Anụ ọhịa nke Spain

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Anụ ọhịa nke Spain gụnyere osisi na Anụmanụ dị iche iche nke Spain. Mba ahụ dị n'ebe ndịda France nwere ogologo ụsọ mmiri abụọ, otu n'ebe ugwu nke Oké Osimiri Cantabrian, nke ọzọ n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na Ndịda Ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Oké Osimiri Mediterenian, na obere n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Oké Osimiri Atlantic, ókèala ya gụnyere akụkụ dị ukwuu nke Iberian Peninsula, Canary Islands, Balearic Islands na mpaghara abụọ dị na North Africa, Ceuta na Melilla. Mba ahụ nwere ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche, ọkachasị ndị a na-ejedebe n'ìgwè agwaetiti, na karịsịa n'ihi ọdịdị ala bara ọgaranya (osimiri, ugwu, ụsọ oké osimiri, ọzara, ọdọ mmiri, oké osimiri, wdg) na mpaghara ihu igwe dị iche iche.

Ọdịdị ala[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  Peninsular Spain nwere ala [1] larịị, nke ugwu na osimiri gbara gburugburu ma kewaa.

Ọnọdụ ihu igwe[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Map ihu igwe nke Spain Ọnọdụ ihu igwe nke oké osimiri Ọnọdụ ihu ọha nke oké osimiri nke oké osimiri Nke okpomọkụ nke oké osimiri Ọdịdị ihu igwe nke ugwu Ọnọdụ ihu ihu igwe nke ala kpọrọ nkụ nke oké osimiri Mediterenian
    
    
    
    
    
    
    

Ọtụtụ n'ime mba ahụ na-enwe ihu igwe Mediterenian na-ekpo ọkụ ma ọ bụ na-ekwo ọkụ, oge ọkọchị na mmiri ozuzo na-ada n'oge oyi. Ọnọdụ ihu igwe na-adịghị mma na-eme n'akụkụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Spain, mana a na-ahụkwa ya n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke mba ahụ dị ka ọdọ mmiri Ebro. N'ebe a, oge okpomọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na oge oyi na-ajụ oyi, mana mmiri ozuzo dị obere n'oge ọ bụla n'afọ. Akụkụ ugwu nke mba ahụ na-enwe ihu igwe nke oké osimiri (nke a na-akpọkwa ihu igwe Cantabrian) na okpomọkụ oge oyi na oge okpomọkụ nke na-emetụta ịdị nso nke Oké Osimiri Cantabrian na mmiri ozuzo gbasaa n'afọ niile. Balearic nwere ihu igwe Mediterenian, na Canary Islands na-emetụta gburugburu oké osimiri ha na ịdị nso ha na Africa.

Ụdị dị iche iche[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'etiti mba Europe, Spain nwere otu n'ime ogo kachasị elu nke ụdị dị iche iche; nke a bụ n'ihi mpaghara anọ dị iche iche, mpaghara biogeographic, Atlantic, Alpine, Mediterranean na Macaronesian, a na-ewerekwa mba ahụ dị ka otu n'etiti ebe dị iche iche dị iche n'ụwa. [2]'ihe gbasara Natura 2000, atụmatụ European Union, 27% nke mba ahụ gụnyere na ogige ntụrụndụ mba, ebe nchekwa anụ ọhịa na ebe ndị ọzọ echedoro.

Flora[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Osisi oak na Andalusia
Ụsọ oké osimiri Mediterenian nke Spain

Gụnyere ala [3] agwaetiti, Spain nwere puku asatọ ruo puku itoolu nke Osisi vascular, karịa mba ọ bụla ọzọ na Europe. [3]'etiti 20 na 25% nke ndị a bụ ndị a na-ahụkarị na mba ahụ ma ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ndị a na - na-eyi egwu karịa na mba ọ bụla ọzọ dị na Europe. [4] bụ ezie na enweghi ezinụlọ osisi ndị a na-ahụkarị, Spain nwere ụdị osisi 822 na Balearic Islands 103.

Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ala dị larịị, ndagwurugwu na ala dị larịrị nke dị n'ime ya bụ nke a na-ekpuchi n'ọhịa sclerophyllous na semi-deciduous. Osikapa holm na cork oak jupụtara na ha, na olive ọhịa na carob n'ebe ndịda, mana ọ bụ naanị ihe fọdụrụ na ahịhịa a ka dị. Ihe ka ukwuu n'ala a jupụtara ugbu a na ala ahịhịa a maara dị ka maquis, nke nwere osisi dị ala, osisi na ahịhịhịa. Stone pine [5] maritime pine na-achịkwa n'ala ájá, na Aleppo pine, Kermes oak na juniper na mpaghara limestone.

N'ebe dị elu, osisi oak Pyrenean na-achịkwa ihe dị ka 1,500 m (5,000 n'elu nke osisi Scots pine na juniper na-achị. Na ndagwurugwu osimiri, ọ bụ naanị ihe fọdụrụ n'ọhịa osisi willow, poplar, Alder, ash na elm. Akụkụ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Spain nwere ọtụtụ ọhịa ndị nwere osisi oak, lime, chestnut, elm, ash, maple na hazel, na ebe mkpuchi osisi na-adịghị, heather na gorse. Akụkụ ụfọdụ [6] na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke mba ahụ nwere ụdị ahịhịa na-ekpo ọkụ.

E nwere ụfọdụ ụdị ahịhịa na-apụta n'ókèala Spain dum, gụnyere agwaetiti, dị ka Dryopteris filix-mas, Arum italikium (nke otu ụdị dị ka Anụ adder), borage, ebe nwa atụrụ, Ahịhịa Bermuda, Mercurialis annua na Eruca vesicaria. [7] na-ekesa ndị ọzọ n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ n'ókèala niile ma e wezụga Lanzarote na Fuerteventura (àgwàetiti ndị dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Canary) dị ka Southern maidenhair fern, maidenhair spleenwort, Cynoglossum creticum (nke otu ezinụlọ ahụ dị ka borage), na couch grass.

Anụmanụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Chamois nke Pyrenees
Nnụnụ mmiri nke ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ

Gụnyere ala na agwaetiti, Spain nwere atụmatụ 60 ruo 70,000 ụdị anụmanụ. N'ime ndị a, ihe dị ka narị asaa bụ vertebrates (ewepu azụ mmiri) na ndị fọdụrụnụ bụ invertebrates. Ọnọdụ kachasị elu nke endemism na-eme n'etiti azụ mmiri dị ọcha na mpaghara ugwu, mpaghara ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, na n'etiti anụmanụ Canary Island. Ihe [3] ka pasent iri atọ nke anụ ndị nwere azụ na Spain nọ n'ihe ize ndụ.

Ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara nke dị na Spain na agwaetiti ndị ahụ, gụnyere European hedgehog, ụdị abụọ nke mole, Pyrenean desman na ihe dị ka ụdị iri na abụọ nke shrew. E nwere ihe dị bat ụdị iri atọ na ise nke ụkpara, yana oke Europe, oke ọhịa Europe na ụdị abụọ ndị ọzọ. Nnukwu ụmụ oke gụnyere Eurasian beaver, red squirrel, alpine marmot na brown rat yana ihe dị ka iri abụọ na asatọ ụdị ụmụ oke, voles na obere ụmụ oke ndị ọzọ. [8]'ime ungulates, a na-ahụ anụ ọhịa, fallow deer, red deer, roe deer, Iberian ibex na Pyrenean chamois na mba ahụ.

Ndị na-eri anụ n'ala gụnyere anụ ọhịa bea na-acha nchara nchara, Anụ ọhịa wolf nke Iberia na anụ ọhịa wolw nke Italian, nkịta ọhịa na-acha ọbara ọbara, anụ ọhịa Iberian, anụ ọhịa Eurasian na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nkịtị. Ọzọkwa bụ European badger, Eurasian otter, stoat, least weasel, European polecat na European pine marten. Ụdị seal isii [8]-eleta ụsọ mmiri ahụ, na ụdị whale, dolphin na porpoise iri atọ na-eletasị mmiri ndị akara ụsọ mmiri gburugburu.

Cranes nkịtị na-efefe Castilla n'oge ha na-agagharị n'oge oyi
Nnụnụ a na-akpọ ocellated lizard

Site na ebe obibi ya dịgasị iche iche, Spain nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ụdị nnụnụ, 644 edere, asaa n'ime ha bụ ndị a na-ahụkarị. [9] ndị [10] na-ahụkarị na agwaetiti ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri ma gụnyere Bolle's pigeon, laurel pigeon, Canary Islands oystercatcher (na-adịghịzi adị), Canary Islands chiffchaff, Balearic warbler, Canary Island stonechat na Tenerife blue chaffinch. [11] wezụga ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ụdị nnụnụ ndị bi na Spain, ọtụtụ nnụnụ na-agagharị agagharị na-eleta Spain n'oge opupu ihe ubi na oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ, na-eme njem n'etiti ebe ha na-anọ n'oge oyi n'Africa na ebe ha na'ebe ha na-amụ nwa n'ebe ugwu Europe.

Ala [5] larịị na-enye ebe obibi maka Dupont's lark, horned lark, European roller na black wheatear, na osisi sclerophyllous fọdụrụnụ na-enye oge oyi maka ọtụtụ puku Crane nkịtị na ebe a na-amụ maka ụgbala ọcha na ụgbala ojii, yana kite nwere nku ojii, ugo mkpịsị aka dị mkpirikpi, nnụnụ cinereous na griffon.

Osimiri [5] ọdọ mmiri nwere azụ mmiri dị iche iche, gụnyere Spanish minnowcarp na Luciobarbus microcephalus, na n'etiti anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ, mbe Caspian na mbe ọdọ mmiri Europe. Anụ ndị ọzọ na-akpụ akpụ gụnyere Hermann's tortoise, Greek tortoise na pond slider, yana ụdị anọ nke sea turtle. Ọzọkwa edere na Spain bụ Chameleon nkịtị na ihe dị ka iri isii ụdị ezé, worm lizard, gecko na skink, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị a na-ahụkarị na Canary Islands na Balearics, na ụfọdụ na-eme na mpaghara Spanish na North Africa. [12] na-edepụta ụdị agwọ iri na isii maka Spain.

Ihe odide[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. ↑ Philip's (1994). Atlas of the World. Reed International, 34–37. ISBN 0-540-05831-9. 
  2. ↑ Spain: Resources. IUCN. Retrieved on 2 March 2019.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Spain – Country profile: Biodiversity facts. Convention on Biological Diversity. Retrieved on 2 March 2019."Spain – Country profile: Biodiversity facts". Convention on Biological Diversity. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
  4. ↑ Loidi, Javier (2017). The Vegetation of the Iberian Peninsula. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-54784-8. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Regato, Pedro. Iberian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests. WWF. Retrieved on 3 March 2019.Regato, Pedro. "Iberian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests". WWF. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
  6. ↑ The vegetation in Spain. Turespaña. Retrieved on 3 March 2019.
  7. ↑ (2018) Inventario español de los conocimientos tradicionales relativos a la biodiversidad (in Spanish). Manuel Pardo de Santayana, Ramón Morales, Javier Tardío and María Molina. ISBN 978-84-491-1472-4. Retrieved on 15 September 2022. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 This information is based on the List of mammals of Spain, itself based on the IUCN Red List as found here.
  9. ↑ Lista de las aves de España (Spanish). SEO Birdlife (2012). Retrieved on 6 March 2019.
  10. ↑ Lepage, Dennis (2019). Spain. Bird Checklists of the World. Avibase. Retrieved on 6 March 2019.
  11. ↑ Birds: Migration. Spanish Nature. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved on 5 March 2019.
  12. ↑ This information is based on the List of reptiles of Spain, itself based on the IUCN Red List as found here.
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