Ụbọchị ogo na-eto eto

Ụbọchị ogo na-eto eto (GDD), nke a na-akpọkwa nkeji ogo na-eto eto (GDUs), bụ ngwá ọrụ heuristic na phenology. GDD bụ ihe ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ okpomọkụ nke ndị ọrụ ubi, ndị ọrụ ubi, na ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eji amụ banyere ihe ọkụkụ na anụmanụ dị ka ụbọchị ifuru ga-eto, ụmụ ahụhụ ga-esi n’ụlọ pụta, ma ọ bụ ihe ubi ga-eru ntozu okè. Ekwuru na GDD ka Reaumur kọwapụtara ya na 1735. ^[1]

Mmalite

Na enweghị ọnọdụ dị oke egwu dị ka ụkọ mmiri ozuzo ma ọ bụ ọrịa na-enweghị oge, osisi na-eto n'usoro nchikota nke ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na-enwe mmetụta siri ike. Ụbọchị ndị na-eto eto na-eburu akụkụ nke ihu igwe mpaghara n'uche ma kwe ka ndị na-elekọta ubi buru amụma (ma ọ bụ, na greenhouses, ọbụna iji chịkwaa) ijeụkwụ osisi ahụ ruo ntozu okè.

Ọ gwụla ma ihe ndị ọzọ na-emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka mmiri, ọnụego mmepe site na mpụta ruo ntozu oke maka ọtụtụ osisi na-adabere na okpomọkụ ikuku kwa ụbọchị. N'ihi na ọtụtụ ihe omume mmepe nke osisi na ụmụ ahụhụ na-adabere na nchịkọta nke oke okpomọkụ, ọ ga-ekwe omume ịkọ mgbe ihe omume ndị a ga-eme n'oge oge uto n'agbanyeghị ọdịiche dị na okpomọkụ site n'afọ ruo n'afọ. A na-akọwa ogo na-eto eto (GDs) dị ka ọnụọgụ ogo okpomọkụ n'elu oke okpomọkụ, nke dịgasị iche n'etiti ụdị ihe ọkụkụ. Okpomọkụ bụ okpomọkụ dị n'okpuru nke uto osisi bụ efu. A na-agbakọ GDs kwa ụbọchị dị ka okpomọkụ kachasị elu gbakwunyere okpomọkụ kacha nta kewara site na 2, na-ewepu okpomọkụ isi. A na-agbakọta GDUs site na ịgbakwunye onyinye GD kwa ụbọchị ka oge na-aga n'ihu.

Enwere ike iji GDUs mee ihe iji: nyochaa ịdị mma nke mpaghara maka mmepụta nke otu ihe ọkụkụ; mee atụmatụ nke uto nke ihe ọkụkụ, ahịhịa ma ọ bụ ọbụna oge ndụ nke ụmụ ahụhụ; buru amụma maka ntozu okè na igbubi ụbọchị nke ihe ọkpọkọ; buru amụma oge kachasị mma nke fatịlaịza ma ọ bụ ọgwụ ahụhụ; mee atụmatụ nrụgide okpomọkụ na ihe ọkụkụ. A na-akpọ ihe ngosi nke ihe ọkụkụ nke na-eji usoro dị iche iche maka mmetụta nke kacha nta kwa ụbọchị (oge abalị) na oke okpomọkụ (oge ehihie) na uto okpomọkụ nke ihe ọkpọkọ (CHUs).

Nkọwa GDD

A na-agbakọ GDD siT na iwere ngụkọta nke okpomọkụ n'elu okpomọkụ, ^[2] Tbase (ụdị osisi na-adabere, lee ngalaba _ntọala):

GDD = ∫ (T (t) − T b na e ) d t {\displaystyle {\text{GDD}}=\int (T (t) -T_{\mathrm {base} }) dt} (ebe njikọta dị n'ime oge na T (t) > T b na e {\displaystyle T (t) >T_{\mathrm {base} }} Ọpụpụ ọzọ

Nhazi dị mfe, nke yiri ya na-eji nkezi nke okpomọkụ kachasị elu na nke kachasị ala kwa ụbọchị ma e jiri ya T Tbase iji gbakọọ ụbọchị ogo maka otu ụbọchị. Dị ka usoro:

{\text{GDD}}={\frac {T_{\mathrm {max} }+T_{\mathrm {min} }}{2}}-T_{\mathrm {base} }.

Ọ bụrụ na okpomọkụ kacha nT T dị n'okpuru Tbase otu, enwere ụdị abụọ:

Ụdị A: Agbanwebeghị T m na n {\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {min} }} . Naanị ma ọ bụrụ na (Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ezie na T m na x + T m na n ) / 2 < T b na e {\displaystyle (T_{\mathrm {max} }+T_{ \mathrm{min} }) /2<T_{{\mathrim {base} }} , setịpụrụ (Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ezie na T m na x + T m na n ) / 2 = T b na e {\displaystyle (T_{\mathrm {max} }+T_{ \mathrm{min} }) /2=T_{{\mathrim {base} }} . GDD na-esi na ya apụta bụ 0. Enwere ike ide nke a n'ụzọ dị mkpirikpi dị ka: GDD = max (Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ezie na T m na x + T m na n 2 − T b na e , 0 ) {\displaystyle {\text{GDD}}=\max {\left ({\frac {T_{\mathrm {max} }+T_{ \mathrm{min} }}{2}}-T_{{\mathrim {base} },0\right) }}

${\text{GDD}}=\max {\left({\frac {T_{\mathrm {max} }+T_{\mathrm {min} }}{2}}-T_{\mathrm {base} },0\right)}$

Ụdị B: Mgbanwe T m na n < T b na e {\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {min} } $T_{\mathrm {min} }=T_{\mathrm {base} }$

A na-atụkarị GDD site na ala oyi. A na-eT okpomọkụ ọ bụla dị n'okpuru T na Tbase tupu a gbakọọ nkezi. N'otu aka ahụ, a na-ejikarị okpomọkụ kachasị elu na 30 °C n'ihi na ọtụtụ osisi na ụmụ ahụhụ anaghị eto ngwa ngwa karịa okpomọkụ ahụ. Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ osisi ndị na-ekpo ọkụ na ndị na-eme ka okpomọkụ dị ọkụ nwere ihe dị mkpa maka ụbọchị karịrị 30 °C iji mị mkpụrụ ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ tozuru etozu.

Ihe Nlereanya nke Ngụkọta GDD

Dịka ọmụmaatụ, otu ụbọchị nwere elu nke 23 °C na ala nke 12 °C (na ntọala nke 10 °C) ga-enye 7.5 GDDs.

{\frac {23+12}{2}}-10=7.5

Dị ka ihe atụ nke abụọ, ụbọchị nwere elu nke 13 °C na ala nke 5 °C (na ntọala nke 10 °C) ga-enye aka:

mbipụta A: 0 GDD, dị ka: max ((13 + 5) / 2 − 10 , 0 ) = 0 {\displaystyle \max ((13+5) /2-10,0) =0} )
mbipụta B: 1.5 GDDs, dị ka: ( 13 + 10 ) / 2 − 10 = 1.5 {\displaystyle (13+10) /2-10=1.5}

$(13+10)/2-10=1.5$

Ọganihu nke osisi

Aha a na-ahụkarị	Aha Latin	Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụbọchị ogo uto 10 °C
Hazel nke amoosu	Hamamelis spp.	na-amalite ifuru na <1 GDD
Maple na-acha ọbara ọbara	Igwe ígwè na-agbapụta	na-amalite ifuru na 1-27 GDD
Forsythia	Forsythia spp.	malite ifuru na 1-27 GDD
Maple shuga	Aser saccharum	malite ifuru na 1-27 GDD
Maple nke Norway	Aser platanoids	na-amalite ifuru na 30-50 GDD
Ọla ọcha	Fraxinus americana	na-amalite ifuru na 30-50 GDD
Akpụkpọ anụ	Malus spp.	na-amalite ifuru na 50-80 GDD
Mgbasa a na-ahụkarị	Cytisus scoparius	na-amalite ifuru na 50-80 GDD
Horsechestnut	Aesculus hippocastanum	malite ifuru na 80-110 GDD
Lilac nkịtị	Syringa vulgaris	malite ifuru na 80-110 GDD
Ihe na-esi n'ụsọ osimiri apụta	Prunus maritima	okooko osisi zuru oke na 80-110 GDD
Igurube ojii	Robinia pseudoacacia	na-amalite ifuru na 140-160 GDD
Catalpa	Catalpa speciosa	na-amalite ifuru na 250-330 GDD
Privet	Ligustrum spp.	na-amalite ifuru na 330-400 GDD
Elderberry	Sambucus canadensis	na-amalite ifuru na 330-400 GDD
Purple loosestrife	Lythrum salicaria	na-amalite ifuru na 400-450 GDD
Sumac	Rhus typhina	na-amalite ifuru na 450-500 GDD
Osisi urukurubụba	Buddleia davidii	na-amalite ifuru na 550-650 GDD
Mkpụrụ ọka	Zea Mays	800 ruo 2700 GDD ruo ntoju ihe ọkụkụ
Akị kpọrọ nkụagwa	Phaseolus vulgaris	1100-1300 GDD ruo ntozu okè dabere na ọnọdụ osisi na ala
Beet shuga	Beta vulgaris	130 GDD na-apụta na 1400-1500 GDD na ntozu okè
Barley	Hordeum vulgare	125-162 GDD na-apụta na 1290-1540 GDD na ntozu okè
Ọka wit (nke siri ike)	Triticum aestivum	143-178 GDD na-apụta na 1550-1680 GDD na ntozu okè
Oats	Avena sativa	1500-1750 GDD ruo ntozu okè
Onye na-ere ọka na Europe	Ostrinia nubilalis	207 - Mpụta nke ụkpara oge opupu ihe ubi mbụ

Nchịkwa nke ahụhụ

Ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ ugbo na Ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ ugbo jikwa mmepe Ụmụ ahụhụ na ụbọchị uto mee ihe iji mee ka ha jiri ọgwụgwọ ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ nje ndị ọzọ mee ihe ka ha wee tinye usoro ma ọ bụ usoro ọgwụgwọ ahụ n'ọrụ ruo n'ókè na nje ahụ kacha bụrụ ihe na-adịghị ike. Dịka ọmụmaatụ:

Igurube Black cutworm etoola nke ukwuu iji malite imebi akụ na ụba na 165 GDD
Azalea lace bug na-apụta na ihe dị ka 130 GDD
Boxwood leafminer na-apụta na ihe dị ka 250 GDD

Aṅụ aṅụ

Ọtụtụ Ndị na-azụ aṅụ na-eme nchọpụta ugbu a na njikọ dị n'etiti ụbọchị ogo na-eto eto na usoro ndụ nke ìgwè aṅụ.^[3]

Ebe ndị a na-akpọ Baselines

A na-ekpebikarị ọnọdụ okpomọkụ kachasị mma na nnwale dabere na okirikiri ndụ nke osisi ma ọ bụ ụmụ ahụhụ a na-ajụ. Usoro ntọala a na-ahụkarị maka ihe ọkụkụ bụ ma ọ bụ 5 °C maka osisi oge oyi yana 10 °C maka osisi oge okpomọkụ na ọtụtụ mmepe ụmụ ahụhụ..

Ihe ọkụkụ

4.5 °C ọka wit, ọka bali, Rye, oats, flaxseed, lettuce, asparagus, ^[4] "ihe mgbaru ọsọ" ^[5]
8 °C sunflower, poteto^[4]
10 °C ọka (gụnyere ọka na-atọ ụtọ), sorghum, osikapa, soybeans, Tomato, kọfị,^[6] mkpụrụ vaịn, snap beans, lima beans^[4]^[5]
30 °C USDA na-atụle mpaghara okpomọkụ na GDD n'elu 30 °C; maka ọtụtụ osisi nke a dị ịrịba ama maka ntozu mkpụrụ, dịka reed (Phragmites) chọrọ ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụbọchị ole na ole iru okpomọkụ a iji tozuo mkpụrụ dị mma.

Ọrịa ndị na-efe efe

6 °C Stalk borer
7 °C Mkpọrọ ọka Mgbọrọgwụ ọka
9 °C Alfalfa weevil
10 °C Black cutworm, European corn borer, ụkpụrụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ na ụmụ ahụhụ na-egbu osisi
11 °C Green cloverworm Igurube na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ

Ụbọchị ogo na-agbanwe agbanwe

N'ihe banyere osisi ụfọdụ, ọ bụghị naanị na ha chọrọ okpomọkụ dị ala iji too, kamakwa ha ga-akwụsị itolite n'elu okpomọkụ okpomọkụ. N'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ, a na-eji ụbọchị ogo na-eto eto gbanwere agbanwe: a na-agbakọ ụbọchị ogo na ala ala, mgbe ahụ na ala dị elu, nke a na-ewepụ. Mkpụrụ ọka bụ ihe atụ nke a: ọ na-amalite itolite na 10 °C ma kwụsị na 30 °C, nke pụtara na ụbọchị ọ bụla na-eto eto n'elu 30 °C anaghị agụ.^[4]

Ndị otu

Enwere ike ịgbakọ GDDs na ^C ma ọ bụ ^F, ọ bụ ezie na a ghaghị ịgbanwe ha n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị; maka GDDF 9 ọ bụla enwere GDDC 5, ma ọ bụ na ngụkọta ntụgharị:

GDD^C = 5/9 * GDD^F

Otu yiri ya nke kwekọrọ na International System of Units bụ kelvin-nke abụọ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke kelvin-seconds bụ usoro anọ dị elu karịa ụbọchị ogo (1 Celsius-ụbọchị bụ 8.6⁴ K·s; 1 Fahrenheit degree-day bụ ⁴.8×104K·s).

Hụkwa

Ụbọchị ogo
Oge uto
Ụbọchị okpomọkụ
Ihe na-akpata ihu igwe
Ọnụ ọgụgụ Winkler
Ọdịdị

Ebem si dee

Isiokwu a gụnyereihe onwunwe ọha na ezesite na.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}Jasper Womach Akụkọ maka Congress: Ọrụ ugbo: Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition. Ọrụ Nnyocha nke Congress.

Ihe edeturu

↑ Ferchault de Réaumur (2023-02-06). Observations du thermometre, faites a Paris pendant l'annees 1735, comparees a celles qui ont ete faites sous la ligne, a l'Isle de France, a Alger et en quelques-unes de nos isles de l'Amerique. Mémoire de l'Académie royale des sciences.
↑ Prentice (1992). "Special Paper: A Global Biome Model Based on Plant Physiology and Dominance, Soil Properties and Climate". Journal of Biogeography 19 (2): 117–134. DOI:10.2307/2845499. ISSN 0305-0270.
↑ Ellsworth (April 2, 2015). Phenology and its value to beekeepers. Bee Culture. Retrieved on May 18, 2017.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Explanation of Growing Degree Days. Midwestern Regional Climate Center. Archived from the original on March 26, 2019. Retrieved on April 19, 2019.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 National Weather Service Glossary: G. National Weather Service. Archived from the original on February 9, 2019. Retrieved on February 7, 2019.
↑ Jaramillo R., A. and Guzman M., O. Relationship between temperature and growth in Coffea arabica L. var. Caturra. Cenicafé (Colombia) 35(3):57-65. 1984.

[1] Ferchault de Réaumur (2023-02-06). Observations du thermometre, faites a Paris pendant l'annees 1735, comparees a celles qui ont ete faites sous la ligne, a l'Isle de France, a Alger et en quelques-unes de nos isles de l'Amerique. Mémoire de l'Académie royale des sciences.

[Prentice1992-2] Prentice (1992). "Special Paper: A Global Biome Model Based on Plant Physiology and Dominance, Soil Properties and Climate". Journal of Biogeography 19 (2): 117–134. DOI:10.2307/2845499. ISSN 0305-0270.

[3] Ellsworth (April 2, 2015). Phenology and its value to beekeepers. Bee Culture. Retrieved on May 18, 2017.

[uillinois-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Explanation of Growing Degree Days. Midwestern Regional Climate Center. Archived from the original on March 26, 2019. Retrieved on April 19, 2019.

[nwsglossary-5] 5.0 ^5.1 National Weather Service Glossary: G. National Weather Service. Archived from the original on February 9, 2019. Retrieved on February 7, 2019.

[6] Jaramillo R., A. and Guzman M., O. Relationship between temperature and growth in Coffea arabica L. var. Caturra. Cenicafé (Colombia) 35(3):57-65. 1984.

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