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Ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị ọrụ ugbo

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Ọrụ ugbo na-arụ ọrụ (nke a na-adị ka ọdịdị ihe efu ma ọ bụ egwu egwu egwu) bụ usoro ugbo maka mmepụta ihe ma ọ bụ ebe ịta nri na-akpaghasị ala site na iwu ugbo. Ọrụ ugbo na-agwụ agwụ na-abụ oke ala nke mbuze na-akpata n'ime ala ụfọdụ, anyị n'ime aja na ala nkụ nkụ na ala mkpọda. Uru ndị ọzọ nwere ike ime igodo nke mmiri nke na-abanye n'ime ala, njigide ala nke ihe ndị dị ndụ, na ịgba na-edozi ahụ. Ụzọ ndị nwere ike isi ọnụ ọgụgụ na ụdị ndụ dị iche iche na ala. Ọ bụ ebe na ụzọ ndị na-achọ ala ala na-eji herbicides chịkwaa ahihia ụzọ, ihe omume na-eji usoro nchikota, dị ka adi ihe eji eme ka mulch iji jide..[1]

Enwere ụzọ atọ bụ isi maka ịkọ ugbo. "Sod seeding" bụ mgbe a na-eji igwe na-akụ mkpụrụ akụ mkpụrụ n'ime sod a na-emepụta site n'itinye ahịhịa ahịhịa na ihe ọkụkụ (na-egbu ahịhịa ahụ). "Mkpụrụ osisi ozugbo" bụ mgbe a na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ site na ihe fọdụrụ na mbụ. "Mkpụrụ osisi dị n'elu" ma ọ bụ "mkpụrụ osisi kpọmkwem" bụ mgbe a na-ahapụ mkpụrụ n'elu ala; na flatland, nke a achọghị igwe na obere ọrụ.[2]

Enweghị ọrụ ugbo

Ọ bụ ezie na ọ dịghị ruo mgbe ọ bara uru n'ụzọ ọrụ ugbo ma na-arụpụta ihe dị elu, ndị ọrụ ugbo na-achọ imegharị usoro ahụ na-eche ọtụtụ nsogbu ihu. Ugbo ndị guzosiri ike nwere ike ihu usoro mmụta, zụta akụrụngwa ọhụrụ, ma na-ahụ maka ọnọdụ ubi ọhụrụ.[3][4] Ikekwe nnukwu ihe mgbochi, ọkachasị maka ọka, bụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo enweghịzi ike ịdabere n'ọrụ pesti na njikwa ahihia nke na-eme mgbe a na-eli ihe fọdụrụ n'ihe ọkụkụ n'ime omimi dị omimi. Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-adịghị erube isi ga-adabere na kemịkalụ, njikwa ụmụ ahụhụ, ihe ọkụkụ, na nlekọta siri ike nke ubi. [3][4][5]

Ịkụ osisi bụ ihe a ma ama n'ọrụ ugbo taa, mana usoro na-enweghị ọrụ nwere ike ịga nke ọma n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, usoro ọrụ ugbo dị ala ma ọ bụ "ụzọ dị ala" jikọtara ruo na nke na-adịghị arụ ọrụ ugbo. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụzọ ụfọdụ nwere ike iji Ịkụ ugbo na-adịghị omimi (ya bụ, iji eriri diski) mana enweghị ịkọ ugboịkọ ugbo iji eriri.

Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga

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Ịkọ ugbo bụ nkwadebe nke ala site na mkpasu iwe, na-ewepụ ahịhịa ndị e hibere n'oge gara aga. Ịkụ osisi nwere ike ịmepụta akwa mkpụrụ osisi dị larịị ma ọ bụ nke mebere ebe, dị ka ahịrị ma ọ bụ akwa akwa, iji kwalite uto nke osisi a chọrọ. Ọ bụ usoro ochie nke nwere ihe akaebe doro anya maka ojiji ya kemgbe ọ dịkarịa ala 3000 BC.[6]

Ịrụ ọrụ ugbo anaghị ekwekọ na ịkọ ihe nchekwa ma ọ bụ ịhịa aka n'ahụ. Ịkọ ihe na-echekwa nchekwa bụ otu omume na-ebelata oke nke ịkụ ihe dị mkpa. Ịgba ugbo na-adịghị na nke warara bụ ụdị ọrụ nchekwa abụọ ahụ. Ọ dịghị-till bụ omume nke mgbe ọ bụla ịkọ ubi. A na-akpọ ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ n'afọ ọ bụla ọzọ rotational tillage.

Mmetụta nke ịkụ ihe nwere ike ịgụnye nchịkọta ala; ọnwụ nke organic okwu; mmebi nke mkpokọta ala; ọnwụ ma ọ bụ mmebi nke microbes nke ala na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ gụnyere mycorrhizae, arthropods, na earthworms;[9] na mbuze ala ebe a na-asacha ma ọ bụ fesa.[7]

Mmalite

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Omume nke ugbo ugbo bu nchikota echiche di iche iche nke emeputara ka oge na-aga, otutu usoro na ụkpụrụ eji eme ihe n'oge ugbo bu ihe na-aga n'ihu nke ugbo ahia omenala di na mpaghara di iche iche dika France. [10] Mmegide akwadoro maka ịkọ ihe malitere na 1940 na Edward H. Faulkner, onye ode akwụkwọ nke Plowman's Folly.[11] N'ime akwụkwọ ahụ, Otú ọ dị, Faulkner na-akatọ ihe ọkụkụ dị omimi na ihe ọ na-eme, ọ bụghị ịkọ ugbo. Ọ bụghị ruo mgbe mmepe mgbe WWII nke ọgwụ herbicides siri ike dị ka paraquat ka ndị nchọpụta dị iche iche na ndị ọrụ ugbo malitere ịnwale echiche ahụ. Ndị nakweere nke mbụ nke enweghị oge gụnyere Klingman (North Carolina), Edward Faulkner, LA Porter (New Zealand), Harry na Lawrence Young (Herndon, Kentucky), na Instituto de Pesquisas Agropecuarias Meridional (1971 na Brazil) na Herbert Bartz.[8]

Nkuchi n'ụwa niile

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Ala n'okpuru ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị ọrụ ugbo amụbaala n'ụwa niile. N'afọ 1999, ihe dị ka anọ na ise (170,000 sq mi) nọ n'okpuru ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị ọrụ ugbo n'ụwa niile, nke mụbara ruo narị asaa na iri abụọ na abụọ (280,000 sq mi). [9]

Australia

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Site na ọnụ ọgụgụ sitere na Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Agricultural Resource Management Survey, na Australia pasentị nke ala ugbo n'okpuru usoro ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị ọrụ ugbo bụ 26% na 2000-01, nke karịrị okpukpu abụọ ruo 57% na 2007-08.[10] Ka ọ na-erule 30 June 20, n'ime hekta 20 (77,000 sq mi) nke ala a na-akọ ihe ọkụkụ 79% (ma ọ bụ 16) enwetaghị ọrụ ugbo. N'otu aka ahụ, 70% (ma ọ bụ nde hekta abụọ) nke nde hekta atọ nke ala ịta ahịhịa a na-akọghị enwetaghị ọrụ ugbo, ma e wezụga ịgha mkpụrụ.[11]

South America

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South America nwere nkwado kachasị elu nke ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị ọrụ ugbo n'ụwa, nke na 2014 mejupụtara 47% nke mpaghara ụwa niile n'okpuru ọrụ ugbo.Mba ndị a nabatara nke ọma bụ Argentina (80%), Brazil (50%), Paraguay (90%), na Uruguay (82%).[12]

N'Argentina, ojiji a na-ejighị ihe na-egwupụta egwupụta mere ka e belata mmebi ala site na 80%, belata ọnụahịa site na ihe karịrị 50% ma mụbaa ego a na-enweta n'ugbo.[12]

Na Brazil ojiji nke enweghị ọrụ ugbo mere ka mbelata nke mbuze ala site na 97%, mmepụta ugbo dị elu na mmụba ego site na 57% afọ ise mgbe mmalite nke ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị ọrụ ugbo.[12]

Na Paraguay, ego a na-enweta n'ugbo ji pasent 77% rịa elu mgbe a nabatara ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị ọrụ ugbo.[12]

United States

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A na-eji ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị ọrụ ugbo eme ihe na United States na mpaghara a na-achịkwa n'ụzọ a na-aga n'ihu na-eto eto. A na-akwado uto a site na mbelata nke ọnụahịa. Nchịkwa na-enweghị ugbo na-ebute obere njem na ngwá ọrụ, na ihe ọkụkụ fọdụrụ na-egbochi mmiri ozuzo ma na-eme ka Mmiri na-abanye n'ime ala.[13]

N'afọ 2017, a na-eji ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị ọrụ ugbo eme ihe n'ihe dị ka pasent 21 nke ala a na-akọ ugbo na US.[14] Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2023, ala ugbo nwere ụkpụrụ siri ike na-enweghị ọrụ ugbo mejupụtara ihe dịka pasent 30 nke ala ugbo na US.[15]

Uru na nsogbu

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Uru, akụ na ụba, mmepụta

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Nnyocha ụfọdụ achọpụtala na ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị ike ịba uru karịa n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ.[16][17]

N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ ọ nwere ike belata ọrụ, mmanụ,[18] ịgba mmiri[19] na ụgwọ igwe.[17] No-till nwere ike ịbawanye mmepụta n'ihi oke mmiri na ikike nchekwa, na obere erosion. Uru ọzọ nwere ike ịbụ na n'ihi mmiri dị elu, kama ịhapụ ubi na-enweghị isi ọ nwere ike ịbụ ihe ezi uche dị na ya ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ ọzọ.[20]

Nsogbu nke ọrụ ugbo na-adịghị arụ ọrụ bụ na n'oge opupu ihe ubi, ala na-ekpo ọkụ ma na-akpọnwụ nke nta nke nta, nke nwere ike igbu oge ịkụ osisi. N'ihi ya, owuwe ihe ubi nwere ike ime n'azụ oge karịa n'ubi a na-akọ ugbo. Ọ na-ekpo ọkụ nke nta bụ n'ihi na ihe ọkụkụ fọdụrụnụ na-acha ọkụ karịa ala nke a ga-ekpughe na ọrụ ugbo nkịtị, nke na-amịkọrọ obere ike anyanwụ. Mana ka ọ dị ugbu a, enwere ike ijikwa nke a site na iji ihe nhicha ahịrị na onye na-akụ osisi.[21]

Nsogbu na ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị ọrụ ugbo bụ na ọ bụrụ na mmepụta na-emetụta n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma site na usoro a na-etinye n'ọrụ mgbe ahụ uru nke omume ahụ nwekwara ike belata n'ihe gbasara ọnụ ahịa gas na ọnụ ahịa ọrụ dị elu. Ka ọnụahịa mmanụ ụgbọala na ọrụ na-aga n'ihu na-arị elu, ọ nwere ike ịbụ ihe bara uru maka ugbo na mmepụta ugbo iji gbanwee gaa n'ọrụ na-enweghị ugbo.[22] N'oge opupu ihe ubi, ala ụrọ na-adịghị mma nwere ike inwe mmepụta dị ala n'ihi afọ oyi na mmiri.[23]

Uru akụ na ụba na gburugburu ebe obibi nke itinye n'ọrụ omume na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nwere ike ịchọ afọ iri na isii ruo iri na itoolu.[24] Afọ iri mbụ nke mmejuputa na-enweghị ike igosi ihe na-eme ka ego belata. Oge mmejuputa ihe karịrị afọ iri na-egosipụtakarị uru, kama mbelata uru.[24]

Ọnụ ego na njikwa

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Ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị ọrụ ugbo chọrọ nkà dị iche iche site na nke ọrụ ugbo nkịtị. A ga-eji ngwakọta nke usoro, ngwá ọrụ, ọgwụ ahụhụ, ntụgharị ihe ọkụkụ, fatịlaịza, na ịgba mmiri maka ọnọdụ mpaghara.   [citation needed]

Ngwá Ọrụ

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N'ihe ọkụkụ ụfọdụ, dị ka ọka na-aga n'ihu na-adịghị arụ ọrụ, ọkpụrụkpụ nke ihe fọdụrụ n'elu ubi ahụ nwere ike ịghọ nsogbu na-enweghị nkwadebe na / ma ọ bụ ngwá ọrụ kwesịrị ekwesị. Ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị ọrụ ugbo chọrọ ngwá ọrụ pụrụ iche, dị ka oghere mkpụrụ osisi dị arọ iji banye n'ime ihe fọdụrụ.[25] Ịkọ ugbo chọrọ traktọ ndị dị ike karị, yabụ traktọ nwere ike ịdị obere na enweghị ọrụ. Enwere ike ịkwụ ụgwọ site na ire ugbo na traktọ, mana ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ejikarị ngwá ọrụ ochie ha mgbe ha na-anwa ọrụ ugbo. Nke a na-ebute itinye ego dị elu na ngwá ọrụ.

Mmụba ojiji nke herbicide

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Otu n'ime ebumnuche nke ịkọ ugbo bụ iwepụ ahịhịa. Site n'ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị ọrụ ugbo, ihe fọdụrụnụ n'ihe ọkụkụ nke afọ gara aga dị n'elu ubi ahụ, nke nwere ike ịkpata ọrịa dị iche iche, nke ka ukwuu, ma ọ bụ nsogbu ahịhịa ugboro ugboro ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọrụ ugbo. [26][27] Enwere ike ibelata ahịhịa na-eto ngwa ngwa site na mmụba asọmpi na uto nke osisi, obere osisi na osisi. A na-ejikarị ọgwụ herbicides dị ka glyphosate eme ihe n'ọnọdụ ịkọ ugbo maka nkwadebe nke Mkpụrụ osisi, nke na-eduga n'iji herbicide eme ihe karịa ịkọ ugbo nkịtị. Nhọrọ ndị ọzọ gụnyere ihe ọkụ na-ekpuchi oge oyi, sollarization ma ọ bụ ọkụ.

Ojiji nke herbicides adịghị mkpa, dị ka egosiri na ọrụ ugbo, permaculture, na omume ndị ọzọ metụtara Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide.

Ojiji nke ihe ọkụkụ na-ekpuchi iji nyere aka ịchịkwa ahịhịa na-amụba ihe ndị fọdụrụ n'ime ala (na ihe oriri, mgbe ị na-eji legumes). [28] Mgbe ahụ, a ga-egbu ihe ọkụkụ ndị a kụrụ ọhụrụ ka ha wee nwee ike inweta ìhè zuru ezu, mmiri, ihe oriri, wdg.[29][30] Enwere ike ime nke a site na rollers, crimpers, choppers na ụzọ ndị ọzọ.[31][32] A na-akụzi ihe ahụ fọdụrụnụ, ma hapụ ya dị ka mulch. A ghaghị imebi ihe ọkụkụ na-ekpuchi mgbe ha banyere n'oge okooko osisi.[33]

Ihe na-eme ka mkpụrụ osisi na-eme nri

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Otu n'ime ihe ndị na-ebelata ihe ọkụkụ bụ nitrogen na-ejikọta na ihe ọkụkụ fọdụrụ, nke nwere ike iwe ọnwa ole na ole ruo ọtụtụ afọ iji mebie, dabere na C na N nke ihe ọkụkụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. A ghaghị itinye fatịlaịza n'ọrụ n'ụzọ dị elu.[34] Ihe ngwọta ọhụrụ maka nsogbu a bụ ijikọta anụ ụlọ n'ụzọ dị iche iche iji nyere aka na ire ure.[35] Mgbe oge mgbanwe (4-5 afọ maka Kansas, USA) ala nwere ike ịba ụba na ihe ndị dị ndụ. A na-emecha wepụta ihe ndị na-edozi ahụ n'ime ala.   [citation needed]

Iwu Gburugburu Ebe Obibi

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A tụwo aro iwu, H.R.2508 nke 117th Congress, nke a makwaara dị ka iwu NO EMITS, iji gbanwee Iwu Nchebe Nri nke 1985, nke Onye nnọchi anya Rodney Davis nke Illinois webatara na 2021.[36] Davis bụ onye otu Kọmitii Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ọrụ Ugbo.[37] Iwu a na-atụ aro maka iwepụ ikuku na-elekwasị anya n'ọrụ ugbo, na-eme ya site na itinye usoro ọhụrụ dịka obere ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ enweghị ọrụ ugbo.[38] H.R.2508 nọ ugbu a n'okpuru nkọwa site na Kọmitii Ọrụ Ugbo. H.R.2508 nwekwara ndị nnọchiteanya abụọ ndị ọzọ sitere na steeti ọrụ ugbo dị elu, Rep. Eric A. Crawford nke Arkansas na Rep. Don Bacon nke Nebraska.[38] H.R.2508 na-atụ aro ịtọlite mmemme nkwalite iji nye ndị ọrụ ugbo na ogige ọrụ ugbo enyemaka ego na nke na-agbanwe usoro mmepụta ha, yana inye kọntaktị iji belata ihe ize ndụ maka ndị na-emepụta.[39] A tụkwara aro ego maka Conservation Innovation Trails.[39]

A na-agba ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ na US ume site na enyemaka na mmemme ndị ọzọ gọọmentị nyere iji zute ọkwa a kapịrị ọnụ nke nchekwa ugbo.[40] Nkwado na mmemme ndị dị otú ahụ nke gọọmentị US nyere gụnyere: Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) na Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP). [41] EQIP bụ mmemme afọ ofufo nke na-anwa inyere ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọzọ sonyere aka site na nchekwa ma ọ bụghị na-ata ahụhụ ego site na ime ya.[42] A na-eme mgbalị iji nyere aka belata oke mmetọ sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ugbo yana ịbawanye ahụike nke ala.[42] CSP na-anwa inyere ndị na-achọ itinye mgbalị nchedo n'ime omume ha aka site n'inye aro banyere ihe a ga-eme maka ọnọdụ na mkpa ha nyere.[43]

Gburugburu ebe obibi

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Ịkụ ala mgbe ejiri ya mee ihe na-eduga na mbuze ala, mfu nke ihe ndị dị ndụ, na mmụba nke ikuku carbon dioxide.

Mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ

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A na-azọrọ na ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị ọrụ ugbo ga-amụba ihe ndị dị n'ala, wee si otú a mee ka carbon dịkwuo ukwuu.[44] Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ nnyocha na-akọ na carbon nke ala na-abawanye na usoro ndị a na-adịghị arụ ọrụ, ndị ọzọ na-ekwu na mmetụta ndị a nwere ike ọ gaghị ahụ na usoro niile, dabere na ihe, dị ka ihu igwe na carbon dị n'elu ala.[45] Nnyocha nke afọ 2020 gosipụtara na njikọta nke enweghị-akọ ugbo na mkpuchi nwere ike ịbụ ụzọ dị irè iji belata mgbanwe ihu igwe site na ịchekwa carbon karịa omume ọ bụla naanị, na-atụ aro na omume abụọ ahụ nwere mmetụta jikọrọ aka na njide carbon.[46]

Enwere arụmụka banyere ma mmụba a na-achọpụta mgbe ụfọdụ na-eme n'ezie, ma ọ bụ n'ihi usoro nyocha na-ezighị ezi ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ.[47] Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2014 kwuru na ụfọdụ usoro ndị na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nwere ike ịchụpụ carbon dị ala karịa usoro ndị a na-arụ ọrụ ugbo, na-ekwu na "ọkwa ndị na-arụghị ọrụ n'okpuru ala na-efunahụkarị ihe ndị dị n'ime ala karịa ka a na-enweta n'elu ala". Nnyocha ahụ gosikwara mkpa ọ dị maka otu nkọwa nke nchụpụ carbon n'etiti ndị na-eme nchọpụta.[48] Nnyocha ahụ kwubiri, "A chọrọ itinye ego na nyocha carbon organic (SOC) iji ghọtakwuo usoro nchịkwa ọrụ ugbo nke nwere ike ijide SOC ma ọ bụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala ijigide ọtụtụ ngwaahịa SOC".

No-till farming reduces nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions by 40-70%, depending on rotation.[49] Nitrous oxide is a potent greenhouse gas, 300 times stronger than Templeeti:CO2, and stays in the atmosphere for 120 years.[50]

Ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị ọrụ ugbo na'imeziwanye ihe ndị a gbakọtara ma belata mbuze.[51][52] Enwere ike ibelata mbuze ala ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọnụego mmepụta ala.[53]

Nnyocha sitere n'ihe karịrị afọ iri na itoolu nke ọmụmụ ọrụ ugbo na United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service chọpụtara na ọrụ ugbo a na-akọghị na-eme ka ala ghara imebi karịa ala a kụrụ n'ebe ndị dị na Great Plains. Insa mbụ nke ala a na-akọghị ihe nwere ọtụtụ ihe ma bụrụ okpukpu abụọ ruo asaa karịa nke ala a kụrụ akụ. A na-eche na ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'ime ala a na-enyere aka ijide ụmụ irighiri ala ọnụ.[54]

Dị ka Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) nke United Nations si kwuo, ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị ọrụ ugbo nwere ike ịkwụsị ọzara site n'ịnọgide na-enwe ihe ndị dị n'ala ma belata ikuku na mmiri.[55]

Enweghị ịkọ ugbo pụtakwara obere uzuzu ikuku.

Mmiri

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ịkọ ọrụ ugbo na-eme ka mmiri dịkwuo mma: ihe ọkụkụ fọdụrụnụ na-enyere mmiri si na mmiri ozuzo na ịgba mmiri aka ịbanye n'ala. Ihe mkpofu na-egbochi mmiri ịpụ apụ, na-echekwa mmiri. Mmiri si n'ịkụ ugbo na-eme ka mmiri dịkwuo elu site na 1/3 ruo 3/4 sentimita (0.85 ruo 1.9 cm) kwa ụzọ.[56] 

Ọdịdị nke Gully nwere ike ịkpata mbuze ala na ihe ọkụkụ ụfọdụ dị ka soybeans na-enweghị ugbo, ọ bụ ezie na ụdị ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ na-enweghị ubi na-egosi obere mbuze karịa ugbo nkịtị. Ụzọ mmiri ahịhịa nwere ike ịbụ ihe ngwọta.[57] Ọwara ọ bụla na-apụta n'ọhịa ndị a na-akọghị na-adịwanye omimi kwa afọ kama ịbụ nke a na-eme ka ọ dị nro site n'ịkọ ugbo mgbe niile.

Nsogbu n'ọhịa ụfọdụ bụ mmiri jupụtara n'ala. Ịgbanwe ka ọ bụrụ ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị ọrụ ugbo nwere ike ịbawanye mmiri n'ihi na ala n'okpuru ọrụ ugbo anaghị aga n'ihu na-agụnye ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke mmiri.[58]

Biota na anụ ọhịa

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Ubi ndị a na-akọghị na-enwekarị annelids, anụ ndị na-enweghị azụ na anụ ọhịa dịka òké mgbada.[59][60]

Albedo

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ogwe osisi na-ebelata albedo nke ala a na-akọ ihe ubi. Ikike maka ịjụ oyi zuru ụwa ọnụ n'ihi mmụba nke albedo n'ala a na-akọghị ihe ubi yiri n'ibu na usoro ndị ọzọ nke carbon sequestration.[61]

Hụkwa

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  • Broadfork , ngwá ọrụ iji mee ka ala nwee ikuku n'enweghị ịtụgharị
  • Carbon farming - Ụzọ ọrụ ugbo na-ejide carbon
  • Conservation agriculture - Usoro ọrụ ugbo iji chekwaa ma melite ikike ala
  • Conventional tillage
  • Masanobu Fukuoka - onye ọrụ ugbo na onye ọkà ihe ọmụma nke Japan (1913-2008), otu n'ime ndị ọsụ ụzọ nke ịkọ mkpụrụ na-enweghị ike ịkọ ugbo
  • Natural farming - Ụzọ ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide
  • No-dig gardening - Ụdị permaculturePeeji na-egosi nkọwa wikidata dị ka ọdịda azụ
  • Permaculture - Ụzọ ọrụ ugbo na njikwa ala
  • Ọrụ ugbo na-eme ka ọ dịghachi ọhụrụ
  • Strip-till - Nchebe ala
  • Mgbukpọ nke ala

Ebem si dee

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  1. ↑ What is No-Till Farming? (en-US). Regeneration International (2018-06-24). Retrieved on 2020-11-06.
  2. ↑ (2010) "Soil Engineering and Technology", in Willy H. Verheye: Soils, Plant Growth and Crop Production Volume I. EOLSS Publishers. ISBN 978-1-84826-367-3. 
  3. ↑ Colbach (2022-05-10). "Are No-Till Herbicide-Free Systems Possible? A Simulation Study". Frontiers in Agronomy 4. DOI:10.3389/fagro.2022.823069. ISSN 2673-3218. 
  4. ↑ Ergot of Cereals and Grasses. Government of Saskatchewan. Retrieved on 2024-06-12.
  5. ↑ Friedrich (2005-08-01). "Does No-Till Farming Require More Herbicides?". Outlooks on Pest Management 16 (4): 188–191. DOI:10.1564/16aug12. 
  6. ↑ History of Tillage. Archived from the original on 2016-01-07.
  7. ↑ Preston Sullivan (2004). Sustainable Soil Management. Attra.ncat.org. Archived from the original on 2007-08-15. Retrieved on 2010-05-09.
  8. ↑ Derpsch. A Short History of No-till. NO- TILLAGE. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved on 26 March 2011.
  9. ↑ Derpsch (January 2010). Current Status of Adoption of No-Till Farming in the World and some of its Main Benefits. Research Gate. Retrieved on 23 October 2020.
  10. ↑ Scott. Zero-till adoption soaring. NSW Government. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved on 24 October 2020.
  11. ↑ Land Management and Farming in Australia, 2016-17 financial year | Australian Bureau of Statistics (26 June 2018).
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Gianessi (16 November 2014). Importance of herbicides for no-till agriculture in South America. Croplife International. Retrieved on 23 October 2020.
  13. ↑ Plumer (9 November 2013). No-till farming is on the rise. That's actually a big deal..
  14. ↑ Creech (30 November 2017). Saving Money, Time and Soil: The Economics of No-Till Farming. US Department of Agriculture. Retrieved on 23 October 2020.
  15. ↑ Edwards. Ohio State Professor Rattan Lal Aims to Eliminate Hunger While Helping the Environment (en-US). Columbus Monthly. Retrieved on 2023-12-01.
  16. ↑ D.L. Beck, J.L. Miller, and M.P. Hagny "Successful No-Till on the Central and Northern Plains"
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Derpsch, Rolf. Economics of No-till farming. Experiences from Latin America.. Archived from the original on 2011-07-27. Retrieved on 2010-05-09.
  18. ↑ NRCS. USDA-NRCS Energy Consumption Awareness Tool: Tillage. ecat.sc.egov.usda.gov. Archived from the original on 16 June 2020. Retrieved on 17 April 2009.
  19. ↑ Network. "How Tillage and Crop Residue Affect Irrigation Requirements - UNL CropWatch, April 5, 2013", CropWatch, 2015-09-17. Retrieved on 2018-01-31. (in en)
  20. ↑ Yield & Economic Comparisons: University Research Trials. Archived from the original on 19 May 2005.
  21. ↑ Network. "Setting Planting Equipment for Successful No-till", CropWatch, 2015-09-17. Retrieved on 2018-01-23. (in en)
  22. ↑ Osei (2012). "Farm-level economic impact of no-till farming in the Fort Cobb Reservoir Watershed". Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 67 (2): 75–86. DOI:10.2489/jswc.67.2.75. 
  23. ↑ Lal (March 2007). "Evolution of the plow over 10,000 years and the rationale for no-till farming". Soil and Tillage Research 93 (1): 1–12. DOI:10.1016/j.still.2006.11.004. ISSN 0167-1987. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Cusser (2020). "Long-term research avoids spurious and misleading trends in sustainability attributes of no-till". Global Change Biology 26 (6): 3715–3725. DOI:10.1111/gcb.15080. PMID 32175629. 
  25. ↑ Mississippi State University Extension Service -. msucares.com.
  26. ↑ Daryl D. Buchholz (October 1993). No-Till Planting Systems. University of Missouri Extension. Archived from the original on 2 March 2008. Retrieved on 2010-05-09.
  27. ↑ Tillage has less effect on crop diseases than other factors. Top Crop Manager. Archived from the original on 2011-10-07. Retrieved on 2011-12-04.
  28. ↑ Hall (2010). Cover Crops: Tips for No-till Planting into Cover Crops. Penn State. The Pennsylvania State University. Archived from the original on June 20, 2010. Retrieved on 14 June 2024.
  29. ↑ No-Till Revolution. Rodale Institute. Retrieved on 2010-05-09.
  30. ↑ George Kuepper (June 2001). Pursuing Conservation Tillage Systems for Organic Crop Production. Attra.ncat.org. Archived from the original on June 12, 2008. Retrieved on 2010-05-09.
  31. ↑ Crimping Cover Crops. Conservation Currents. Northern Virginia Soil and Water Conservation District. Retrieved on 26 March 2011.
  32. ↑ Organic No-Till | Rodale Institute. rodaleinstitute.org. Retrieved on 2017-01-16.
  33. ↑ INTRODUCTION TO COVER CROP ROLLING & THE VAUSDA CRIMPER ROLLER DEMONSTRATION PROJECT. Archived from the original on 11 June 2017. Retrieved on 16 January 2017.
  34. ↑ Hartman. Direct Seeding: Estimating the Value of Crop Residues. Government of Alberta: Agriculture and Rural Development. Retrieved on 22 March 2011.
  35. ↑ Tallman. No-Till Case Study, Richter Farm: Cover Crop Cocktails in a Forage-Based System. National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service. NCAT-ATTRA. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved on 8 April 2013.
  36. ↑ H.R.2508 - Naturally Offsetting Emissions by Managing and Implementing Tillage Strategies Act of 2021 (14 April 2021).
  37. ↑ About Rodney (en). Congressman Rodney Davis. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved on 2021-11-18.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Davis (2021-04-14). Text - H.R.2508 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Naturally Offsetting Emissions by Managing and Implementing Tillage Strategies Act of 2021. www.congress.gov. Retrieved on 2021-11-03.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 (2021) Republican Leader Glenn 'GT" Thompson NO EMITS Act Naturally Offsetting Emissions by Managing and Implementing Tillage Strategies Sponsored by Rodney Davis (IL-13). 
  40. ↑ Huggins (2008). "No-Till: the Quiet Revolution". Scientific American 299 (1): 70–77. DOI:10.1038/scientificamerican0708-70. PMID 18623967. 
  41. ↑ Incentive Programs and Assistance of Producers. United States Department of Agriculture.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Environmental Quality Incentives Program. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (2009).
  43. ↑ Conservation Stewardship Program. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (2009).
  44. ↑ Bayer (2006). "Carbon sequestration in two Brazilian Cerrado soils under no-till". Soil and Tillage Research 86 (2): 237–245. DOI:10.1016/j.still.2005.02.023. 
  45. ↑ (2019) Read "Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda" at NAP.edu (in en). DOI:10.17226/25259. ISBN 978-0-309-48452-7. 
  46. ↑ Huang (15 September 2020). "Assessing synergistic effects of no-tillage and cover crops on soil carbon dynamics in a long-term maize cropping system under climate change" (in en). Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 291 (108090). DOI:10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.108090. ISSN 0168-1923. 
  47. ↑ Baker et al. (2007) Tillage and soil carbon sequestration—What do we really know?. Journal of Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. Volume 118, Issues 1–4
  48. ↑ No-till soil organic carbon sequestration rates published. Science Daily. Retrieved on 2012-04-21. April 18, 2014.
  49. ↑ Omonode (2011). "Soil Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Corn following Three Decades of Tillage and Rotation Treatments". Soil Science Society of America Journal 75 (1): 152. DOI:10.2136/sssaj2009.0147. 
  50. ↑ Wallheimer. No-till, rotation can limit greenhouse gas emissions from farm fields. physorg.com. Retrieved on 26 March 2011.
  51. ↑ Soil Management - The Soil Scientist. Extension.umn.edu. Archived from the original on 2010-03-22. Retrieved on 2010-05-09.
  52. ↑ Conservation Tillage. Monsanto.com. Archived from the original on June 20, 2008. Retrieved on 2010-05-09.
  53. ↑ Montgomery (2007). "Is agriculture eroding civilization's foundation?". GSA Today 17 (10): 4. DOI:10.1130/gsat01710a.1. 
  54. ↑ Blanco-Canqui (2009). "Regional Study of No-Till Impacts on Near-Surface Aggregate Properties that Influence Soil Erodibility". Soil Science Society of America Journal 73 (4): 1361. DOI:10.2136/sssaj2008.0401. 
  55. ↑ Hold back the desert with Conservation Agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2 November 2002). Archived from the original on 22 January 2020. Retrieved on 11 October 2020.
  56. ↑ A Peiretti. No Till Improves Soil Functioning and Water Economy. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved on 23 October 2020.
  57. ↑ Elton Robinson (Aug 1, 2008). Tilling ephemeral gullies can cost you soil. Deltafarmpress.com. Archived from the original on 2008-08-05. Retrieved on 2010-05-09.
  58. ↑ Kindig. No till/Cover Crops Articles. York County Conservation District. Archived from the original on 8 January 2019. Retrieved on 2 April 2011.
  59. ↑ Chan (2001). "An overview of some tillage impacts on earthworm population abundance and diversity — implications for functioning in soils". Soil and Tillage Research 57 (4): 179–191. DOI:10.1016/S0167-1987(00)00173-2. 
  60. ↑ D. B. Warburton and W. D. Klimstra (1984-09-01). "Wildlife use of no-till and conventionally tilled corn fields". Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 39 (5): 327–330. Retrieved on 2010-05-09. 
  61. ↑ D. B. Lobell, G. Bala and P. B. Duffy (2006-03-23). "Biogeophysical impacts of cropland management changes on climate". Geophysical Research Letters 33 (6): L06708. DOI:10.1029/2005GL025492. Retrieved on 2012-07-02. 
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