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Adolphine Fletcher Terry

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Adolphine Fletcher Terry (1882-1976) bụ onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị na mmekọrịta ọha na eze America na steeti Arkansas. Terry kwadoro ọnọdụ ya n'ime obodo Little Rock iji metụta mgbanwe n'ihe metụtara ikpe ziri ezi nke ọha mmadụ, ikike ụmụ nwanyị, nha anya agbụrụ, ụlọ, na agụmakwụkwọ. A na-echeta Fletcher maka ọrụ ya na kọmitii Mberede ụmụ nwanyị imepe ụlọ akwụkwọ anyị (WEC) bụ nke bụ isi maka imeghe Little Rock, Arkansas, usoro ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na imechi mpaghara ụlọ akwụkwọ na-emechi na 1958, na-eso nsogbu ahụ na Obere Rock Central High. Na "Millennium Poll" ya na 2000, Arkansas Historical Association kpọrọ Terry otu n'ime ọnụ ọgụgụ 15 kachasị mkpa na steeti ahụ.[1]

Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ

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Ụlọ Pike-Fletcher-Terry, 411 E. 7th Street, Little Rock, Arkansas. Adolphine Fletcher Terry lụrụ n'ihu ụlọ ahụ na 1910 [2] wee guzobe Kọmitii Mberede Ụmụ nwanyị iji Mepee Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Anyị ebe a. [3]

A mụrụ Terry na Little Rock, Arkansas, na Nọvemba 3, 1882, site n'ezinụlọ ama ama na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ bụ ada John Gould Fletcher (M), onye Arkansas na onye ọrụ Confederate bụ onye ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị na-ere ahịa owu na South na onye isi ụlọ akụ ama ama. A họpụtara ya onye sheriff mbụ nke Pulaski County [1] ma mesịa jee ozi dị ka onye isi obodo Little Rock (1875 ruo 1881); ọ garaghị nke ọma na ntinye aka atọ maka gọvanọ na otu maka Congress. Nne Terry bụbu Adolphine Krause, ada nke onye ahịa obere Rock na onye kwabatara German. Terry nwere ụmụnne abụọ tọrọ: Pulitzer onye na-ede uri na-emeri ihe nrite John Gould Fletcher na onye na-agụ akwụkwọ Mary Fletcher Drennan. [4]

Tupu ọ lụọ John Gould Fletcher, a manyere nne Terry ịhapụ ụlọ akwụkwọ wee hapụ ịchụso ọrụ egwu iji lekọta nne ya na ụmụnne ya na-arịa ọrịa. N'ihi ahụmahụ a, Adolphine Krause ghọrọ nnọọ nchebe nke ụmụ ya ma na-akwado mmezu nke agụmakwụkwọ. Terry na ụmụnne ya na-eyikarị akwa akwa akwa akwa dị arọ, ọbụlagodi n'oge okpomọkụ, ma nwee nkụda mmụọ n'egwuregwu na-akpali akpali maka ụjọ na a ga-emerụ ha ahụ.[5]

N'afọ 1889, ezinụlọ Fletcher zụrụ ụlọ Albert Pike na 411 7th Street na Little Rock, Arkansas. Ụlọ Greek Revival style na nso nso a nwere Arkansas Female College, na Fletchers mere ọganihu dị ịrịba ama iji weghachite ya ka ọ bụrụ ebe obibi ezinụlọ. Terry ga-etolite, lụọ di ma biri ihe ka ukwuu n'oge ndụ ya fọdụrụ n'ụlọ ahụ, nke jere ozi dị ka isi ụlọ ọrụ maka ọrụ ya mgbe e mesịrị ma bụrụ nke a maara dị ka Pike-Fletcher-Terry House.[6]

N'ime akụkọ ndụ ya a na-ebipụtabeghị, Terry chetara "ihe mmụta ikpe ziri ezi" nke metụtara echiche ya banyere mmekọrịta agbụrụ. Otu nwa nwanne nne boro nwa okorobịa na-eje ozi n'ụlọ ojii ebubo na ọ na-ezu ohi mgbaaka diamond ma chọọ ka e jide ya, naanị iji chọta ya zoro ezo n'ime uwe ya. N'oge ebubo dị otú ahụ ga-eme ka ikpe ziri ezi maka onye a na-ebo ebubo, nwa nwanne nne ahụ gara n'ihu n'ụbọchị ya n'echeghị echiche nke abụọ. Otú ọ dị, Terry ghọtara otú ebubo ahụ si tinye nwata nwoke ahụ n'ihe ize ndụ, ọ chefughịkwa ihe merenụ.[7]

Dị ka ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị nwere ihe ùgwù n'oge ya, Terry banyere kọleji mgbe ọ dị afọ 15 mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Peabody High School na 1898. N'ịgbaso ọchịchọ nke nne ya, ọ ghọrọ naanị Arkansan nke abụọ ịga Vassar College dị na Poughkeepsie, New York. Usoro mmụta Vassar tinyere Terry na nsogbu obodo nke oge ya, kụziiri ya iche echiche n'onwe ya ma kụọ mkpụrụ maka ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndụ ya.[8] Ọ na-ekwukwa na mmetụta nke nwa klas ya Lucy Burns - onye ga-aga n'ihu ịghọ otu n'ime ndị isi iji merie usoro nke 19th Amendment - maka inye echiche dị iche banyere agbụrụ karịa ka ọ mụtara site na ịzụlite ya na Southern.[9] Terry gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1902 wee laghachi Arkansas "... dị njikere ịgbanwe ụwa ma ọ nọgidere na-anwa ime ya ruo ụbọchị ọ nwụrụ, "dị ka enyi ya Judge Edwin Dunaway si kwuo.[10]

Ndụ ọha na eze na ọrụ ọha na eze

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N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ọ lọtara na kọleji, Terry tinyere onwe ya n'ọtụtụ klọb na ihe omume dị ka ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ n'oge ya. Terry enweghị afọ ojuju na ịga oriri na ọṅụṅụ na ịpụta dị ka onye mbido. Dị ka nwanyị ọhụrụ nke ndịda, Terry nwere ọchịchọ isonye na klọb ma tinye onwe ya na mkpa nke obodo ya. N'oge ndụ ya niile, ihe dị ya mkpa jupụtara na ya kwa ụbọchị ma Terry ghọrọ onye mmeri maka ihe ndị dị obere na nnukwu, ọ jikwa ọnọdụ ya nyere ndị ọzọ na-enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma karịa ya aka.

Mmụta

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N'afọ 1905, Terry bụ onye na-ahụ maka ịtọ ntọala Southern Association for College Women nke nyere nzukọ maka ụmụ nwanyị gụrụ akwụkwọ na kọleji iji kwurịta okwu ndị dị mkpa nye ha. Nzukọ a ga-emesị ghọọ Arkansas Association for University Women nkewa nke American Association of University Women. O nyekwara aka na mgbanwe agụmakwụkwọ, na-agba mbọ ka ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na steeti Arkansas. Ọ bụ onye na-akwado iwe ndị nchịkwa ụlọ akwụkwọ ọkachamara n'ọrụ ma guzobe òtù mmezi ụlọ akwụkwọ mbụ na steeti ahụ.[11] Terry nọgidere na-enwe mmasị na agụmakwụkwọ n'oge ndụ ya niile ma na-eduga mbọ iji mee ka mpaghara ụlọ akwụkwọ dị ike ma nye ụmụ akwụkwọ ime obodo njem.

Ụmụaka na Arkansas

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N'afọ 1911, ndị Women's Christian Temperance Union họpụtara Terry ka ọ nyochaa ụlọ ikpe ndị ntorobịa nke e guzobere site na iwu nke otu ahụ kwadoro. N'oge na-adịghị anya, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi oche nke ụlọ ikpe ụmụaka nke Pulaski County. Ya na ndị ọzọ so na bọọdụ ahụ kpọgara ụmụaka ndị omempụ n'ụlọ ha iji gbochie ha n'ụlọ akwụkwọ mgbanwe steeti nke a na-ewere dị ka "ebe ntaramahụhụ maka ụmụaka ọjọọ". [12] Terry na ndị ọzọ nọ na bọọdụ lụrụ ọgụ maka ịmepụta ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ nwoke na ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị na 1917.

Terry nyekwara aka guzobe alaka African-American nke Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) na Little Rock. Enyemaka ya n'ọrụ a dugara na mmeghe YWCA na 1921.[13]

Òtù ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ntụli aka

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Na mgbakwunye na echiche ya gbasara agbụrụ, Terry nwere njikọ kpọmkwem na mmegharị nke nhọpụta, n'akụkụ ụfọdụ, site na ọbụbụenyi ya na nwa klas Vassar Lucy Burns.[14] Ka ọ na-erule 1910, e nwere ihe akaebe nke itinye aka na akwụkwọ ozi o degaara Senator James P. Clarke iji rịọ ka ha na "ndị nnọchiteanya nke otu nhata" na nleta ha na Washington, D.C.[15] Nwanne nwanyị Terry bụ Mary mepụtara Njikọ Ịha nhata ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na 1911, na-amalite nkwado ọhụrụ maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị na steeti ahụ.[16] Ụmụnne nwanyị abụọ ahụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na nzukọ ahụ, nke kwadoro mbọ agụmakwụkwọ ma na-agba mbọ maka mgbanwe iwu metụtara ikike ụmụ nwanyị. Nzukọ ahụ wetara ihe n'ihu Nzukọ Ezumezu n'oge anọ dị iche iche tupu ha enwee ike ime ka ndị omeiwu nye ụmụ nwanyị ikike ịtụ vootu na ntuli aka nke steeti na 1917. [17]

Terry bụ onye ndú na steeti na nke mba na mkpọsa maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị. na Jenụwarị 1916 Terry duziri nzukọ Congress Union for Woman Suffrage nke gbakọtara na Marion Hotel na Little Rock. Onye guzobere CU bụ Alice Paul kwuru okwu na mgbakọ ahụ iji nweta nkwado maka isi nke Arkansas. Nzukọ ahụ họpụtara Terry ka ọ rụọ ọrụ na kọmitii ndụmọdụ mba nke CU na onye otu ex-officio nke kọmitii nchịkwa Arkansas.

Ọbá akwụkwọ na ịgụ na ide

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A maara Terry nke ọma maka nkwado ya maka ọbá akwụkwọ. Dị ka akụkụ nke kọmitii Americanism maka steeti Arkansas, o mere ka ọ bụrụ ọrụ ya imeziwanye ọbá akwụkwọ dị na steeti ahụ. Mgbe ọ malitere ọrụ ya, na 1934, e nwere naanị ọbá akwụkwọ atọ a kọrọ na steeti Arkansas dum n'ihi atụmatụ steeti na enweghị ego. N'okpuru nduzi ya, e mere iwu iji nweta ego zuru oke na steeti niile maka ịmepụta ọbá akwụkwọ ọha na eze. E toro Terry maka ọrụ ya na ọrụ a n'oge ndụ ya niile. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nlekọta nke Little Rock Public Library ruo afọ 40 ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 1966. [18]

Kọmitii Mberede Ụmụ nwanyị

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N'afọ 1958, Terry guzobere Kọmitii Mberede Ụmụ nwanyị iji Mepee Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Anyị dị ka nzaghachi dị oke egwu maka Nsogbu Little Rock maka njikọta ụlọ akwụkwọ. [19] Nduzi ya nke ụmụ nwanyị ọcha nke Little Rock bụ nnukwu ihe mgbochi na mbọ Gọvanọ Orval Faubus na-eme iji gbochie ụlọ akwụkwọ ka ha ghara ijikọ.[20] "N'afọ 1959, WEC, ndị isi ojii na-eme ntụli aka, na otu a na-akpọ Stop This Outrageous Purge mere mkpọsa nke ọma iji chetara ndị otu ụlọ akwụkwọ atọ bụ ndị na-akpa ókè agbụrụ... Mgbalị WEC, gụnyere nyocha nke na-edekọ mmetụta ọjọọ nsogbu ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ nwere na akụ na ụba Little Rock, gbanwere usoro omume ọha na eze ma nyere aka imeghe ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na 1959. "[21]

Ndụ onwe onye

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Adolphine Fletcher Terry na David D. Terry (1881-1963) lụrụ na Fletcher home na July 7, 1910. Terrys nwere ụmụ anọ, David D. Terry Jr. (1911-1962), Mary Terry (1914-1974). amụrụ ya nwere nkwarụ na-adịghị ahụkebe nke a na-akpọ osteogenesis imperfecta, Sally Terry (1916-1986), na William (Bill) Terry (1922-2016).[1] Ndị Terry ahụ lekọtakwara David, nwanne Sr. mgbe nne na nna ya nwụsịrị, yana kuchiri Joseph, nwa mgbei nke nwa ha nwanyị Mary ghọrọ enyi mgbe ọ na-anata ọgwụgwọ maka ọrịa ya.[2] Terry lekọtara nnukwu ezinụlọ ya n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ na n'oge David, ọrụ Sr. ka ọ ka na-arụkwa ọrụ ya dị ka onye òtù obodo Little Rock dị mkpa.

David Sr. tinyere aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Site na 1929-1933 ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Little Rock School Board. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na bọọdụ ụlọ akwụkwọ, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu steeti na 1933. N'ikpeazụ, David ga-aga n'ihu nwee ihe ịga nke ọma abụọ na United States House of Representatives, mana ọ ga-efunahụ agbụrụ maka United States Senate na Arkansas governorship.[4] Ọ nwụrụ n'Ọrịa Parkinson n'ụbọchị nke isii n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1963.

"Nwa Terry William na nwunye ya Betty nọgidere na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Little Rock. Ụmụ ha nwanyị na ezinụlọ ha na-aga n'ihu na mkpebi Adolphine Fletcher Terry ime ka Little Rock dịkwuo mma. "[22]

Ndụ na ihe nketa ya

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N'ịgbaso ọrịa strok siri ike, Adolphine Fletcher Terry si n'ụlọ ya gaa n'ụlọ nlekọta ogologo oge ebe ọ nwụrụ na July 25, 1976, na 93. A na-eli Terry n'akụkụ di ya na ugwu ugwu Holly na-eli ozu na ogbe ndịda Little Rock. 1] Terry na nwanne ya nwanyị Mary Fletcher Drennan kwadoro Pike-Fletcher-Terry House na Obodo Little Rock na 1964 maka Arkansas Arts Center. Drennan, onye na-ebighị na Arkansas dị ka onye toro eto, nyefere ala na ụlọ ndụ ya wee nyefee aha obodo ahụ na 1977. Ụlọ ahụ mepere dị ka Decorative Arts Museum na March 24, 1985. [23]

Na Eprel 27, 1990, Central Arkansas Library Sistemụ raara alaka nke asaa ya dị ka Adolphine Fletcher Terry Library na West Little Rock. Ememme maka mmeghe ụbọchị abụọ gụnyere ihe ngosi nke onye ode akwụkwọ na onye nchịkọta akụkọ bụ Harry Ashmore, ihe omume Jack na Beanstalk sitere na Arkansas Arts Center's Tell-a-Tale Troupe, ịgba egwu ndị Arkansas Country Dance Society na egwu ndị mmadụ site n'aka ndị Arkansas Arts Center. Rackensack Society. Iwu nke ọbá akwụkwọ ahụ riri $1.9 nde, bụ́ nke e nwetara dị ka akụkụ nke mbipụta nkekọ e bipụtara na 1987. Ọ́bá akwụkwọ ahụ ji akwụkwọ 22,000 na otu maịl nkwakọba meghere.[24]

Ọrụ

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Terry bụ onye edemede na-anụ ọkụ n'obi ma bipụta ọtụtụ ọrụ n'oge ndụ ya niile.

  • Obi ike! (1938)
  • Cordelia, Onye Ezinụlọ (1967)
  • Charlotte Stephens, Onye nkuzi ojii mbụ nke Little Rock (1973)
  • Ndụ bụ Abụ M, nke a na-ebipụtaghị

Ebem si dee

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  1. ↑ Bayless (September 2011). Obliged to help : Adolphine Fletcher Terry and the Progressive South, 1st, 17. ISBN 9781935106388. OCLC 898476966. 
  2. ↑ Encyclopedia of Arkansas (en-US). Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Retrieved on 2019-07-20.
  3. ↑ Little Rock Culture Vulture (en-US). Little Rock Culture Vulture (3 November 2018). Retrieved on 2019-07-19.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Murphy (1997-01-01). "Adolphine Fletcher Terry", Breaking the Silence (in en). University of Arkansas Press, 1–26. ISBN 9781557285157.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":23" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ Bayless (2011). Obliged to Help: Adolphine Fletcher Terry and the Progressive South. Little Rock: Butler Center Books, 17. ISBN 9781935106326. 
  6. ↑ Bayless, Stephanie (September 2011). Obliged to help : Adolphine Fletcher Terry and the Progressive South. Butler Center Books, 20. ISBN 9781935106388. OCLC 898476966. 
  7. ↑ Bayless, Stephanie (September 2011). Obliged to help : Adolphine Fletcher Terry and the Progressive South. Butler Center Books, 19. ISBN 9781935106388. OCLC 898476966. 
  8. ↑ Adolphine Fletcher Terry (1882–1976) - Encyclopedia of Arkansas. www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net. Retrieved on 2016-02-18.
  9. ↑ Cahill (2015-11-01). Arkansas Women and the Right to Vote. Butler Center for Arkansas Studies, 18. DOI:10.2307/j.ctt1ffjqhn. ISBN 9781935106838. 
  10. ↑ Murphy (2010). in Murphy: Breaking the silence : Little Rock's Women's Emergency Committee to Open Our Schools, 1958-1963. University of Arkansas Press, 8. ISBN 9781610750837. OCLC 1080923062. 
  11. ↑ Bayless (2011). Obliged to Help: Adolphine Fletcher Terry and the Progressive South. Little Rock: Butler Center Books, 36. ISBN 978-1935106326. 
  12. ↑ Bayless (2011). Obliged to Help: Adolphine Fletcher Terry and the Progressive South. Little Rock: Butler Center Books, 55. ISBN 978-1935106326. 
  13. ↑ Bayless (2011). Obliged to Help: Adolphine Fletcher Terry and the Progressive South. Little Rock: Butler Center Books, 84–86. ISBN 978-1935106326. 
  14. ↑ Cahill (2015-11-01). Arkansas Women and the Right to Vote. Butler Center for Arkansas Studies, 19. DOI:10.2307/j.ctt1ffjqhn. ISBN 9781935106838. 
  15. ↑ Cahill (2015-11-01). Arkansas Women and the Right to Vote. Butler Center for Arkansas Studies, 57. DOI:10.2307/j.ctt1ffjqhn. ISBN 9781935106838. 
  16. ↑ Bayless, Stephanie (September 2011). Obliged to help : Adolphine Fletcher Terry and the Progressive South. Butler Center Books, 81. ISBN 9781935106388. OCLC 898476966. 
  17. ↑ Cahill (Winter 2012). "Stepping outside the bounds of convention: Adolphine Fletcher Terry and radical suffragism in Little Rock, 1911-1920". Pulaski County Historical Review 60 (4): 122–129. 
  18. ↑ Bayless (2011). Obliged to Help: Adolphine Fletcher Terry and the Progressive South. Little Rock: Butler Center Books. ISBN 978-1935106326. 
  19. ↑ Jacoway (1997-01-01). "Down from the Pedestal: Gender and Regional Culture in a Ladylike Assault on the Southern Way of Life". The Arkansas Historical Quarterly 56 (3): 345–352. DOI:10.2307/40023180. 
  20. ↑ Freyer (1997-01-01). "The Little Rock Crisis Reconsidered". The Arkansas Historical Quarterly 56 (3): 367–368. DOI:10.2307/40023182. 
  21. ↑ Adolphine Fletcher Terry (1882–1976) - Encyclopedia of Arkansas. www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net. Retrieved on 2016-02-18.
  22. ↑ Scott (3 November 2015). Little Rock Look Back: Adolphine Fletcher Terry. Little Rock Culture Vulture. Retrieved on 2016-02-18.
  23. ↑ "Years of planning to pay off March 24", Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, March 17, 1985. Retrieved on August 23, 2019.
  24. ↑ Sullivan. "Calendar", Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, April 19, 1990, p. 64. Retrieved on August 22, 2019.
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