Akụkọ ụmụ nwanyị

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Very"Nchịkọta nke ụmụ nwanyị ụlọ ikpe"

  Akụkọ ụmụ nwanyị bụ ọmụmụ gbasara ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị rụrụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na ụzọ achọrọ iji mee ya.  Ọ na-agụnye ọmụmụ gbasara akụkọ ntolite ikike ụmụ nwanyị n'ime akụkọ ihe mere eme edere, ihe ndị ọ rụpụtara n'ime oge, nyocha nke onye ọ bụla na otu ụmụ nwanyị nwere mkpa akụkọ ihe mere eme, na mmetụta ihe omume akụkọ ihe mere eme nwere n'ahụ ụmụ nwanyị.  Ihe dị n'ime ọmụmụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị bụ nkwenye na ọtụtụ ndekọ akụkọ ihe mere eme ebelatala ma ọ bụ leghara onyinye ụmụ nwanyị na-enye n'akụkụ dị iche iche anya na mmetụta ihe omume akụkọ ihe mere eme nwere n'ahụ ụmụ nwanyị n'ozuzu ya;  n'akụkụ a, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị na-abụkarị ụdị ngbanwe nke akụkọ ihe mere eme, na-achọ ịma aka ma ọ bụ gbasaa nkwekọrịta ọdịnala ọdịnala.

The main centers of scholarship have been the United States and Britain, where second-wave feminist historians, influenced by the new approaches promoted by social history, led the way. As activists in women's liberation, discussing and analyzing the oppression[Tinye edensibịa] and inequalities they experienced as women, they believed it imperative to learn about the lives of their fore mothers—and found very little scholarship in print. History was written mainly by men and about men's activities in the public sphere, especially in Africa—war, politics, diplomacy and administration. Women were usually excluded and, when mentioned, were usually portrayed in sex stereotypical roles such as wives, mothers, daughters, and mistresses.[1] The study of history is value-laden in regard to what is considered historically "worthy." Other aspects of this area of study are the differences in women's lives caused by race, economic status, social status, and various other aspects of society.[2]

Nnyocha nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị agbanweela ka oge na-aga, [3] site na mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị mbụ nke chọrọ iweghachite akụkọ ndị furu efu nke ụmụ nwanyị, na agụmakwụkwọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya nke na-achọ ijikọta ahụmịhe na echiche ụmụ nwanyị n'ime akụkọ ihe mere mere eme. Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị aghọwokwa akụkụ dị mkpa nke ngalaba dị iche iche dị ka ọmụmụ okike, ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị, na echiche ụmụ nwanyị.[4][5]

Oge ụfọdụ dị mkpa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị gụnyere mmegharị nke ikike ịtụ vootu, nke lụrụ ọgụ maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere ịtụ vootu; mmegharị nke ụmụ nwanyị nke afọ 1960 na 1970, [6] nke dọtara uche n'okwu ndị dị ka ikike ịmụ nwa na ịkpa ókè n'ebe ọrụ; na mmegharị #MeToo, nke dọtara anya na mmụba nke iyi egwu mmekọahụ na mwakpo. [7][8]

Ụmụ nwanyị ama ama n'akụkọ ihe mere eme gụnyere ndị isi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị ka Cleopatra, Joan of Arc, na Indira Gandhi; [9] ndị edemede dị ka Jane Austen, Virginia Woolf, na Toni Morrison; [10] [11] ndị na-eme ihe dịka Harriet Tubman, Susan B. Anthony, na Malala Yousafzai; [12] [13] na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị dị ka Marie Curie, Rosalind Franklin, na Ada Lovelace [4] [5][14][15]

Mpaghara[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Europe[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mgbanwe bịara na narị afọ nke 19 na nke 20; dịka ọmụmaatụ, maka ụmụ nwanyị, ikike ịkwụ ụgwọ hà nhata dị ugbu a n'iwu. Ụmụ nwanyị na-elekọta ụlọ, na-amụ ma na-azụlite ụmụaka, bụ ndị nọọsụ, ndị nne, ndị nwunye, ndị agbata obi, ndị enyi, na ndị nkuzi. N'oge agha, a na-eduga ụmụ nwanyị n'ahịa ọrụ iji rụọ ọrụ nke a na-ejikarị ụmụ nwoke eme ihe. Mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, ha na-enweghị ọrụ ha na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ma laghachi n'ọrụ ụlọ na ọrụ. [16] [17][18]

Great Britain[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Akụkọ banyere ụmụ nwanyị Scotland na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19 na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 emebebeghị nke ọma dị ka ngalaba ọmụmụ ruo n'afọ 1980.  Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a na-ebipụta ọtụtụ ọrụ na ụmụ nwanyị tupu 1700 kemgbe 1980. Ọtụtụ nchọpụta ewerewo usoro ndụ ndụ, ma ọrụ ndị ọzọ adọtawo na nghọta sitere na nchọpụta n'ebe ndị ọzọ iji nyochaa okwu ndị dị ka ọrụ, ezinụlọ, okpukpe, mpụ, na ihe oyiyi nke ndụ.  ụmụ nwanyị.  Ndị ọkammụta na-ekpughekwa olu ụmụ nwanyị n'akwụkwọ ozi ha, ihe ncheta ha, uri ha na akwụkwọ ụlọikpe.  N'ihi n'oge mmepe nke ubi, ọtụtụ ọrụ na-adịbeghị anya na-agbake, ma na-amụba nghọta nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nwoke na nwanyị, ma na mba ndị ọzọ na na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Scottish mgbe 1700 gasịrị, na-eji mee ka ajụjụ ndị a jụrụ.  Ọrụ ga-eme n'ọdịnihu kwesịrị inye aka ma n'ịkọwagharị akụkọ akụkọ Scottish dị ugbu a yana ime ka mgbagwoju anya nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị na njedebe oge ochie na mmalite oge Britain na Europe.

Na Ireland ọmụmụ banyere ụmụ nwanyị, na mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị n'ozuzu ya, adịbeghị ụkọ tupu 1990; ha bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị ugbu a na ihe dị ka akwụkwọ 3000 na isiokwu na-ebipụta.[19]

Ndị France na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme eme ejirila ụzọ pụrụ iche: enwere agụmakwụkwọ dị ukwuu na akụkọ ihe mere anya ụmụ nwanyị na okike n'agbanyeghị enweghị mmemme ma ọ bụ ngalaba ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na nke okike na ọkwa mahadum. Mana usoro ndị ọkà mmụta ndị ọzọ na-eji eme ihe na nyocha nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọha na eze ejirila ya mee ihe na mpaghara akụkọ ihe mere anya ụmụ nwanyị. Ọnọdụ dị elu nke nyocha na mbipụta na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị na okike bụ n'ihi mmasị dị elu n'ime ndị France. Ịkpa ókè na agụmakwụkwọ megide isiokwu nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke okike na France na-agbanwe n'ihi mmụba nke ọmụmụ mba ụwa na-esote nguzobe nke European Union, na ndị ọkà mmụta French na-achọ nhọpụta na mpụga Europe.[20]

  1. ↑ Harris (November 22, 1960). Men Without Women. History Matters. Retrieved on February 23, 2024.
  2. ↑ Norton, Alexander, Block (2014). Major Problems in American Women's History. Stanford, Connecticut: CENGAGE Learning. ISBN 978-1-133-95599-3. 
  3. ↑ Bannett (1993-06-01). "Women's history: a study in continuity and change". Women's History Review 2 (2): 173–184. DOI:10.1080/09612029300200028. ISSN 0961-2025. 
  4. ↑ Interdisciplinary (Women's and Gender Studies) (en-US). Majors at Mizzou // University of Missouri. Retrieved on 2023-03-12.
  5. ↑ Woodward (2015-08-11). "Gender studies and interdisciplinarity" (in en). Palgrave Communications 1 (1): 1–5. DOI:10.1057/palcomms.2015.18. ISSN 2055-1045. 
  6. ↑ March 29th (2016-03-29). A Brief History of Women's History (en-US). Engenderings. Retrieved on 2023-03-12.
  7. ↑ 'Me Too' Global Movement - What is the 'Me Too" Movement (en-US). Global Fund for Women (2021-06-07). Retrieved on 2023-03-12.
  8. ↑ me too. Movement (en-US). me too. Movement. Retrieved on 2023-03-12.
  9. ↑ 15 of the most powerful women in history (en-US). Big Think (6 November 2016). Retrieved on 2023-03-12.
  10. ↑ Authors of note: 12 female writers who are worthy of adoration | The Spokesman-Review. www.spokesman.com. Retrieved on 2023-03-12.
  11. ↑ BiblioLifestyle (2021-03-19). 30 Must-Read Classics by Women Writers (en-US). BiblioLifestyle. Retrieved on 2023-03-12.
  12. ↑ Compare And Contrast Malala And Susan B Anthony - 91 Words | Bartleby. www.bartleby.com. Retrieved on 2023-03-12.
  13. ↑ Influential Women in History | Montcalm Community College. www.montcalm.edu. Archived from the original on 2023-03-12. Retrieved on 2023-03-12.
  14. ↑ Meet 10 Women in Science Who Changed the World (en). Discover Magazine. Retrieved on 2023-03-12.
  15. ↑ 22 pioneering women in science history you really should know about (en). BBC Science Focus Magazine. Retrieved on 2023-03-12.
  16. ↑ Jutta Schwarzkopf, "Women's History: Europe" in (1999) in Kelly Boyd: Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing, vol 2. Taylor & Francis, 1316–18. ISBN 9781884964336. 
  17. ↑ Karen Offen, Ruth Roach Pierson, and Jane Rendall, eds. Writing Women's History: International Perspectives (1991). covers 17 countries including Austria, Denmark, East Germany, Greece, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and Yugoslavia.
  18. ↑ Karen M. Offen, European feminisms, 1700-1950: a political history (2000) Online
  19. ↑ Catriona Kennedy, "Women and Gender in Modern Ireland", in Bourke and McBride, eds. The Princeton History of Modern Ireland (2016) pp. 361+
  20. ↑ Françoise Thébaud, "Writing Women's and Gender History in France: A National Narrative?" Journal of Women's History, Spring 2007, Vol. 19 Issue 1, pp. 167–172.
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