Ọrụ African Union na Somalia

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Ọrụ African Union na Somalia

African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) bụ ọrụ udo nke mpaghara nke African Union na-arụ ọrụ na nkwado nke United Nations Security Council. E nyere ya iwu ka ọ kwado usoro gọọmentị na-agafe agafe, tinye atụmatụ nchekwa mba, zụọ ndị agha nchekwa Obodo nowhere, yana inye aka n'ịmepụta ebe nchekwa maka nnyefe enyemaka. Dịka akụkụ nke ọrụ ya, AMISOM kwadoro ndị agha Gọọmenti etiti nowhere n'agha ha na-ebuso ndị agha Al-Shabaab agha .[1]

AMISOM sitere n'aka Kansụl Udo na Nchebe nke African Union na 19 Jenụwarị ná afọ 2007 na ikike mbụ nke ọnwa isii.[2] N'abalị iri abụọ na otu n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2007, Kansụl Nchebe nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu kwadoro ọrụ ahụ. Nkwado udo na nchekwa nke African Union nyere ikike ka ọ gbanwee iwu AMISOM kwa ọnwa isii.

Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ndị agha Burundi na-akwadebe ịkwaga Somalia, 2006

AMISOM nọchiri ma tinye IGAD Peace Support Mission na Somalia (IGASOM), nke bụ atụmatụ Intergovernmental Authority on Development na nchedo na ọzụzụ ozi na obodo Somalia nke African Union kwadoro na 14 Septemba na afọ 2006.[3] Kọmitii Nchebe Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu kwadoro IGASOM na 6 Disemba afọ 2006.

E bu ụzọ chepụta IGASOM maka mmejuputa ozugbo na ọnwa Maachị na afọ 2005 iji nye ndị agha na-edebe udo maka akụkụ ọhụrụ nke Agha Obodo Somalia.

Ruo n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2006, Kansụl Nchebe nke UN etinyela mmachibido iwu maka ngwá agha n'òtù ahụ, mana ewepụrụ mmachibido ahụ n'ụzọ ụfọdụ ma nye iwu maka IGASOM na 6 Disemba na afọ 2006 maka ọnwa isii.[4]

Ikike[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ndị agha AMISOM nke Uganda na-agagharị

N'abalị iri abụọ na otu n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2007, Kansụl Nchebe nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu nyere ikike ka African Union tinye ọrụ udo na ikike ọnwa isii. N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2007, ndị ọrụ agha Uganda rutere n'ala Somalia.[5] N'abalị iri abụọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2007, Kansụl Nchebe Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu nyere ikike ka African Union gaa n'ihu na-eziga AMISOM ọnwa isii ọzọ ma rịọ odeakwụkwọ ukwu ka ọ nyochaa nhọrọ nke iji ọrụ udo nke United Nations dochie AMISOM na obodo Somalia.

Iguzogide ICU[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ka ọ na-erule 25 Maachị afọ 2005 Sheikh Hassan Dahir Aweys nke Union of Islamic Courts dọrọ ndị na-ahụ maka udo aka na ntị na a gaghị anabata ha na mba ahụ. BBC kwuru na ọ na-ekwu, "Anyị ga-alụ ọgụ siri ike ruo ọnwụ nke ndị agha ọ bụla batara na obodo Somalia".[6] Ma n'oge ahụ, ICU abụghị ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma ọ bụ ndị agha ọ ga-aghọ mgbe e mesịrị.

Ọrụ na-agbasawanye[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ndị agha AMISOM na nzukọ nke afọ 2012 Female Peacekeepers' Conference

N'ime nzukọ mechiri emechi na Kampala na 22 Julaị afọ 2010, ndị minista AU kwetara ịgbasawanye ikike nke ọrụ ahụ site na ilekwasị anya n'ịkwado udo gaa na ilekwasịrị anya n'ime udo nke ga-etinye aka na al-Shabaab n'onwe ya. Mkpebi ahụ bịara n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe mwakpo bọmbụ na-egbu egbu na isi obodo Uganda.[7] Ụbọchị ole na ole ka e mesịrị na nzaghachi maka nrụgide UN, AU kwetara na ha agaghị agbasawanye ikike ahụ mana ha kwere ka ndị agha na-ebute ụzọ megide Al-Shabaab ma kwe nkwa ndị agha ndị ọzọ si mba ndị ọzọ dị n'Afrịka.[8]

Ndị ọrụ obodo[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ndị ọrụ AMISOM anọwo na-arụ ọrụ na Nairobi, Kenya kemgbe afọ 2008 n'ihi ọnọdụ nchekwa na Mogadishu. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ha nwere ihe dịka ndị ọrụ ịrị asatọ na ọtú.

Kemgbe mmalite afọ 2011 AMISOM na TFG weghaara ọtụtụ ebe dị mkpa na Mogadishu mgbe ọtụtụ mwakpo megide Al-Shabaab gasịrị.

Ọzụzụ maka ndị agha[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mba United States enyewo ọzụzụ dị ukwuu maka ndị agha na-aga Somalia. Na ọkara mbụ nke afọ 2012, ndị Force Recon Marines sitere na Special Purpose Marine Air-Ground Task Force 12 (SPMAGTF-12) zụrụ ndị agha sitere na Uganda People's Defence Force. N'oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 2012 [site na ọnwa March-April-May], ndị agha mmiri si SPMAGTF-12 zụkwara ndị agha Burundi. N'ọnwa Eprel na Mee, ndị otu Task Force Raptor, 3rd Squadron, 124th Cavalry Regiment nke Texas Army National Guard, sonyere na ọrụ ọzụzụ dị iche na BNDF na Mudubugu, Burundi. SPMAGTF-12 zigakwara ndị na-enye ya ọzụzụ na obodo Djibouti, mba ọzọ na-etinye aka na ọrụ mba Somalia, ka ha na ndị agha rụọ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ.

2018[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị, bọmbụ ụgbọ ala abụọ na Mogadishu gburu ma ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ iri atọ na asatọ. Nke mbụ lekwasịrị anya n'obí onye isi ala, Villa Somalia, ebe bọmbụ nke abụọ yiri ka ọ lekwasịrị anya na họtel.[9]
  • N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị, ndị agha Uganda gbagburu ndị ọrụ Somalia National Army (SNA) atọ na Mogadishu mgbe o doro anya na ndị Somalia gbagburu ụgbọ ala Uganda.[10]
  • N'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Maachị, ndị agha abụọ nwụrụ ma mmadụ ise ndị ọzọ merụrụ ahụ na mwakpo ụgbọ ala al-Shebaab na-egbu onwe ya na ebe nyocha 15 kilomita na mpụga Mogadishu.[11]
  • N'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'ọnwa Maachị, a kọrọ na ndị agha Burundi ise nwụrụ n'ọgba aghara al-Shebaab n'ụgbọ agha dị nso na Balad, kilomita 30 n'ebe ugwu Mogadishu. N'otu ụbọchị ahụ, mwakpo bọmbụ gburu onwe ya na ụlọ ọrụ SNA na Afgoye na mwakpo IED sochirinụ mere ka ndị ọrụ SNA ise na onye na-atụ bọmbụ gbuo onwe ya nwụọ.[11]
  • N'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'ọnwa Eprel, al-Shebaab wakporo ụlọ ọrụ atọ nke Uganda, na Qoryoley, Buulo Mareer na Golweyn. Akụkọ mbụ nyere ndị nwụrụ anwụ dị ka 36 al-Shebaab nwụrụ na ndị agha Uganda anọ nwụrụ na isii merụrụ ahụ.[12] Akụkọ ndị ọzọ sitere na Uganda nyere akụkọ na-emegiderịta onwe ha banyere ndị nwụrụnụ mana o yiri ka ndị Uganda isii nwụrụ.
  • N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Eprel, ndị agha US bibiri ihe na-agbawa agbawa nke Shebaab (VBIED) na nso Jana Cabdalle, ihe dị ka kilomita iri ise n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke Kismayo. A kọrọ na nke a bụ mwakpo ụgbọelu nke iri na abụọ nke ndị agha America na Somalia n'afọ 2018.[13]
  • N'abalị iri na abụọ n'ọnwa Eprel, al-Shebab gbagburu bọmbụ n'otu ámá egwuregwu bọọlụ dị na Baraawe, na-egbu ma ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ ise.[13]
  • N'isi ụtụtụ nke ụbọchị iri abụọ na anọ n'ọnwa Eprel, ndị nnupụisi wakporo ụlọ ọrụ Burundi dị na mpaghara Arba'ow, dị nso na Elasha Biyahawas na mpụga Mogadishu.[14]
  • N'abalị iri abụọ na ise n'ọnwa Eprel, a kọrọ na ndị UPDF nọ n'ógbè El-Waregow, n'èzí ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke Merka, bụ ndị a lekwasịrị anya na IED dị n'akụkụ ụzọ nke ndị nnupụisi sochiri.[15]
  • N'ụbọchị nke itoolu n'ọnwa Mee, bọmbụ dị n'akụkụ ụzọ n'obodo Wanlaweyn, ihe dị ka kilomita 90 n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke Mogadishu, gburu ma ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ ise mgbe ọ gbawara.[16] Akụkọ ndị ọzọ na-ekwu na mgbawa ahụ sitere na onye na-eyi onwe ya bọmbụ na-elekwasị anya n'ahịa khat, ma kwuo na ndị nkịtị iri na otu nwụrụ, ma ọ bụ iri nwụrụ na iri na ise merụrụ ahụ.[17][18]
  • Na 10 Mee, mgbawa nke abụọ na Wanlaweyn gburu ndị agha Somalia asaa ma merụọ mmadụ abụọ ọzọ ahụ mgbe bọmbụ dị n'akụkụ ụzọ lekwasịrị anya n'ụgbọala ha nọ na ya.[16] A kọwakwara ndepụta ndị nwụrụ anwụ dị ka ndị agha iri nwụrụ anwụ.[17]
  • Na 12 Mee ọgụ n'obodo Halfoley, nso obodo Jalalaqsi na mpaghara Hiran, n'etiti ndị agha Somalia na ndị obodo megide ndị na-anakọta ụtụ isi al-Shebaab mere ka ndị nnupụisi mmadụ ịrị na atọ nwụọ.[18]
  • Ọzọkwa na 12 Mee, bọmbụ n'ahịa dị na mpaghara Bulomarer gburu ndị nkịtị anọ ma merụọ mmadụ ise ahụ.[18]
  • N'abalị iri atọ na otu n'ọnwa Mee, a kọrọ na mwakpo ụgbọelu US dị kilomita iri ise n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Mogadishu gburu ndị nnupụisi iri na abụọ nke al-Shebaab. A na-ekwu na nke a bụ nke iri na ise US air strike na Somalia n'afọ 2018.[19]
  • N'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'ọnwa Juun, ndị agha US mere mwakpo ụgbọelu nke iri na isii na Somalia maka afọ 2018. A kọrọ na mmadụ iri abụọ na asaa 'ndị na-eyi ọha egwu' nwụrụ n'ọgbaghara ahụ dị nso n'obodo Bosaso, na Puntland.[20][21] Ọ bụ ezie na ezi ihe ịga nke ọma nke nke a na ndị ọzọ US air / drone strike na Somalia ga-anọgide na-enwe obi abụọ n'ihi na o yiri ka ọ nweghị ihe a na-esote n'ala ya mere ọ nweghị ozu ndị iro a chọtara, ma ọ bụ ndị iro a chọpụtara n'otu n'otu; ọ dịghị ndị mkpọrọ e weghaara; ọ nweghị akwụkwọ e jidere; ọ nweghị ngwá agha ma ọ bụ ngwá ọrụ e nwetara.
  • Na 8 Juun, a kọrọ na agha dị n'etiti ndị agha mba Somalia na al-Shebaab mgbe ndị nnupụisi wakporo obodo El Wak n'ihe e kwenyere na ọ bụ ịga n'ihu nke mwakpo siri ike na Ramadan.[22]
  • Na 8 Juun, e gburu onye agha Somalia n'ahịa dị na Afgoye.[23]
  • N'oge 8 na 9 Juun, mwakpo al-Shebaab na ụlọ ọrụ Somalia-Kenyan-US nke dị kilomita 2 n'ebe ugwu nke obodo Sanguni dugara n'ọnwụ nke onye agha US Special Forces na ndị agha Somalia abụọ, na ndị ọrụ US anọ ọzọ merụrụ ahụ. A kọrọ na a gbahapụrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.[24][25]
  • N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Juun, ọ dịkarịa ala ndị agha Somalia ise nwụrụ ma merụọ mmadụ atọ ndị ọzọ ahụ na mwakpo ndị nnupụisi na nso Teed, kilomita iri atọ n'ebe ugwu Huddur na mpaghara Bakool.[26]
  • N'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Julaị, bọmbụ a tụrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ AMISOM dị na Halane, Mogadihsu, gburu mmadụ ise ma merụọ mmadụ iri ọzọ ahụ.[27]
  • N'ụbọchị nke asaa n'ọnwa Julaị, bọmbụ abụọ gburu onwe ha na mgbalị ịwakpo Ministri nke Interior nke Somalia na Mogadishu gburu ma ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ iri ma merụọ mmadụ iri ọzọ ahụ.[28]
  • Na 13/14 Julaị al-Shebaab wakporo ebe obibi Kọmishọna ndị uwe ojii na Baidoa, gbuo ndị agha atọ ma merụọ mmadụ anọ ahụ.[29]
  • N'abalị iri na anọ n'ọnwa Julaị, a gbagburu bọmbụ ụgbọ ala abụọ na Mogadishu na-elekwasị anya n'obí eze onye isi ala.[28]
  • N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Julaị, a kọrọ na ndị agha Somalia chụpụrụ mwakpo ndị nnupụisi n'otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ha dị nso na Bar-Sanguuni, mpaghara Lower Juba, na-egbu ndị nnupaka iri asatọ na asaa mgbe ha tụfuru mmadụ isii n'ime ha. Al-Shebaab kwuru - na ụfọdụ ihe akaebe na-akwado foto - na ha meriri ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ma gbuo ndị agha gọọmentị 27.[30][31]
  • N'abalị iri abụọ na asaa n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ, a kọrọ na ndị agha US gburu ndị na-eyi ọha egwu atọ na mwakpo ụgbọelu dị kilomita iri anọ n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Mogadishu. O doro anya na nke a bụ mwakpo ụgbọelu nke iri abụọ na otu nke ndị agha US ga-eme megide al-Shebaab n'afọ 2018.[32]
  • Na 11 Septemba al-Shabaab wakporo ndị agha gọọmentị n'obodo Mubaraak, ihe dị ka kilomita 60 n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Mogadishu, na-egbu otu n'ime ndị agha gọọmenti.[33]
  • Na 21 Septemba al-Shebaab wakporo ndị agha gọọmentị n'ọnọdụ 50 kilomita n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Mogadishu. Na nzaghachi, ndị agha US malitere mwakpo ụgbọelu nke a kọrọ na ọ gburu ndị nnupụisi 18. A na-ekwu na ndị agha gọọmentị na-echebe gburu ndị nnupụisi abụọ ọzọ.[33]
  • N'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Ọktoba, a kọrọ na ndị agha US gburu ndị nnupụisi itoolu ma merụọ ibe ha ahụ n'ihe dị ka kilomita 40 n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Kismayo. E kwuru na mwakpo ụgbọelu ahụ bụ nzaghachi maka mwakpo ndị nnupụisi wakporo ndị agha gọọmentị.[34]
  • N'abalị mbụ n'ọnwa Ọktoba, otu onye gburu onwe ya gbara ụgbọ ala n'ime ndị agha EU (Italian) n'èzí ụlọ ọrụ ndị agha Jaalle Siyad na mpaghara Hodan nke Mogadishu, gbuo ndị nkịtị abụọ ma merụọ mmadụ anọ ọzọ ahụ.[35]
  • N'abalị iri na atọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba, ndị mmadụ abụọ gburu onwe ha gbagburu bọmbụ n'obodo Baidoa, na-egbu ndị nkịtị iri na ise.[36]
  • N'abalị iri na anọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba, mwakpo nke atọ nke al-Shebaab wakporo ndị agha gọọmentị Somalia n'ihe karịrị otu ọnwa mere na nso Araara, na-akpata mwakpo ụgbọelu US na nzaghachi. A kọrọ na mwakpo ụgbọelu ahụ gburu ndị na-eyi ọha egwu anọ.[37]

2020[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

29 Mee afọ 2020 Kansụl Nchebe weghachiri ikike nke AU Mission na obodo Somalia (AMISOM) ruo 28 Febụwarị afọ 2021.[38]

Edensibia[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Njikọ mpụga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Official website
  • Media related to African Union Mission to Somalia at Wikimedia Commons
  1. ↑ Musoma, Albert Lusiola (2021). Military diplomacy strategies applied by AMISOM in restoration of peace and security in the Horn of Africa. African Journal of Empirical Research, 2 (1), 41–55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.51867/ajer.v2i1.5
  2. ↑ "69th meeting of the peace and Security Council", Agence de Presse Africaine, 22 January 2007. Retrieved on 9 February 2007.
  3. ↑ Foundation. Humanitarian – Thomson Reuters Foundation News. www.Alertnet.org. Archived from the original on 2006-09-26. Retrieved on 13 July 2017.
  4. ↑ Sam Kutesa: We call on the Security Council to lift the arms embargo to enable deployment of IGASOM and AU Forces.. UN.org. Retrieved on 13 July 2017.
  5. ↑ Mohamed Olad Hassan. African peacekeepers arrive in Somalia. Archived from the original on 10 March 2007. Retrieved on 19 February 2016.
  6. ↑ Somali 'jihad' on foreign troops BBC
  7. ↑ Kazooba. "Somalia: AU Ministers Agree to 'Take On' Al Shabaab", allAfrica.com, 2010-07-26. Retrieved on 2010-07-26.
  8. ↑ Kasasira. "Africa: United Nations Blocks Change of Amisom Mandate", allAfrica.com, 2010-07-28. Retrieved on 2010-07-29.
  9. ↑ 'Death Toll Mounts After Mogadishu Palace Attack', Deutsche Welle (Bonn), 24 February 2018.
  10. ↑ 'Uganda Blames Somalia for Deadly Mogadishu Shoot-Out', Shabelle Media Network (Mogadishu), 26 February 2018.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 'Al-Shabaab Blamed in AU Ambush, Suspected in Attack on Somali Forces', Voice of America (Washington, DC), 5 March 2018.
  12. ↑ AMISOM troops successfully repulse al Shabaab terrorists following simultaneous attacks on three AU bases in the Lower Shabelle region. amisom-au.org (2 April 2018). Retrieved on 6 April 2018.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Roggio, B. & Gutowski, A. (2018) 'US continues to disrupt Shabaab's attack campaign', The Long War Journal, 13 April 2018, <https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2018/04/us-continues-jilib-somalia.php>
  14. ↑ 'Al-Shabaab Launches Attack on AU Peacekeepers' Base Near Mogadishu', Shabelle Media Network (Mogadishu), 24 April 2018.
  15. ↑ 'Al-Shabaab Militants Ambush UPDF Convoy in Southern Somalia', Shabelle Media Network (Mogadishu), 25 April 2018.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 'Soldiers Killed in a Landmine Explosion in Southern Somalia', Shabelle Media Network (Mogadishu), 10 May 2018.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 'SNA Soldiers Killed in Lower Shabelle IED Blast', Radio Dalsan (Mogadishu), 10 May 2018.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 'Thirteen militants, 4 Civilians Killed in Market Blast, Fighting', Voice of America (Washington, DC), 14 May 2018.
  19. ↑ Gutowski, A. (2018) 'US strikes Shabaab again outside Mogadishu', The Long War Journal, 2 June 2018, accessed 8 June 2018, <https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2018/06/strike-outside-mogadishu.php>
  20. ↑ Roggio, B. & Gutowski, A. (2018) 'US kills 27 Shabaab terrorists in rare northern Somalia strike', The Long War Journal, 5 June 2018, accessed 8 June 2018 <https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2018/06/shabaab-northern.php>
  21. ↑ 'US Airstrike Kills 27 Terrorist Fighters in N. Somalia', Voice of America (Washington, DC), 5 June 2018.
  22. ↑ 'Alshabaab and Govt Troops in Deadly Clash over El-Wak', Dalsan Radio (Mogadishu), 8 June 2018.
  23. ↑ 'Gunmen Kill Somali Soldier in Afgoye Outside Mogadishu', Shabelle Media Network (Mogadishu), 9 June 2018.
  24. ↑ Maruf, H. (2018) 'New Details Emerge in Attack That Killed U.S. Soldier', Voice of America (Washington, DC), 11 June 2018.
  25. ↑ 'Jubbaland and U.S. Troops Vacate Town Outside Kismayo After Attacks', Shabelle Media Network (Mogadishu), 10 June 2018.
  26. ↑ Maruf 2018.
  27. ↑ 'Govt Condemns Mortar Attack in Mogadishu That Left 5 Dead', Shabelle Media Network (Mogadishu), 2 July 2018.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Weiss, C. (2018) 'Shabaab targets presidential palace with suicide assault', The Long War Journal, 16 July 2018, <https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2018/07/shabaab-targets-presidential-palace-with-suicide-assault.php>
  29. ↑ 'Al-Shabaab Carries Out Attack in Baidoa, Kills At Least 3 Soldiers', Shabelle Media network (Mogadishu), 14 July 2018.
  30. ↑ Yusuf, M. (2018) 'Army – 87 Militants Killed as Attack Repulsed', Voice of America (Washington, DC), 25 July 2018.
  31. ↑ Weiss, C. (2018) 'Shabaab releases photos from inside joint US–Somali–Kenyan base', The Long War Journal, 24 July 2018, <https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2018/07/shabaab-releases-photos-from-inside-joint-us-somali-kenyan-base.php>
  32. ↑ Roggio, B. & Gutowski, A. (2018) 'U.S. military on track to match record 2017 for airstrikes in Somalia', The Long War Journal, 29 August 2018, <https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2018/08/shabaab-strike-mogadishu.php>
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Roggio, B. & Gutowski, A. (2018) 'Shabaab launches another attack on US and partner forces', The Long War Journal, 24 September 2018, <https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2018/09/shabaab-attack.php>
  34. ↑ 'U.S. Airstrike Kills 9 Al-Shabaab Militants, Voice of America (Washington, DC), 3 October 2018.
  35. ↑ Maruf, H. (2018) 'Al-Shabaab Attacks EU Convoy in Mogadishu, Two Killed', Voice of America (Washington, DC), 3 October 2018.
  36. ↑ Hassan, M.O. (2018) 'Two Blasts in Somali Town Kill at Least 15', Voice of America (Washington, DC), 14 October 2018.
  37. ↑ Roggio, B. & Gutowski, A. (2018) 'Shabaab attacks Somali force in southern Somalia', The Long War Journal, 15 October 2018, <https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2018/10/shabaab-attack-2.php>
  38. ↑ African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) Reauthorisation. Security Council Report (28 May 2020).
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