Agụmakwụkwọ na ọnọdụ mberede na ebe esemokwu

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Agụmakwụkwọ na ọnọdụ mberede na ebe esemokwu
obere ụdị nkeEducation Dezie

Mmụta na mberede na mpaghara esemokwu bụ usoro nkuzi na ịkwalite agụmakwụkwọ dị mma maka ụmụaka, ndị ntorobịa na ndị okenye na mpaghara nsogbu metụtara. Ụdị ọnọdụ mberede dị otú ahụ gụnyere: esemokwu, ọrịa na-efe efe na ọdachi ndị ihe egwu okike kpatara. Usoro agụmakwụkwọ siri ike na-echebe ụmụaka na ndị ntorobịa site na mwakpo, mmegbu, na nrigbu, na-akwado iwulite udo, ma na-enye nchekwa anụ ahụ na nke uche nye ụmụaka. N'oge nsogbu, agụmakwụkwọ na-enyere aka iwulite nkwụsi ike na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'ofe obodo, ma bụrụ ihe dị mkpa iji nọgide na-agbake.

Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A kọwapụtara ọnọdụ mberede na-emetụta agụmakwụkwọ dị ka ọnọdụ niile nke mmadụ mere ma ọ bụ ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ya na-ebibi, n'ime obere oge, ọnọdụ ndụ, nlekọta na ụlọ akwụkwọ a na-emekarị maka ụmụaka na-akpaghasị, ịgọnarị, na-egbochi ọganihu ma ọ bụ na-egbu oge mmezu nke ikike mmụta. Ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịkpata, ọgụ ọgụ ma mba ụwa, gụnyere ọrụ ndị agha, na ndị na-abụghị nke mba ụwa, ọnọdụ post-esemokwu, ọrịa na-efe efe na ụdị ọdachi niile.

Ikike agụmakwụkwọ na ọnọdụ mberede[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Agụmakwụkwọ bụ ikike mmadụ nke onye ọ bụla tozuru oke. Agbanyeghị, na ọnọdụ mberede steeti na-ezute ihe isi ike n'ịkwado na ichekwa ikike agụmakwụkwọ, ọkachasị maka ndị otu adịghị ike, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị nwere nkwarụ. Nke a bụ n'ihi nkwụsị nke ike na mmebi iwu na-apụta, mbibi nke akụrụngwa ma ọ bụ n'ihi ntụgharị nke ihe onwunwe. Ihe mberede na-abawanye ohere na a ga-emebi ikike agụmakwụkwọ. Ya mere, ọ dị mkpa ka iwu mba ụwa na mba ụwa mee ihe iji belata mmetụta ọjọọ nke ọnọdụ mberede. N'oge ihe mberede, iwu ikike mmadụ na-emetụta n'akụkụ niile. Ndị mmadụ anaghị atụfu ikike ha nwere n'ihi esemokwu, ụnwụ nri, ma ọ bụ ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha. Ikike ịgụ akwụkwọ abụghị ihe a na-eweda ya ala, nke pụtara na a naghị ekwe ka steeti kwụsịtụ ụtọ ya n'oge ọnọdụ mberede.

Dabere n'ụdị ihe mberede ahụ, mpaghara dị iche iche nke iwu mba ụwa na-emetụta. Ndị a gụnyere: Iwu oke ruuru mmadụ, iwu mba ụwa (ma ọ bụ iwu nke ọgụ), iwu ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na iwu mpụ mba ụwa. Na mgbakwunye 'iwu nro' dị ka Nkwupụta Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Nchekwa (2015) ga-etinyekwa n'ọrụ. N'oge ihe mberede, ikike steeti na-ekwe nkwa ikike ịgụ akwụkwọ nwere ike imebi yana ndị na-eme ihe nkiri (UN, NGO, steeti ndị ọzọ, wdg) ga-enwerịrị inye aka na nkwado mba ụwa.

N'oge ihe mberede, a naghị ahụta agụmakwụkwọ dị ka ihe na-azọpụta ndụ ozugbo, ma uru nke agụmakwụkwọ na-emetụta ndị ọnọdụ mberede na-emetụta ekwesịghị ileda anya ma ndị nne na nna na ndị na-amụ ihe n'onwe ha gosipụtara dị ka ihe dị oké mkpa n'iweta nkwụsi ike, nchebe mmetụta uche na anụ ahụ, na ịga n'ihu. . N'ime obere oge, agụmakwụkwọ nwere ike inyere ụmụaka aka agha, ndị a chụpụrụ n'ebe obibi, ndị njem, na ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na ndị niile ihe mberede metụtara ịbanyeghachi n'ime ọha mmadụ. N'ime ogologo oge, agụmakwụkwọ nwere ike itinye aka na igbochi ihe mberede.

Agụmakwụkwọ maka ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ, ndị mbịarambịa na ndị gbara ọsọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Nchịkọta nke ihe ịma aka ndị metụtara agụmakwụkwọ na ọnọdụ ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ

Dabere na ikike agụmakwụkwọ, a ga-enye otu ihe ahụ n'agbanyeghị mmalite, mba, ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ iwu nke ndị na-amụ ihe. Ọ bụ ezie na edeghị ọnọdụ iwu na nke mbata na ọpụpụ n'ụzọ doro anya dị ka ihe a machibidoro iwu nke ịkpa ókè, ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ nkwekọrịta UN Human Rights, dị ka Kọmitii na-ahụ maka Ikike, Ikike Ọha na Ọdịbendị (CESCR), Kọmitii ahụ na-ahụ Maka Ikike nke Nwatakịrị kwenyesiri ike na ikike n'okpuru ikike agụmakwụkwọ metụtara onye ọ bụla, gụnyere ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ, ndị na-achọ ebe mgbaba, ndị na ndị na-enweghị ala, ndị ọrụ na-akwaga mba, gụnyere nloghachi ma ọ bụ ndị a chụpụrụ na mba ụwa, n'ọnọdụ iwu na-ahụkarị, n'agbanyeghị ọnọdụ na akwụkwọ.[1]

Nzaghachi agụmakwụkwọ na ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na mgbanwe ihu igwe[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọdachi ndị sitere n'okike, dị ka ala ọma jijiji ma ọ bụ ajọ ifufe, na-etinye usoro agụmakwụkwọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ọnwụ, mmebi akụrụngwa na ịkwaga, n'etiti ihe egwu ndị ọzọ. Ịhụ na atụmatụ ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ na-eburu n'uche ihe ize ndụ ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike belata mmetụta ndị nwere ike ime. N'afọ 2017, ụlọ ọrụ United Nations Office for International Strategy for Disaster Reduction na Global Alliance for Disaster Risk Reduction and Resilience na ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ malitere usoro nchekwa ụlọ akwụkwọ zuru oke nke na-ekwu maka ogidi atọ gụnyere: ụlọ mmụta dị nchebe, njikwa ọdachi ụlọ akwụkwọ, na mbelata ihe ize ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ resilience.[2]

Na Bangladesh, otu akụkụ nke usoro mmepe agụmakwụkwọ praịmarị nke atọ na-elekwasị anya na ọnọdụ mberede, iji kwado ihe ize ndụ ọdachi na-eche mba ahụ ihu. Ebumnuche ya bụ imezu aro sitere n'aka 2011 Local Consultative Group for Disaster emergency Response: iji mepụta 'usoro iji duzie njikọta nke Disaster Risk Reduction na agụmakwụkwọ na mberede na atụmatụ na mmejuputa ngalaba.[3]

Ọtụtụ mba agwaetiti Pacific na-amata mgbanwe ihu igwe dị ka ihe na-akpata ihe ize ndụ ọdachi na-emere onwe ya ma na-eme atụmatụ usoro agụmakwụkwọ. N'afọ 2011, Solomon Islands wepụtara nkwupụta iwu ya na ntuziaka maka nkwadebe na agụmakwụkwọ maka ọdachi n'ọnọdụ mberede. Ebumnuche bụ ka ụmụ akwụkwọ gaa n'ihu na-enweta ebe mmụta dị nchebe tupu, n'oge na mgbe ọnọdụ mberede gasịrị, na-ahụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ niile na-amata oghere mmụta na nkuzi nwa oge. Ọ na-atụ aro na iji nọgide na-enwe ogo agụmakwụkwọ, a ga-azụ ndị nkuzi niile nọ n'ógbè ndị metụtara ya na atụmatụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'ime ọnwa abụọ nke ọdachi ahụ, a ga na-ewebata ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na uche n'ime oghere mmụta na ụlọ akwụkwọ niile n'ime izu isii.[4] Usoro agụmakwụkwọ 2016-2030 na-atụ aro na usoro mmụta ahụ kwesịrị iwebata 'ịmara banyere ihu igwe, gburugburu ebe obibi, ọdachi, ịdị n'otu ọha na eze na njikwa ihe ize ndụ nchebe ọha na eze iji kwalite mgbanwe, nkwado, ume na itinye / ikpe ziri ezi'.[5][2]

Mmetụta nke COVID-19 na agụmakwụkwọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ka ọ na-erule 20 Machị, ihe karịrị nde ụmụaka na ndị ntorobịa 960 anaghị aga ụlọ akwụkwọ n'ihi mmechi ụlọ akwụkwọ nwa oge ma ọ bụ nke a na-akparaghị ókè nke gọọmentị nyere iwu na mgbalị iji belata mgbasa nke COVID-19. Mba 105 emechiwo ụlọ akwụkwọ na mba niile, na-emetụta ụmụ akwụkwọ ga-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị ruo na klas sekọndrị. Mba 15 emechiwo mmechi ụlọ ọrụ iji gbochie ma ọ bụ gbochie COVID-19, na-emetụtụrụ ụmụaka ụlọ akwụkwọ nde 640 ọzọ.[6][7][8][9]

Ọbụna mgbe mmechi ụlọ akwụkwọ bụ nwa oge, ọ na-ebu nnukwu ego ọha na eze na akụ na ụba. Mgbagwoju anya ha na-akpata na-emetụta ndị mmadụ n'ofe obodo, mana mmetụta ha siri ike maka ụmụaka na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla na ezinụlọ ha gụnyere:[6]

  • Mmụta nkwụsịtụ: Ụlọ akwụkwọ na-enye mmụta dị mkpa na mgbe ụlọ akwụkwọ mechiri, ụmụaka na ndị ntorobịa na-enweghị ohere maka uto na mmepe. Ọghọm ndị ahụ karịrị akarị maka ndị na-amụ ihe na-enweghị ihe ùgwù bụ ndị na-enwekarị ohere agụmakwụkwọ ole na ole karịa ụlọ akwụkwọ.
  • Nri: Ọtụtụ ụmụaka na ndị ntorobịa na-adabere na nri efu ma ọ bụ nke a na-enye n'ụlọ akwụkwọ maka nri na nri na-edozi ahụ. Mgbe ụlọ akwụkwọ na-emechi, nri na-edozi ahụ na-emetụta.
  • Ndị nne na nna na-akwadoghị maka agụmakwụkwọ dị anya na ụlọ: Mgbe ụlọ akwụkwọ mechiri, a na-arịọkarị ndị nne na nna ka ha mee ka ụmụaka na-amụta ihe n'ụlọ dị mfe ma nwee ike ịgbalịsi ike ịrụ ọrụ a. Nke a bụ eziokwu karịsịa maka ndị nne na nna nwere agụmakwụkwọ na ihe onwunwe pere mpe.
  • Inweta ohere na-ahaghị nhata na ọnụ ụzọ mmụta dijitalụ: Enweghị ohere ịnweta teknụzụ ma ọ bụ njikọ ịntanetị dị mma bụ ihe mgbochi maka ịga n'ihu na-amụta ihe, ọkachasị maka ụmụ akwụkwọ si n'ezinụlọ ndị nwere nsogbu.
  • Oghere na nlekọta ụmụaka: Na enweghị nhọrọ ndị ọzọ, ndị nne na nna na-arụ ọrụ na-ahapụkarị ụmụaka naanị ha mgbe ụlọ akwụkwọ mechiri ma nke a nwere ike iduga n'omume dị ize ndụ, gụnyere mmetụta dị ukwuu nke nrụgide ndị ọgbọ na iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe.
  • Ọnụ ego dị elu: Ndị nne na nna na-arụ ọrụ nwere ike ịhapụ ọrụ mgbe ụlọ akwụkwọ mechiri iji lekọta ụmụ ha, na-eme ka ụgwọ ọrụ dị ala n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ ma na-emetụta mmepụta ihe n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma.
  • Nsogbu a na-atụghị anya ya na usoro nlekọta ahụike: Ụmụ nwanyị na-anọchite anya akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ndị ọrụ nlekọta ahụike ma na-enwekarị ike ịga ọrụ n'ihi ọrụ nlekọta ụmụaka nke sitere na mmechi ụlọ akwụkwọ. Nke a pụtara na ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara ahụike anọghị n'ụlọ ọrụ ebe ha kacha chọọ ha n'oge nsogbu ahụike.
  • Mmetụta na-arịwanye elu n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na usoro ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị na-anọgide na-emeghe: Mmechi ụlọ akwụkwọ dị n'otu ebe na-etinye ibu arọ n'ụlọ ọrụ ka ndị nne na nna na ndị ọrụ na-ezigara ụmụaka n'ụlọ Akwụkwọ ndị na-emeghere.
  • Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ahapụ akwụkwọ na-arịwanye elu: Ọ bụ ihe ịma aka iji hụ na ụmụaka na ndị ntorobịa laghachiri ma nọrọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ mgbe ụlọ akwụkwọ meghere ọzọ mgbe emechiri. Nke a bụ eziokwu karịsịa maka mmechi ogologo oge.

N'ịzaghachi mmechi ụlọ akwụkwọ nke COVID-19 kpatara, UNESCO na-atụ aro iji mmemme mmụta dị anya na ngwa agụmakwụkwọ na nyiwe nke ụlọ akwụkwọ na ndị nkuzi nwere ike iji ruo ndị na-amụ ihe n'ebe dị anya ma belata mmebi nke agụmakwụkwọ.[9]

Mmụta dị ka ọgwụgwọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ahụmahụ ndị nwere mmerụ ahụ nwere ike ịkpata mmetụta anụ ahụ, mmetụta uche na mmetụta uche na-adịte aka. Nke a nwere ike imebi ihe mgbe ị na-ahụ ya n'oge oge dị egwu nke uto ụbụrụ. Ọnọdụ nrụgide nwere ike imebi ụkpụrụ na mmepe nke ụbụrụ na usoro ndị ọzọ nwere mmetụta na-adịghị mma na mmụta, omume na ahụike na nke uche.[10]

Agụmakwụkwọ nwere ike ịkpali ntachi obi, zụlite ndị na-amụ ihe na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ma nye ụmụaka na obodo olileanya maka ọdịnihu. Ọ na-enyere obodo aka iwughachi, site n'ịgwọ ụfọdụ n'ime ihe mgbu na ogologo oge na-agba ume ịdị n'otu ọha na eze, ime udo na iwu udo.[11][12] Ụlọ akwụkwọ nwere ike inyere ụmụaka na-akwaga mba ọzọ na ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ aka ịnagide mkpasasị uche site na nkwado psychosocial jikọtara ya na ntinye aka mmụta mmekọrịta na mmetụta uche, na-enyere aka iwulite obi ike, ntachi obi na nkà nchịkwa mmetụta uche, yana ịkụziri ụmụaka ịmepụta mmekọrịta dabere na ntụkwasị obi na ndị ọzọ.[13]

Mmekọrịta na mmetụta uche[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Usoro mmụta mmekọrịta na mmetụta uche na-ekwu maka mmerụ ahụ dị ka akụkụ nke ebumnuche ha sara mbara iji melite omume ụmụaka na ndị ntorobịa na arụmọrụ agụmakwụkwọ. Mmekọrịta, mmetụta uche na nghọta nke mmepe mmadụ nwere njikọ na ụbụrụ na isi mmụta.[14] Usoro mmụta mmekọrịta na mmetụta uche na-eji ụdị mmụta na-arụsi ọrụ ike, dị ka mmụta dabeere na ọrụ, egwuregwu na mkparịta ụka otu.[15][10]

Ebe obibi ụlọ akwụkwọ dị nchebe[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ntọala agụmakwụkwọ nwere ike ịbụ isi ihe maka ibelata na ịgbanwe mmetụta nke trauma. Ebe obibi ụlọ akwụkwọ dị nchebe, ebe ụmụ akwụkwọ na-eche na a na-elekọta ha, na-akwado ha, na na-etinye aka ma na-akpali ha, ọ bụghị naanị na-enyere ụmụ akwụkwọ aka ịnagide ihe mgbu kamakwa na-eme ka mmụta ha dịkwuo mfe.[16]

Mmetụta nke ime ihe ike n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, ma ọ bụ n'ihi nsonaazụ kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ na-apụtaghị ìhè nke esemokwu, nwere ike inwe mmetụta na-adịghị mma ọ bụghị naanị na ndebanye aha, ogo na ihe ịga nke ọma kamakwa na ahụike uche ụmụ akwụkwọ. Ntinye aka agụmakwụkwọ iji kwalite nchekwa ụlọ akwụkwọ kwesịrị ịchọ imeziwanye akụrụngwa ụlọ akwụkwọ na ichebe ụlọ akwụkwọ na ụzọ ndị na-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ site na egwu ndị ọzọ (dị ka mwakpo ma ọ bụ mmetụta nke ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha) na egwu dị n'ime (dị ka ime ihe ike ma ọ bụ mmegbu ụlọ akwụkwọ).[16][10]

Ndị nkuzi a zụrụ azụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ndị nkuzi nọ n'ọnọdụ mberede na-ahụ ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke mmerụ ahụ, ma ọ bụ kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ site na mmekọrịta ha na ụmụ akwụkwọ. Mmetụta mmetụta uche nke ịrụ ọrụ n'ọnọdụ na-akpata nchekasị na ndị nwere nchekasị nwere ike inwe mmetụta na-adịghị mma na ahụike uche ndị nkuzi, nke na-eduga ọ bụghị naanị na mmefu onwe onye na nke ọkachamara kamakwa na-egbochi ịdị irè ha n'inyere ndị lanarịrị mmerụ ahụ aka. Ọzụzụ ọkachamara na-enyere ndị nkuzi aka ịmata ma belata mmetụta nrụgide nke imeghachi omume na mmerụ ahụ ndị ọzọ.

Ndị nkuzi nwere ike ịbụ ihe nlereanya dị mkpa maka ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ na ndị na-agba ọsọ ndụ na-enweghị ike ịmara ọtụtụ ndị okenye na mba na-anabata. Ikike ha nwere imeziwanye ndụ ndị na-amụta ihe dị elu n'ihe gbasara mmerụ ahụ, ebe ọ bụ na nkwado sitere n'aka onye toro eto a tụkwasịrị obi nwere ike igbochi mmetụta nke nrụgide na-adịte aka, ọkachasị maka ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ na ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ ma ọ bụ ndị na-enweghị nkwado nne na nna.[17][10]

Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Ụmụaka nọ n'ọnọdụ mberede na esemokwu
  • Agụmakwụkwọ maka ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ, ndị mbịarambịa na ndị gbara ọsọ n'ime obodo
  • Agụmakwụkwọ na Siria

Ebe e si nweta ya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

 This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO. Text taken from Right to education handbook​, UNESCO, UNESCO. UNESCO.

 This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO. Text taken from Global education monitoring report, 2019: Migration, displacement and education: building bridges, not walls​, UNESCO, UNESCO. UNESCO.

Ihe odide[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. ↑ UNESCO (2019). Right to education handbook. UNESCO. ISBN 978-92-3-100305-9. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 UNESCO (2018). Global education monitoring report, 2019: Migration, displacement and education: building bridges, not walls. UNESCO. ISBN 978-92-3-100283-0.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":4" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ Bangladesh Ministry of Primary and Mass Education (2015). Third Primary Education Development Program (PEDP-3). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Directorate of Primary Education. 
  4. ↑ Solomon Islands Ministry of Education and Human Resources Division. 2011. Policy Statement and Guidelines for Disaster Preparedness and Education in Emergency Situations in Solomon Islands. Honiara, Ministry of Education and Human Resources Division.
  5. ↑ Solomon Islands Ministry of Education and Human Resources Division. 2016. Education Strategic Framework 2016–2030. Honiara, Ministry of Education and Human Resources Division.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Coronavirus impacts education (4 March 2020). Retrieved on 9 March 2020. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ Coronavirus update: 290 million students now stuck at home. UN News (5 March 2020). Retrieved on 9 March 2020.
  8. ↑ Goldberg (2020-03-08). Parents are struggling to cope as coronavirus worries shut down schools, leaving kids scared and confused. Business Insider. Retrieved on 9 March 2020.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 290 million students out of school due to COVID-19: UNESCO releases first global numbers and mobilizes response. UNESCO (4 March 2020). Retrieved on 9 March 2020. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 UNESCO (2019). Education as healing: addressing the trauma of displacement through social and emotional learning. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":5" defined multiple times with different content
  11. ↑ Nicolai, UNESCO, IEP (2009). Opportunities for change: education innovation and reform during and after conflict. ISBN 978-92-803-1328-4. 
  12. ↑ Novelli, Mario (2011). The Role of Education in Peacebuilding a synthesis report of findings from Lebanon, Nepal and Sierra Leone. UNICEF. OCLC 935554174. 
  13. ↑ Betancourt (September 2013). "Post-traumatic stress symptoms among former child soldiers in Sierra Leone: follow-up study". British Journal of Psychiatry 203 (3): 196–202. DOI:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.113514. ISSN 0007-1250. PMID 23887999. 
  14. ↑ Betancourt, T. S., Newnham, E. A., McBain, R. and Brennan, R. T (2013). "The Evidence Base for How We Learn Supporting Students' Social,Emotional, and Academic Development". The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science 203 (3): 196–202. DOI:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.113514. PMID 23887999. 
  15. ↑ CASEL (2013). "Effective Social and Emotional Learning Programs". Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 UNESCO (2019). Education as healing: addressing the trauma of displacement through social and emotional learning. Retrieved on 9 March 2020. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content
  17. ↑ National Scientific Council on the Developing Child. Harvard University. Center on the Developing Child. (2005). Excessive stress disrupts the architecture of the developing brain.. Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University. OCLC 857762639. 
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