Ọnọdụ ala nke Chad
Chad bụ otu n'ime mba iri anọ na asaa na-enweghị ala n'ụwa ma dị na ugwu Ndịda Afrrịka, na-atụle ọnụ Ọgụgụ 1,284,000 skewer kilomita(495,755 sq mi), ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okpukpu abụọ nke France na okpukpu atọ karịa California. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị agbụrụ na asụsụ dị iche iche bi na ndịda, na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị site na mmadụ iri ise na anọ kwa skwer kilomita na ọdọ mmiri Logone ruo mmadụ 0.1 na mpaghara ọzara B.E.T. (Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti), nke n'onwe ya buru ibu karịa France. Isi obodo N'Djaména, nke dị na njikọ nke Osimiri Chari na Logone, bụ cosmopolitan n'okike, na ndị bi ugbu a karịrị mmadụ 700,000.
Chad nwere mpaghara ihu igwe anọ. Mpaghara Sahara kachasị n'ebe ugwu na-enweta ihe na-erughị ọnụ Ọgụgụ narị abụọ mm (7.9 in) nke mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ dị nta bụ ndị na-akwagharị akwagharị, na ụfọdụ anụ ụlọ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ obere anụ na kamel. Mpaghara Sahelian dị n'etiti na-enweta n'etiti ọnụ Ọgụgụ narị abụọ na narị asaa mm (7.9 na 27.6 in) mmiri ozuzo ma nwee ahịhịa sitere ahịhịa / ahịhụ na ogwu, savanna mepere emepe. Mpaghara ndịda, nke a na-akpọkarị mpaghara Sudan, na-enweta n'etiti ọnụ Ọgụgụ nkea:: 700 na 1,000 mm (27.6 39.4 in), na savanna ọhịa na oké ọhịa nke akpọrọ deciduous maka ahịhịa. Mmiri ozuzo na mpaghara Guinea, nke dị na nsọtụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Chad, dị n'etiti ọnụ Ọgụgụ ndịa : otu nde na 1,200 mm (39.4 47.2 in).
Ala nke mba ahụ dị larịị n'ozuzu ya, na ịdị elu na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-arị elu ka mmadụ na-aga n'ebe ugwu na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ site na Ọdọ Mmiri Chad. Ebe kachasị elu na Chad bụ Emi Koussi, ugwu nke na-ebuli nke ọnụ Ọgụgụ ndịa: 3,100 m (10,171 ) n'ebe ugwu Ugwu Tibesti. Ennedi Plateau na ugwu ugwu Ouaddaï dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na-emechi onyinyo nke ọdọ mmiri na-agbadata nke nta nke nta, nke na-agbada n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri Chad. E nwekwara ugwu dị n'etiti na mpaghara Guera na-arịgo ruo 1,500 m (4,921 ).
Ọdọ Mmiri Chad bụ ọdọ mmiri nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka ma bụrụkwa otu n'ime ala mmiri kachasị mkpa na kọntinent ahụ.[1][2] Ebe obibi nke ụdị azụ otu narị na iri abụọ na ọ dị karịa ala ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ, ọdọ mmiri ahụ belatara nke ukwuu n'ime afọ iri anọ gara aga n'ihi mmụba nke ojiji mmiri site na ọnụ ọgụgụ na-abawanye ụba na obere mmiri ozuzo. N'ịbụ nke Chad, Niger, Nigeria, na Cameroon gbara ókè, Ọdọ Mmiri Chad ugbu a na-ekpuchi naanị ọnụ Ọgụgụ Otu nde na narị itoolu na iri isii na atọ Skwer kilomita, site na ọnụ ọgụgụ nkea; 25,000 skwer kilomita na afọ 1963. Osimiri Chari na Logone, nke abụọ sitere na Etiti Afrịka Republic ma na-aga n'ebe ugwu, na-enye ọtụtụ mmiri na-abanye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Chad. Chad dị kwa nso na Niger.
Ebe ọ dị[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
N'ịbụ nke dị n'ebe ugwu etiti Afrịka, Chad gbatịrị ihe dị ka kilomita otu nde na narị asatọ site n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ya ruo n'ókè ndịda ya.[3] Ewezuga n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ na ndịda, ebe ókèala ya na-agbakọta, nkezi obosara Chad bụ ihe dị ka kilomita narị asatọ .[3] Mpaghara ya nke square kilomita ọnụ Ọgụgụ ndịa ;1,284,000 fọrọ nke nta ka ọ hara ka mpaghara Idaho, Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, na Arizona.[3] Ndị agbata obi Chad gụnyere Libya n'ebe ugwu, Niger na Naijiria n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, Sudan n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, Etiti Afrịka Republic n'ebe ndịda, na Cameroon n'ebe Ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ.[3]
Chad na-egosipụta ihe abụọ dị ịrịba ama nke ala.[3] Nke mbụ, mba ahụ enweghị mmiri.[3] N'Djamena, isi obodo, dị ihe karịrị kilomita otu nde na otu narị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Oké Osimiri Atlantic; Abéché, nnukwu obodo dị n'ebe ọwụwa Anyanwụ, dị kilomita nde abụọ narị isii na iri ise site na Oké Osimiri Uhie; na Faya-Largeau, nke dị obere ma dị mkpa n'ebe dị n'etiti ọzara Sahara, kilomita 1,550 site na Osimiri Mediterenian.[3] Nnukwu anya ndị a site n'oké osimiri enweela mmetụta dị ukwuu na mmepe akụkọ ihe mere eme na nke oge a nke Chad.[3]
Ihe nke abụọ dị ịrịba ama bụ na mba ahụ nwere ókèala n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke kọntinent Afrịka: Ugwu Afrịka, ya na omenala Alakụba ya na akụ na ụba ya na Mediterranean Basin; na Ndịda Afrịka, ya ne okpukpe na ọdịbendị dị iche iche ya na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke steeti ndị mepere emepe na akụ na mba mpaghara.[3]
Chad nwekwara ókèala n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka, nke chere ihu na Ndagwurugwu Naịl na mpaghara Oké Osimiri Uhie - na Central ma ọ bụ Etiti Afrịka ụfọdụ n'ime ndị ha nọgidere na-enwe okpukpe ndị Afrịka oge ochie ebe ndị ọzọ nabatara Iso Ụzọ Kraịst, na akụ na ụba ha bụ akụkụ nke nnukwu usoro Osimiri Congo.[3] Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ n'ime ọdịiche dị na Chad sitere na mmetụta dịgasị iche iche, kemgbe nnwere onwe, ọdịiche ahụ abụwokwa ihe mgbochi maka ịmepụta njirimara mba.[3]
Ala[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
ọ bụ ezie na ala Chadian dị na akụ n'ụba na mmekọrịta ndị mmadụ na omenaala kewara ekewa. Ọdịdị Obodo ahụ dịri na otu site na nke akpọrọ mba Lake Chad Basin.[3] Dị bụ na mbụ nnukwu ala osimiri (nke mmiri Chadian) nani nke fọdụrụ bụ ọdụ mmiri na emeghị emi. Nnukwu ịda mbà na obi ruru na Ndịda na ime Naijiria na Niger. Nke kachasị, ugwu akụkụ nke basin kechie na ime Chad bụ ugwu Tibesti dị na ugwu Ndịda, Ennedi plateau dị na Ugwu Ndịda nke Ouaddai na elu ugw nke Ndịda akụkụ oké Sudan, Guerra Massif na nke Etiti Chad na ugwu Mandara site na ugwu Chad Na Ndịda borda site na Cameroon. Obere ebe akụkụ Ndịda nke basin falls fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ naanị.o bụ nke oké nke Ndịda ugwu na akuku Guera Massif, na ugwu na eluigwe kilomita narị abụọ na iri ise na Ndịda oké ugwu na Etiti Afrịka na Ndịda mpaghara nke ugwu Mandara.
Ọdọ Mmiri Chad, nke dị n'akụkụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'ịdị elu nke mita narị abụọ iri asatọ na abụọ, n'ụzọ dị ịtụnanya anaghị egosi ebe kachasị ala nke ọdọ mmiri; kama, a na-ahụ nke a na mpaghara Bodele na Djourab na mpaghara ugwu etiti na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke mba ahụ, n'otu n'otu.[3] Ihe a dị ịtụnanya na-ebilite n'ihi na nnukwu dunes (ergs) nke mpaghara Kanem na-emepụta ihe mgbochi, na-egbochi mmiri ọdọ mmiri ịba n'ebe kachasị ala.[3] N'oge dị iche iche n'oge gara aga, na n'oge na-adịbeghị anya n'afọ 1870, ịda mbà n'obi nke Bahr el Ghazal, nke sitere n'akụkụ ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ ruo Djourab, rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ọwa mmiri; kemgbe nnwere onwe, ọnọdụ ihu igwe emeela ka ọ ghara ikwe omume.[3]
N'ebe ugwu na n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Chad, ọdọ mmiri ahụ gbatịrị ihe karịrị kilomita narị asatọ na-agafe mpaghara ndị nwere nnukwu dunes na-agbagharị nke kewara site na ndagwurugwu miri emi.[3] Ọ bụ ezie na ahịhịa na-ejide dunes n'ebe dị na mpaghara Kanem, n'ebe ugwu ha na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla ma nwee mmiri, nke na-agbagharị.[3] Site n'ebe dị ala na Djourab, ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-arịgo na mbara ala na elu ugwu Tibesti dị n'ebe ugwu.[3] Ugwu nke nhazi a yana ebe kachasị elu na Ọzara Sahara Emi Koussi, ugwu na-agbọpụta ọkụ nke ruru mita 3,414 n'elu oke osimiri.[3]
Ogologo ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ Ennedi Plateau, nke ala limestone ya na-ebili na steepụ nke ọsụ mmiri .[3] N'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ọdọ mmiri ahụ ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-arịgo na Ouaddaï Highlands, nke na-egosi ókèala ọwụwa Anyanwụ Chad ma na-ekewa mmiri Chad na Naịl.[3] Mpaghara ugwu ndị a bụ akụkụ nke mpaghara mpaghara ugwu ugwu nke Ndịda Sahara xeric.
Ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Chad, Guéra Massif, nke na-ekewa ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'akụkụ ugwu na ndịda ya, na-agbaji ọdịdị ala ahụ.[3] N'ebe ndịda ọdọ mmiri ahụ, e nwere ala mmiri nke osimiri Chari na Logone, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-asọba n'oge mmiri ozuzo.[3] N'ebe ndịda, ala ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-agbadata n'elu, na-emepụta usoro ájá na ụrọ dị ala, nke a na-akpọ koros, nke na-emesị rịgoro mita narị iri isii na ise n'elu oke osimiri.[3] N'ebe ndịda nke ókèala Chad, koros kewara Lake Chad Basin na usoro osimiri Ubangi-Zaire.[3]
Usoro mmiri[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Mmiri iyi na-adịgide adịgide n'ebe ugwu ma ọ bụ etiti Chad.[3] N'ịgbaso mmiri ozuzo na-adịghị na Ennedi Plateau na Ouaddaï Highlands, mmiri nwere ike ịgafe n'ime ndagwurugwu a na-akpọ enneris na wadis.[3] Ọtụtụ mgbe n'ihi idei mmiri, iyi ndị dị otú ahụ na-akpọnwụ n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole ka ọdọ mmiri ndị fọdụrụ na-abanye n'ime ala ájá.[3] Nke kachasị mkpa n'ime iyi ndị a bụ Batha, nke n'oge mmiri ozuzo na-ebu mmiri n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ site na Ouaddaï Highlands na Guéra Massif gaa Lake Fitri.[3]
Osimiri ndị isi nke Chad bụ Chari na Logone na ndị na-eso ha, nke na-esi n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ banye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Chad.[3] Usoro osimiri abụọ ahụ na-ebili n'ugwu ndị dị na Etiti Afrịka Republic na Cameroon, mpaghara ndị na-enweta ihe karịrị 1,250 milimita mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ.[3] Osimiri nke Etiti Afrịka Republic, yana osimiri Bahr Salamat, Bahr Aouk, na Bahr Sara nke ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Chad, Osimiri Chari dị ihe dị ka kilomita otú nde na narị abụọ n'ogologo.[3] Site na mmalite ya dị nso n'obodo Sarh, etiti nke Chari na-agafe ala mmiri; Osimiri Logone dị nso na N'Djamena na-esonyere Chari dị ala.[3] Ọnụ ọgụgụ Chari dịgasị iche iche, site na cubic iri na asaa mita kwa sekọnd n'oge ọkọchị ruo narị atọ na iri anọ cubic mita Kwa sekọnd na oge mmiri kachasị n'afọ.[3]
Osimiri Logone sitere na mmiri ndị si Cameroon na Etiti Afrịka Republic.[3] Ma dị mkpụmkpụ ma dị obere karịa Chari, ọ na-aga n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ maka kilomita 960; olu ya dị site na mita cubic ise ruo iri asatọ na ise kwa sekọnd.[3] Na N'Djamena, Logone na-abanye na Chari, osimiri ndị ahụ jikọtara ọnụ na-asọkọta ruo kilomita iri atọ site na nnukwu delta wee banye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Chad.[3] Na ngwụcha oge mmiri ozuzo n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ, osimiri ahụ na-asọba n'akụkụ ya ma mepụta nnukwu ala mmiri na delta.[3]
Ọdọ mmiri nke asaa kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa (na nke anọ kachasị ukwuu n"Africa), Ọdọ Mmiri Chad dị na mpaghara Sahelian, mpaghara dị n'ebe ndịda nke Ọzara Sahara.[3] Osimiri Chari na-enye pasenti iri itoolu na ise nke mmiri Lake Chad, nkezi kwa afọ nke ijeri cubic mita iri anọ nke pasenti iri itoolu na ise n'ime ya furu efu na evaporation.[3] A na-ekpebi oke ọdọ mmiri ahụ site na mmiri ozuzo dị n'ebe ndịda ugwu ndị dị n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ na okpomọkụ na Sahel.[3] Mgbanwe na ha abụọ na-eme ka ọdọ mmiri ahụ gbanwee n'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama, site na nde itoolu na narị asatọ skwer kilomita n'oge ọkọchị ruo nde iri abụọ na ise na narị ise na njedebe nke oge mmiri ozuzo.[3]
Ọdọ Mmiri Chad na-agbanwekwa nke ukwuu site n'otu afọ gaa n'ọzọ.[3] N'afọ 1870, mpaghara ya kachasị elu bụ square kilomita 28,000.[3] Ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ dalatara ruo 12,700 na afọ 1908.[3] N'afọ 1940 na 1950, ọdọ mmiri ahụ nọgidere na-adị obere, mana ọ toro ọzọ ruo 26,000 square kilomita na afọ 1963.[3] Oké ọkọchị nke ngwụcha afọ 1960, mmalite afọ 1970, na etiti afọ 1980 mere ka ọdọ mmiri Chad belata ọzọ, Otú ọ dị.[3] Nanị ọdọ mmiri ndị ọzọ dị mkpa na Chad bụ Lake Fitri, na Batha Prefecture, na Lake Iro, na marshy ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ.[3]
Ọnọdụ ihu igwe[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ọdọ Mmiri Chad Basin na-agụnye ọtụtụ ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ site n'ebe ugwu ruo n'ebe ndịda, ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ n'ime ihu igwe ndị a na-abụkarị akọrọ.[3] Ewezuga ebe ugwu dị anya, ọtụtụ mpaghara nwere oge mmiri ozuzo na oge ọkọchị na-agbanwe agbanwe.[3] N'afọ ọ bụla, a na-ekpebi ogologo oge nke oge ọ bụla n'ụzọ dị ukwuu site na ọnọdụ nke nnukwu ikuku abụọ n'elu Oké Osimiri Atlantic na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ na mpaghara kọntinent kpọrọ nkụ.[3]
N'oge mmiri ozuzo, ifufe na-esi n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ na-ebugharị usoro mmiri mmiri dị n'ebe ugwu n'elu kọntinent Afrịka ebe ọ na-ezute ma na-agbada n'okpuru kọntinenti n'ihu a na-akpọ "mpaghara njikọta intertropical".[3] N'oge mmiri ozuzo, ihu nwere ike iru Kanem Prefecture.[3] Ka ọ na-erule n'etiti oge ọkọchị, mpaghara intertropical convergence na-aga n'ebe ndịda Chad, na-eburu mmiri ozuzo.[3] Usoro ihu igwe a na-enye aka n'ịmepụta mpaghara atọ dị mkpa nke ihu igwe na ahịhịa.[3]
Ógbè Sahara[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Mpaghara Sahara na-ekpuchi ihe dịka ọkara ugwu nke mba ahụ, gụnyere Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Prefecture yana akụkụ ugwu nke Kanem, Batha, na Biltine prefectures.[3] Ọtụtụ n'ime mpaghara a -enweta naanị akara mmiri ozuzo n'oge afọ dum; na Faya-Largeau, dịka ọmụmaatụ, mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ na-erughị 12 milimita (0.47 in), ma enwere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ awa 3800 nke anwụ.[3] Obere oases na olulu mmiri na-enye mmiri maka nkwụ ole na ole ma ọ bụ obere ala nke millet na ubi.[3]
N'ọtụtụ ebe n'ebe ugwu, nkezi okpomọkụ kachasị elu kwa ụbọchị bụ ihe dịka 32 (89.6 °F) n'oge Jenụwarị, ọnwa kachasị jụụ n'afọ, na ihe dịka 45 °C (113 ) na Mee, ọnwa kachasị ọkụ.[3] Mgbe ụfọdụ, ifufe siri ike si n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ na-emepụta ajọ ifufe ájá.[3] N'ebe ugwu Biltine Prefecture, mpaghara a na-akpọ Mortcha na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkpa anụ.[3] Ọ -akpọnwụ maka ọnwa itoolu n'afọ, ọ na-enweta 350 milimita (13.8 in) ma ọ bụ karịa mmiri ozuzo, karịsịa n'oge July na August.[3]
Otu kapet nke isi iyi na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ sitere n'ọzara n'oge obere oge mmiri ozuzo a, na-adọta ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ si n'ógbè ahụ dum na-abịa ịta ehi na kamel ha.[3] N'ihi na olulu mmiri na isi iyi ole na ole nwere mmiri n'afọ niile, ndị na-azụ atụrụ na-apụ na njedebe nke mmiri ozuzo, na-atụgharị ala ahụ na antelopes, gazelles, na ostriches nwere ike ịdị ndụ na obere mmiri dị n'okpuru ala.[3] Northern Chad na-enweta ihe karịrị awa 3500 nke ìhè anyanwụ kwa afọ, ndịda dị ntakịrị.
| Climate data for Faya-Largeau (1961–1990) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 39 (102) |
43 (109) |
44 (111) |
49 (120) |
49 (120) |
49 (120) |
47 (117) |
46 (115) |
46 (115) |
47 (117) |
39 (102) |
36 (97) |
49 (120) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 26.4 (79.5) |
29.4 (84.9) |
33.6 (92.5) |
39.1 (102.4) |
41.0 (105.8) |
42.1 (107.8) |
41.0 (105.8) |
40.2 (104.4) |
39.8 (103.6) |
36.5 (97.7) |
31.1 (88.0) |
27.6 (81.7) |
35.7 (96.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 20.0 (68.0) |
22.2 (72.0) |
26.0 (78.8) |
30.8 (87.4) |
33.0 (91.4) |
34.1 (93.4) |
33.4 (92.1) |
33.1 (91.6) |
32.7 (90.9) |
29.5 (85.1) |
24.5 (76.1) |
21.0 (69.8) |
28.4 (83.1) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 13.6 (56.5) |
15.0 (59.0) |
18.4 (65.1) |
22.4 (72.3) |
25.0 (77.0) |
26.1 (79.0) |
25.8 (78.4) |
26.0 (78.8) |
25.9 (78.6) |
22.5 (72.5) |
17.9 (64.2) |
14.4 (57.9) |
21.1 (70.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 4 (39) |
7 (45) |
11 (52) |
14 (57) |
17 (63) |
17 (63) |
16 (61) |
16 (61) |
17 (63) |
12 (54) |
9 (48) |
3 (37) |
3 (37) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.1 (0.00) |
0.4 (0.02) |
0.3 (0.01) |
3.0 (0.12) |
7.0 (0.28) |
0.8 (0.03) |
0.1 (0.00) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
11.7 (0.46) |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 25 | 20 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 20 | 27 | 33 | 22 | 25 | 23 | 25 | 23 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 306.9 | 291.2 | 306.9 | 309.0 | 344.1 | 333.0 | 334.8 | 319.3 | 312.0 | 319.3 | 309.0 | 306.9 | 3,792.4 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 9.9 | 10.4 | 9.9 | 10.3 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 10.8 | 10.3 | 10.4 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 9.9 | 10.4 |
| Source 1: World Meteorological Organization (temperatures and precipitation days)[4] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun and humidity),[5] Annales de Géographie[6][7] | |||||||||||||
Ógbè Sahelian[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Mpaghara searid sahelian, ma ọ bụ Sahel, na-emepụta belt dị ihe dị ka kilomita 500 (311 mi) n'obosara nke na-esi na mpaghara Lac na Chari-Baguirmi gaa n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ site na Guéra, Ouaddaï, na mpaghara Salamat nke ugwu ruo n'ókè Sudan.[3] Ọnọdụ ihu igwe na mpaghara mgbanwe a n'etiti ọzara na mpaghara ndịda Sudan kewara n'oge mmiri ozuzo (site na June ruo September) na oge ọkọchị (site na October ruo May).[3]
N'ebe ugwu Sahel, osisi ogwu na osisi acacia na-eto n'ọhịa, ebe a na-azụ nkwụ, ọka, na ihe ọkụkụ ubi n'ọzara ndị dịgasị iche iche.[3] N'èzí ebe obibi ndị a, ndị na-akwagharị akwagharị na-elekọta ìgwè atụrụ ha n'oge mmiri ozuzo, na-aga n'ebe ndịda ka nri na mmiri dị n'elu na-apụ n'anya na mmalite nke akụkụ ọkọchị nke afọ.[3] Central Sahel nwere ahịhịa na-eguzogide ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na obere osisi.[3] Mmiri ozuzo na-enwekwu n'ebe ahụ karịa na mpaghara Sahara.[3] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, N'Djamena na-edekọ mmiri ozuzo kachasị elu kwa afọ nke 580 milimita (22.8 in), ebe Ouaddaï Prefecture na-enweta obere ihe.[3]
N'oge okpomọkụ, n'ọnwa Eprel na Mee, okpomọkụ kachasị elu na-arị elu karịa 40 °C (104 ).[3] N'akụkụ ndịda nke Sahel, mmiri ozuzo zuru ezu iji kwe ka mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ n'ala a na-agbaghị mmiri, a na-akụkwa ọka na sorghum.[3] Ọrụ ugbo bụkwa ihe a na-ahụkarị na marshlands n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Chad na nso marshlands ma ọ bụ olulu mmiri.[3] Ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ na-ejikọta ọrụ ugbo na ịzụ ehi, atụrụ, ewu, na ọkụkọ.[3]
| Climate data for N'Djamena (1961-1990, extremes 1904-present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 41.8 (107.2) |
47.6 (117.7) |
46.5 (115.7) |
48.3 (118.9) |
49.1 (120.4) |
44.0 (111.2) |
46.0 (114.8) |
38.6 (101.5) |
40.5 (104.9) |
43.6 (110.5) |
47.5 (117.5) |
40.5 (104.9) |
49.1 (120.4) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 32.4 (90.3) |
35.2 (95.4) |
38.7 (101.7) |
41.0 (105.8) |
39.9 (103.8) |
37.2 (99.0) |
33.5 (92.3) |
31.6 (88.9) |
33.7 (92.7) |
36.9 (98.4) |
35.8 (96.4) |
33.5 (92.3) |
35.8 (96.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 23.4 (74.1) |
25.9 (78.6) |
29.9 (85.8) |
32.9 (91.2) |
32.9 (91.2) |
30.9 (87.6) |
28.3 (82.9) |
27.0 (80.6) |
28.2 (82.8) |
29.4 (84.9) |
26.8 (80.2) |
24.2 (75.6) |
28.3 (83.0) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 14.3 (57.7) |
16.6 (61.9) |
21.0 (69.8) |
24.8 (76.6) |
25.8 (78.4) |
24.7 (76.5) |
23.1 (73.6) |
22.4 (72.3) |
22.7 (72.9) |
21.8 (71.2) |
17.8 (64.0) |
14.8 (58.6) |
20.8 (69.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 6.5 (43.7) |
8.0 (46.4) |
11.3 (52.3) |
16.2 (61.2) |
16.8 (62.2) |
18.2 (64.8) |
17.7 (63.9) |
18.5 (65.3) |
15.1 (59.2) |
13.5 (56.3) |
10.3 (50.5) |
8.4 (47.1) |
6.5 (43.7) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.3 (0.01) |
10.3 (0.41) |
25.8 (1.02) |
51.0 (2.01) |
143.8 (5.66) |
174.4 (6.87) |
84.3 (3.32) |
20.3 (0.80) |
0.1 (0.00) |
0.0 (0.0) |
510.3 (20.1) |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 13 | 15 | 9 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 60 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 29 | 23 | 21 | 28 | 39 | 52 | 68 | 76 | 72 | 49 | 33 | 31 | 43 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 297.6 | 277.2 | 282.1 | 273.0 | 285.2 | 258.0 | 213.9 | 201.5 | 228.0 | 285.2 | 300.0 | 303.8 | 3,205.5 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 9.6 | 9.9 | 9.1 | 9.1 | 9.2 | 8.6 | 6.9 | 6.5 | 7.6 | 9.2 | 10.0 | 9.8 | 8.8 |
| Source 1: World Meteorological Organization (precipitation)[8] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun, humidity, temperatures),[9] Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[10] | |||||||||||||
Ógbè Sudan[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Mpaghara mmiri Sudan gụnyere Sahel, mpaghara ndịda nke Mayo-Kebbi, Tandjilé, Logone Occidental, Logone Oriental, Moyen-Chari, na ndịda Salamat.[11][3] N'etiti Eprel na Ọktọba, oge mmiri ozuzo na-eweta n'etiti 750 1,250 milimita (29.5 na 49.2 in) nke mmiri ozuzo.[3] Okpomọkụ dị elu n'afọ niile.[3] Nnyocha ehihie na Moundou, nnukwu obodo dị na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ, sitere na 27 (80.6 °F) n'etiti oge oyi na Jenụwarị ruo ihe dị ka 40 °C (104 ) na ọnwa okpomọkụ nke Machị, Eprel, na Mee.[3]
Mpaghara Sudan bụ savanna nke East Sudan, ma ọ bụ ala dị larịị kpuchiri ngwakọta nke ahịhịa na ọhịa na mpaghara okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ okpomọkụ.[3] Uto na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ n'oge mmiri ozuzo mana ọ na-acha nchara nchara ma na-ehi ụra n'oge ọnwa ise nke oge ọkọchị n'etiti Nọvemba na Machị.[3] Otú ọ dị, n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke mpaghara ahụ, ahịhịa okike emeela ka ọrụ ugbo.
| Climate data for Sarh (1961-1990) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 35.8 (96.4) |
38.0 (100.4) |
39.1 (102.4) |
38.5 (101.3) |
36.2 (97.2) |
33.2 (91.8) |
30.9 (87.6) |
30.6 (87.1) |
31.7 (89.1) |
33.6 (92.5) |
35.5 (95.9) |
35.4 (95.7) |
34.9 (94.8) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 16.5 (61.7) |
18.8 (65.8) |
22.6 (72.7) |
24.7 (76.5) |
24.1 (75.4) |
22.6 (72.7) |
21.6 (70.9) |
21.5 (70.7) |
21.5 (70.7) |
21.7 (71.1) |
18.8 (65.8) |
16.4 (61.5) |
20.9 (69.6) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 0.1 (0.00) |
1.6 (0.06) |
9.5 (0.37) |
37.4 (1.47) |
82.1 (3.23) |
135.9 (5.35) |
234.4 (9.23) |
243.7 (9.59) |
165.5 (6.52) |
55.8 (2.20) |
3.3 (0.13) |
0.0 (0.0) |
969.3 (38.16) |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 9 | 12 | 15 | 18 | 16 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 86 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 33 | 29 | 37 | 50 | 61 | 72 | 79 | 82 | 80 | 73 | 57 | 42 | 58 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 266.6 | 243.6 | 244.9 | 237.0 | 241.8 | 207.0 | 173.6 | 176.7 | 186.0 | 232.5 | 261.0 | 266.6 | 2,737.3 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 8.6 | 8.7 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 7.8 | 6.9 | 5.6 | 5.7 | 6.2 | 7.5 | 8.7 | 8.6 | 7.5 |
| Source 1: World Meteorological Organization (temperatures and rainy days)[12] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun, humidity and precipitation)[13] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Moundou (1961-1990) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 34.1 (93.4) |
36.7 (98.1) |
38.6 (101.5) |
38.0 (100.4) |
35.7 (96.3) |
32.3 (90.1) |
30.2 (86.4) |
29.8 (85.6) |
30.7 (87.3) |
33.1 (91.6) |
35.1 (95.2) |
34.2 (93.6) |
34.0 (93.2) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 15.1 (59.2) |
18.3 (64.9) |
22.5 (72.5) |
24.2 (75.6) |
23.5 (74.3) |
22.1 (71.8) |
21.2 (70.2) |
21.0 (69.8) |
20.8 (69.4) |
21.0 (69.8) |
17.4 (63.3) |
14.6 (58.3) |
20.1 (68.2) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 0.0 (0.0) |
0.2 (0.01) |
4.6 (0.18) |
39.2 (1.54) |
89.8 (3.54) |
147.7 (5.81) |
257.8 (10.15) |
284.8 (11.21) |
200.1 (7.88) |
57.1 (2.25) |
1.5 (0.06) |
0.0 (0.0) |
1,082.8 (42.63) |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 9 | 12 | 15 | 19 | 13 | 7 | 2 | 0 | 85 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 36 | 28 | 31 | 50 | 63 | 73 | 80 | 81 | 78 | 73 | 56 | 45 | 58 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 279.0 | 249.2 | 248.0 | 234.0 | 241.8 | 210.0 | 182.9 | 170.5 | 186.0 | 235.6 | 282.0 | 291.4 | 2,810.4 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 9.0 | 8.9 | 8.0 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 7.0 | 5.9 | 5.5 | 6.2 | 7.6 | 9.4 | 9.4 | 7.7 |
| Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[14] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun and humidity)[15] | |||||||||||||
Oké ọkọchị nke afọ 2010[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Na 22 June, okpomọkụ ruru 47.6 °C (117.7 ) na Faya, na-emebi ndekọ e debere na 1961 n'otu ebe ahụ. A kọwakwara ịrị elu okpomọkụ yiri nke ahụ na Niger, nke malitere ịbanye n'ọnọdụ ụnwụ nri.[16]
N'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Julaị, okpomọkụ ahụ ruru ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọkwa ndekọ na Chad na Niger.[17]
Mpaghara[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Mpaghara: ngụkọta: 1.284 nde km2 ala: 1,259,200 km2 mmiri: 24,800 km2
Mpaghara - ntụnyere: Canada: obere karịa Northwest Territories US: ihe karịrị okpukpu atọ nke California
Ókèala[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ókèala ala: ngụkọta: 6,406 kilomita mba ókèala: Cameroon 1,116 kilomita, Central African Republic 1,556 kilomita, Libya 1,050 kilomita, Niger 1,196 kilomita, Nigeria 85 kilomita, Sudan 1,403 kilomita
Akụkụ osimiri: 0 km (enweghị ala)
Nkwupụta ụgbọ mmiri: ọ dịghị (nke dị n'ime ala)
Elu dị elu: ebe kachasị ala: Bodélé Depression 160 m ebe kachasị elu: Emi Koussi 3,415 m[18]
Ojiji ala na ihe onwunwe[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ihe ndị sitere n'okike: mmanụ, uranium, natron, kaolin, azụ (River Chari, Logone River), ọlaedo, limestone, ájá na gravel, nnu
Ojiji ala: ala a na-akọ ugbo: 3.89% ihe ọkụkụ na-adịgide adịgide: 0.03% ndị ọzọ: 96.08% (2012)
Ala a na-agba mmiri: 302.7 km2 (2003)
Ngụkọta mmiri a na-agbanwe agbanwe: 43 km3 (2011)
Mmiri na-atọ ụtọ (ụlọ / ụlọ ọrụ / ọrụ ugbo): ngụkọta: 0.88 km3/afọ (12%/12%/76%) kwa onye: 84.81 m3/afọ (2005)
Nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ihe ize ndụ sitere n'okike: okpomọkụ, akọrọ, uzuzu, ifufe Harmattan na-eme n'ebe ugwu; ụkọ mmiri ozuzo oge; ihe otiti igurube
Mpaghara - nsogbu ndị dị ugbu a: mmiri ọṅụṅụ ezughi oke; mkpofu mkpofu na-ekwesịghị ekwesị n'ime ime obodo na-enye aka na mmetọ ala na mmiri; ọzara
Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Ụnwụ nri na Sahel na 2010
Ihe ndị dị oke mkpa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Nke a bụ ndepụta nke ebe ndị dị oke na Chad, ebe ndị dị n'ebe ugwu, ndịda, ọwụwa anyanwụ ma ọ bụ ọdịda anyanwụ karịa ebe ọ bụla ọzọ.
- Ebe ugwu - ebe a na-akpọghị aha n'ókè ya na Libya, mpaghara Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti
- Ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ - akụkụ ugwu nke ókèala Chad-Sudan, mpaghara Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti *
- Ebe ndịda - ebe a na-akpọghị aha n'ókè ya na Central African Republic na njikọ nke osimiri Lébé, mpaghara Logone Oriental
- Ebe kachasị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ - ebe a na-akpọghị aha n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke obodo Kanirom na n'ebe ugwu nke Ọdọ Mmiri Chad, Ógbè Lac
*Rịba ama: n'ụzọ nkà na ụzụ, Chad enweghị ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ kachasị, akụkụ ọwụwawụwa anyanwụ nke ókèala ahụ bụ nke 24 ° nke longitude mepụtara.
Ndemsibia[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- ↑ Mueckenheim (2007). Countries of the World & Their Leaders Yearbook 08, Gale virtual reference library. Thomson Gale. ISBN 978-0-7876-8107-4. Retrieved on 12 September 2019.
- ↑ Lake Chad fishermen pack up their nets. BBC News (15 January 2007). Retrieved on 12 September 2019.
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24 3.25 3.26 3.27 3.28 3.29 3.30 3.31 3.32 3.33 3.34 3.35 3.36 3.37 3.38 3.39 3.40 3.41 3.42 3.43 3.44 3.45 3.46 3.47 3.48 3.49 3.50 3.51 3.52 3.53 3.54 3.55 3.56 3.57 3.58 3.59 3.60 3.61 3.62 3.63 3.64 3.65 3.66 3.67 3.68 3.69 3.70 3.71 3.72 3.73 3.74 3.75 3.76 3.77 3.78 3.79 3.80 Àtụ:Citation-attribution
- ↑ World Weather Information Service–Faya-Largeau. World Meteorological Organization.
- ↑ Faya–Largeau Climate Normals 1961–1990. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
- ↑ Mainguet, Monique (1968). "Le Borkou. Aspects d'un modèle éolien" (in fr). Annales de Géographie 77 (421): 296–322. DOI:10.3406/geo.1968.15662.
- ↑ http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT000120 Àtụ:Dead link
- ↑ World Weather Information Service–Ndjamena. World Meteorological Organization.
- ↑ ND'Jamena Climate Normals 1961–1990. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
- ↑ Station N'Djamena (fr). Meteo Climat.
- ↑ Gorse (1987). Desertification in the Sahelian and Sudanian Zones of West Africa, Desertification in the Sahelian and Sudanian Zones of West Africa. World Bank. ISBN 978-0-8213-0897-4. Retrieved on 12 September 2019.
- ↑ World Weather Information Service – Sarh. World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved on June 24, 2015.
- ↑ Sarh Climate Normals 1961-1990. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved on June 24, 2015.
- ↑ World Weather Information Service – Moundou. World Meteorological Organization.
- ↑ Moundou Climate Normals 1961-1990. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
- ↑ Masters. NOAA: June 2010 the globe's 4th consecutive warmest month on record. Weather Underground. Jeff Masters' WunderBlog. Archived from the original on 19 July 2010. Retrieved on 21 July 2010.
- ↑ Wunder Blog : Weather Underground. Wunderground.com. Archived from the original on 27 June 2010. Retrieved on 28 July 2010.
- ↑ Bristow (2009-04-01). "Deflation in the dustiest place on Earth: The Bodélé Depression, Chad" (in en). Geomorphology 105 (1): 50–58. DOI:10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.12.014. ISSN 0169-555X.
Ebe e si nweta ya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- This article incorporates public domain material from World Factbook.
Njikọ mpụga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- 15°N / .E / 15; 19 aha=Field Listing: Geographical Coordinates.Geo-links maka Geography nke Chad.
- Map zuru ezu nke Chad site na www.izf.net