pine tozuru etozu na oge oyi na-ekpo ọkụ. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2017, e mere atụmatụ na ihe karịrị hekta 18,000,000 (44,000,000 acres) nke osisi pine jupụtara na ihe karịrị 58% nke osisi lodgepole a na-ere ere emebiwo na British Columbia naanị.[17] Ọ bụ ezie na a na-eji usoro ịgba osisi, ọkụ ọkụ na mbelata ahụhụ eme ihe iji gbalịa igbochi ahụhụ ahụ, nnukwu osisi nwụrụ anwụ ka dị, na-eweta nnukwu egwu nke ọkụ ọhịa.[18] Kwa afọ, Canada na-ahụ ihe dị ka ọkụ ọhịa 8,000, na-ere ngụkọta nke 3,371,833 hekta (8,331,980 acres) na 2017.[2] Ihe karịrị ọkara nke ndị a bụ ụmụ mmadụ kpatara ya, mana ọkụ sitere n'okike (nke a na-ebukarị site na àmụ̀mà) kpuchiri ihe karịrị pasent 80 nke ebe ọkụ ahụ, dịka ha na-adịkarị n'ebe ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na mba ahụ.[19]

Emerald ash borer bụ nnukwu nchegbu ọzọ maka oké ọhịa ndị Canada na-akpata mbibi ngwa ngwa nke oké ọhịa na Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, na Nova Scotia.[20] E webatara emerald ash borer na North America site n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia n'afọ ndị 1990. A na-eme atụmatụ na ahụhụ ahụ emeela ka $ 1.422 ijeri mebie kemgbe ewebata ya na Canada.[21][22] Na nzaghachi, Canada azaghachila site n'ịmepụta iwu na ụkpụrụ iji belata njem mmadụ na-eme ka ahụhụ ahụ dị mfe. Tụkwasị na nke a, CFIA egbutuola ọtụtụ puku osisi iji mepụta mpaghara mgbochi iji kwụsị ọganihu nke emerald ash borer.[22]

Nkwado maka ịkwaga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  Nkwado mbugharị bụ omume nke ịkwaga osisi ma ọ bụ anụmanụ na ebe obibi dị iche. Na Canada, a na-akọwa nke a dị ka atụmatụ mmemme mgbanwe ihu igwe, nke a na-ekwukarị na ọ bụ n'ihe gbasara ịkwaga osisi na ọhịa. N'ezie, ka ihu igwe nke Canada na-ekpo ọkụ, ụdị osisi na-aghọ ndị na-adịchaghị anabata ọnọdụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme ha n'ebe ndịda ma ọ bụ n'ebe ugwu ma na-agbakwunye ọnọdụ ihu igwe nke mpaghara ugwu ma ọ bụ ugwu nke akụkọ ihe omume ha.[23]

Na ngwụcha afọ 2000 na mmalite afọ 2010, mpaghara Alberta na British Columbia nke Canada gbanwere ntuziaka osisi ha iji kọwaa njem ugwu na ugwu nke oke ọhịa kachasị mma.[23] Ọbụna British Columbia nyere ìhè akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ maka ịkwaga otu ụdị, Western Larch, 1000 kilomita n'ebe ugwu.[24]

Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Minista na-ahụ maka ọhịa (Canada)
  • Ndị Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ọhịa na Canada
  • Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ọhịa na Canada
  • Ọrụ Ọhịa nke Canada
  • Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ na Canada
  • Tree Canada, otu NGO

Ihe odide[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. ↑ Canada (2015-06-11). how-much-forest-does-canada-have. www.nrcan.gc.ca. Retrieved on 2021-02-12.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 The State of Canada's Forests: Annual report 2018. Natural Resources Canada (2018). Retrieved on 2021-03-11."The State of Canada's Forests: Annual report 2018" (PDF). Natural Resources Canada. 2018. Retrieved 2021-03-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  3. ↑ Canada (2013-07-10). overview-canadas-forest-industry. www.nrcan.gc.ca. Retrieved on 2021-03-11.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Forestry policies, institutions and programmes - Canada. Food and Agriculture Organization. Archived from the original on 2023-04-04. Retrieved on 2013-12-10.. Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 2013-12-10.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 (2012) "Chapter 2: Forests and the Evolution of the Modern World", State of the Worlds Forests. Food and Agriculture Organization. "Chapter 2: Forests and the Evolution of the Modern World" (PDF). State of the Worlds Forests. Food and Agriculture Organization. 2012. p. 14.
  6. ↑ Canada. Canada ranks second among leading global wood product exporters | Selective Cuttings | Natural Resources Canada. cfs.nrcan.gc.ca. Retrieved on 2021-03-11.
  7. ↑ Canada's Forest-related Contributions to Sustainable Development. United Nations (2019).
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Forests. Government of Canada (2013-11-21). Archived from the original on 2013-11-20. Retrieved on 2013-12-10.. Government of Canada. 2013-11-21. Retrieved 2013-12-10.
  9. ↑ Forest Cover. Food and Agriculture Organization. Archived from the original on 2013-11-04. Retrieved on 2013-12-10.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Forest Fact Book 2018-2019. Natural Resources Canada 2, 8, 9. Natural Resources Canada (2019). Retrieved on 2019-09-23.
  11. ↑ Forest product consumption and production. Food and Agriculture Organization. Archived from the original on 2013-09-05. Retrieved on 2013-12-10.
  12. ↑ Forest products trade. Food and Agriculture Organization. Archived from the original on 2013-09-05. Retrieved on 2013-12-10.
  13. ↑ Michael Fitzsimmons (2003). "Effects of deforestation and reforestation on landscape spatial structure in boreal Saskatchewan, Canada". Forest Ecology and Management 174 (1–3): 577–592. DOI:10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00067-1. 
  14. ↑ Prasad (September 2020). "Combining US and Canadian forest inventories to assess habitat suitability and migration potential of 25 tree species under climate change" (in en). Diversity and Distributions 26 (9): 1142–1159. DOI:10.1111/ddi.13078. ISSN 1366-9516. 
  15. ↑ Annual Regional Temperature Departures. Environment Canada. Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved on April 2, 2012.
  16. ↑ Hogg (2005). "Climate change impacts on drought-prone forests in western Canada". Forestry Chronicle 81 (5): 675–682. DOI:10.5558/tfc81675-5. 
  17. ↑ Canada (2020-10-02). Mountain pine beetle (factsheet). www.nrcan.gc.ca. Retrieved on 2021-03-25.
  18. ↑ Mountain Pine Beetle. Province of British Columbia. Archived from the original on 2012-12-30. Retrieved on 2013-08-10.
  19. ↑ Wildfires. Government of Canada. Retrieved on 2013-12-10.
  20. ↑ Wang (2010-08-09). "The Biology and Ecology of the Emerald Ash Borer, Agrilus planipennis, in China". Journal of Insect Science 10 (128). DOI:10.1673/031.010.12801. ISSN 1536-2442. PMID 20879922. 
  21. ↑ Government of Canada. Information archivée dans le Web. publications.gc.ca. Retrieved on 2021-02-12.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Government of Canada. Information archivée dans le Web. publications.gc.ca. Retrieved on 2021-03-11.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Williams (2014). "Assisted Migration: What It Means to Nursery Managers and Tree Planters". Tree Planters' Notes 57 (1): 21–26. Williams, Mary I.; Dumroese, R. Kasten (2014). "Assisted Migration: What It Means to Nursery Managers and Tree Planters" (PDF). Tree Planters' Notes. 57 (1): 21–26.
  24. ↑ Klenk (2015-03-01). "The development of assisted migration policy in Canada: An analysis of the politics of composing future forests" (in en). Land Use Policy 44: 101–109. DOI:10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.12.003. ISSN 0264-8377. 

Àtụ:Forestry by country

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