Ọrịa gburugburu ebe obibi
| obere ụdị nke | disease, exogenous disease  |
|---|---|
| ihe kpatara ya | ikpughe gburugburu ebe obibi |
| health specialty | immunology, Ọgwụ gburugburu ébé obibi |
| megidere nke | genetic disease |
Na epidemoloji, ọrịa gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ọrịa ndị enwere ike ikwu kpọmkwem na ihe ndị a metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi (dị iche na ihe ndị metụtara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ma ọ bụ ọrịa). E wezụga ezigbo nsogbu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa monogenik nke na-adịghị ahụkebe, gburugburu ebe obibi bụ isi ihe na-ekpebi mmepe nke ọrịa. Nri, ikpughe na nsí, nje, ụzarị ọkụ, na kemịkal dị na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ngwaahịa nlekọta onwe onye nile na ndị na-ehicha ụlọ, nchekasị, ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, na mmetọ anụ ahụ na nke uche bụ ihe na-akpata akụkụ buru ibu nke ọrịa na-abụghị nke nketa. Ọ bụrụ na e kwubiri usoro ọrịa na ọ bụ n'ihi ngwakọta nke mmetụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na gburugburu ebe obibi, enwere ike ịkpọ mmalite ya dị ka inwe usoro multifactorial.
E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị ọrịa gburugburu ebe obibi dị iche iche gụnyere:[1]
- Ọrịa nke ihe ana ahụ anya na gburugburu ebe obibi kpatara, dị ka ọrịa kansa akpụkpọ ahụ nke oke ikpughe na ụzarị ultraviolet na ìhè anyanwụ kpatara
- Ọrịa ihe kpatara ya bu ikpughe na kemịkal na-egbu egbu ma ọ bụ na-akpasu iwe na gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka ọla na-egbu egbu
- Ọrịa ihe na akpata ya bu ikpughe na nsí site na ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ na gburugburu ebe obibi, dị ka aflatoxicosis site na akpụ nke na-emepụta aflatoxin
- Ọrịa ihe kpatara ya bu ikpughe na ihe ndị na-egbu egbu na gburugburu ebe obibi, dị ka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ
- Ọrịa ndụ dị ka ọrịa obi, ọrịa ndị ọgwụ ọjọọ kpatara dị ka ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè, na ọrịa metụtara ise siga
Ọrịa gburugburu ebe obibi vs. Ọrịa ndị metụtara mmetọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ọrịa gburugburu ebe obibi bụ nsonaazụ kpọmkwem site na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ka ọ dịgodị, a na-ekwu na ọrịa ndị metụtara mmetọ bụ n'ihi ikpughe na ihe na-egbu egbu ma ọ bụ ihe na-egbu egbu na ikuku, mmiri, na ala. Ya mere, ọrịa nile metụtara mmetọ bụ ọrịa gburugburu ebe obibi, mana ọ bụghị ọrịa gburugburu ebe obibi nile bụ ọrịa metụtara mmetọ.
Ọrịa ndị metụtara obodo mepere emepe
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mpaghara obodo mepere emepe bụ mpaghara dị oke ọnụ nke nwere ~ 50% nke ndị bi n'ụwa niile ugbu a, ọnụ ọgụgụ a na-atụ anya na ọ ga-eto ruo 70% site na 2050, ma mepụta ihe karịrị 80% nke GDP zuru ụwa ọnụ.[2][3] A maara mpaghara ndi a mara na-inwe nnukwu oke na-ụfodu ọrịa nke bụ ihe na-echegbu onwe ya karịsịa n'ihi uto ngwa ngwa ha. Ọnọdụ obodo mepere emepe gụnyere ọtụtụ ihe ize ndụ maka ọrịa gburugburu ebe obibi dị iche iche. Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ize ndụ ndị a, dịka ọmụmaatụ, mmetọ ikuku, bụ ndị a maara nke ọma, ebe ndị ọzọ dị ka ikpughe nje gbanwere bụ ndị ọha na eze na-amaghị nke ọma. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụkwara ume ọkụ nwere ike ibute ma mee ka ọ dịkwuo njọ site na mmetọ metụtara ọkụ, nke jupụtara ebe niile n'obodo ukwu.[4] N'aka nke ọzọ, obodo mepere emepe, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị obodo ha, enweghị obodo dị iche iche nke nwere nje, nke nwere ike inye aka gbochie mmepe nke ụkwara ume ọkụ.[5] Mmetụta abụọ a na-eduga n'ọtụtụ ụkwara ume ọkụ n'obodo ukwu. Ọrịa na-efe efe na-adịkarịkwa n'obodo ukwu, ebe ọ bụ na mbugharị n'etiti ndị ọbịa na-eme ka ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu. Otú ọ dị, nchọpụta na-adịbeghị anya na-egosi na mmụba ịnweta ahụike na-eme ka mmekọrịta obodo na ọrịa ndị a ghara ịdị ike, mmetụta ya ka edoghị anya.[6] N'ụzọ na-akpali mmasị, ọtụtụ nsogbu ahụike uche ejikọtala ya na obodo mepere emepe, ọkachasị na mpaghara akụ na ụba dị ala.[7] Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke nchekasị, ikuku & ìhè & mmetọ mkpọtụ, na mbelata ohere "akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ" bụ mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi niile metụtara obodo mepere emepe nke nwere njikọ dị njọ na ahụike uche.[2] Ọ bụ ezie na obodo mepere emepe na-ejikọkarị na unyi na ọrịa, o yikarịrị ka ha ga-enwekwu ohere ịnweta nlekọta ahụike dị elu nke nwere ike ibute nsonaazụ ahụike dị mma. Uru a ga-anọgide na-eto ka ihe ọhụrụ na teknụzụ ahụike na-arịwanye elu. N'iburu nke a n'uche, ọ bụ ezie na ọnọdụ niile dị adị, ọ dị mkpa iburu n'uche na ihe ize ndụ obodo mepere emepe dị iche iche ma na-adaberekarị obodo na gburugburu.[2]
Kemikal
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Metals
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A maara nsí site na ndu na mercury kemgbe oge ochie. ọla ndị ọzọ na-egbu egbu ma ọ bụ ọla ndị a maara na ha na-akpali mmeghachi omume na-adịghị mma bụ arsenic, phosphorus, zinc, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, manganese, nickel, cobalt, osmium, platinum, selenium, tellurium, thallium, uranium, na vanadium.[8]
Edensịbia
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Miller (2010-02-01). Biology. Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 9780133685190.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Flies (2019-12-01). "Urban-associated diseases: Candidate diseases, environmental risk factors, and a path forward" (in en). Environment International 133 (Pt A): 105187. DOI:10.1016/j.envint.2019.105187. ISSN 0160-4120. PMID 31648161.
- ↑ Overview (en). World Bank. Retrieved on 2020-11-26.
- ↑ Guarnieri (2014-05-03). "Outdoor air pollution and asthma" (in en). The Lancet 383 (9928): 1581–1592. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60617-6. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 24792855.
- ↑ Stein (2016-08-04). "Innate Immunity and Asthma Risk in Amish and Hutterite Farm Children". New England Journal of Medicine 375 (5): 411–421. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1508749. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 27518660.
- ↑ Cooke (2019-02-01). "Accelerating the elimination of viral hepatitis: a Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology Commission" (in en). The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology 4 (2): 135–184. DOI:10.1016/S2468-1253(18)30270-X. ISSN 2468-1253. PMID 30647010.
- ↑ Peen (2010). "The current status of urban-rural differences in psychiatric disorders" (in en). Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 121 (2): 84–93. DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01438.x. ISSN 1600-0447. PMID 19624573.
- ↑ McWhinney (2009). "Platinum Neurotoxicity Pharmacogenetics". Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 8 (1): 10–16. DOI:10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-08-0840. PMID 19139108.