Asụsụ Gtaʼ
| Gta' Didayi ଡିଡାୟୀ | ||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | India | |
| Total speakers: | Templeeti:Sigfig | |
| Language family: | Tustrusyawit Munda South Gta'Templeeti:Infobox Language/script | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | — | |
| ISO 639-3: | gaq | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. | ||
Asụsụ Gtaʼ (nke a na-akpọkwa Gataʼ, Gataʔ, na Gtaʔ), nke a makwaara dị ka Gta Asa, Didei ma ọ bụ Didayi (IPA: [ɖiɖaːj(i)]IPA: [ɖiɖaːj(i)] [16], bụ asụsụ Austroasiatic nke Ndị Didayi nke ndịda Odisha na India na-asụ. IPA: [ɖiɖaːj(i)]
Ọ bụ ihe a ma ama maka ụdaume Sesquisyllabic ya [1] na usoro ọnụọgụ vigesimal.
Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si][1]ʼ bụ nke mmadụ 3,000 na-asụ karịsịa na Mpaghara Malkangiri, Odisha yana mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu na Mpaghara Koraput. Dị ka Anderson si kwuo (2008), ihe na-erughị mmadụ 4,500 na-asụ ya.
Ethnologue na-akọ ebe ndị a:
- Odisha (47 obodo nta): Kudumulgumma block na Chitrakonda block nke Koraput district na Malkangiri district, ndịda nke Bondo Hills; ụfọdụ na Khairput block
- Mpaghara East Godavari, Andhra Pradesh
Nchịkọta na olumba
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Gtaʼ bụ nke South Munda subgroup nke alaka Munda nke Ezinụlọ asụsụ Austroasiatic. N'ime South Munda, a na-ewere Gtaʼ dị ka alaka mbụ nke na-esokwa asụsụ Remo na Gutob; a maara obere ìgwè a nke South Munda dị ka Gutob-Remo-Gataq. [2] dị iche iche na fonology na morphologically n'ime alaka ahụ.
Ọmụmụ ụdaolu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Gtaʼ nwere ụdaume 5 /a, e, i, o, u/, na mgbe ụfọdụ ụdaume nke isii /æ/. Enwere ike ịgbakwunye na nke a ọtụtụ ihe yiri ya: /ã, õ, ũ/ na mgbe ụfọdụ /ĩ/. Gtaʼ nwere ụdaume ndị a: [1]
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Mkpịsị aka | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kwụsị | <small id="mwXA">enweghị olu</small> | p | [t] | Ọdịdị | c | k | ʔ |
| <small id="mwbA">kwuru okwu</small> | b | [d] | Ọ bụ mgbe ahụ ka a ga-eji | ɟ | ɡọ | ||
| Ihe na-esiri ike | s | h | |||||
| Ụgbọ imi | m | n | ŋ | ||||
| Ihe atụ | l | ||||||
| Flap | ɾ | Ọdịdị | |||||
Asụsụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Aha
[dezie | dezie ebe o si][3] na-eji aha na Gtaʼ eme ihe maka ikpe, nọmba na ihe onwunwe.
Aha nwekwara ụdị abụọ, otu bụ ụdị zuru oke, nke ọzọ bụ ụdị dị mkpirikpi. Ndị nke ikpeazụ a na-eme naanị mgbe a na-agwakọta aha na aha ọzọ ma ọ bụ ngwaa maka ebumnuche derivational, ya mere a na-akpọ ya "ụdị ngwakọta". Ụdị njikọta na-agụnyekarị iwepu akara ma ọ bụ ime ka aha ahụ dị mkpirikpi n'ụzọ ụfọdụ.
| Ụdị nnwere onwe | Ụdị ngwakọta | Nkọwa |
|---|---|---|
| ncu | -cu- | mmanụ |
| gsi | -si- | louse |
| Gbe | -bụ- | bear |
| gnar | -gar- | Mkpụrụ osisi achara |
| remwa | -ịlaghachi | onye |
Ọdịdị nke ụda
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Gtaʔ bụkwa ihe a ma ama maka ojiji ọ na-eji okwu echo. E nwere ụdị anọ sara mbara nke ụdị ụda: [4]
- a-ụdị, na-egosi nnukwu ụdị;
- ụdị i, na-egosi obere ma ọ bụ ụdị dị nro;
- u/a-forms, na-egosi ụdị dị iche iche dị iche iche site na ụdị yiri ya;
- Ụdị gbanwere akụkụ ụfọdụ, na-egosi ụdị dị ala: ụdị a, na-egosipụta oke; na ụdị i, na-ezo aka n'ịdị nro.
Iwu phonological maka inweta otu ụdị okwu echo bụ ndị a: [4]
- A na-emepụta okwu mkpu site na ịgbanwe naanị ụdaume nke okwu isi.
- Okwu echo ga-adị iche na okwu isi. A na-egosipụta ụdaume nke okwu ndị isi dị ka /a/ ma ọ bụ /i/ na okwu echo. Maka okwu isi /u, e, o/ a na-ahọrọ ụdaume /a/, ebe maka okwu isi /ɛ/ a na'ahọrọ ụdaolu /i/.
- A na-egosipụta ụdaume nke okwu isi disyllabic na okwu echo dị ka ndị a:
- A na-egosipụta ụdaume abụọ ahụ dị ka /a/ ma ọ bụ /i/; ma ọ bụ
- Naanị otu n'ime ụdaume okwu bụ /a/ ma ọ bụ /i/ ebe nke ọzọ na-egosipụta n'agbanweghị; ma ọ bụ
- Mkpụrụedemede mbụ (V1) na-agbanwe /u/ ebe nke abụọ (V2) na-agbanwere /a/.
- N'ihe banyere okwu trisyllabic, otu, abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ n'ime ụdaume (na nkeji okwu ndị dị n'akụkụ) na-egosipụta dị ka /a/ ma ọ bụ /i/.
- A na-enweta ụdị ụda nke okwu ndị dị mgbagwoju anya, n'agbanyeghị ọdịdị okwu ha, dị ka ndị a:
- N'ihe banyere ngwaa ngwakọta nke nwere ngwaa abụọ, otu ma ọ bụ abụọ na-agbanwe, dabere na mmekọrịta ha na ibe ha.
- Ụdị njikọta aha na-apụta na ngwaa na-agbanwe n'onwe ya; ndị ejikọtara na aha na-agbanwere naanị na isi.
- N'okwu na-etinye prefix, ma prefix na stem na-agbanwe dị ka otu.
Njikọ ụdị aha ndị na-apụta na ngwaa stems nwere ike ikwughachi n'onwe ya na ngwaa stem; ndị na-eme na aha stems ma ọ bụ na-anọgide ma ọ bụ gbanwee na isi stems.
Usoro ọnụọgụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]ọnụọgụ Gta' bụ vigesimal.
| 1. muiŋ | 21. Ọ bụrụ na ị chọrọ ịmatakwu |
| 2. mbar | 22. mũikuɽi mbar |
| 3. ɲji | 23. mũikuɽi ɲji |
| 4. õ | 24. mũikuɽi hõ |
| 5. malʷe | 25. mũikuɽi malikliɡˀ |
| 6. tur | 26. mũikuɽi turukliɡˀ |
| 7. ɡul | 27. mũikuɽi gukliɡˀ |
| 8. N'ihi ya | 28. Ọ bụrụ na ị chọrọ ịmatak |
| 9. sontiŋ / N'Anya | 29. mũikuɽi sontiŋkliɡˀ |
| 10. ɡʷa / dɔa | 30. Ọnọdụ a na-akpọ "Oké Mkpụrụ" (20 + 10) |
| 11. ɡʷamiŋ / eɡa | |
| 12. ɡombar / baro | |
| 13. teroʈa International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" typeof="mw:Transclusion">ɡoɲji / teroa | |
| 14. ɡohõ / coudoʹa | 40. mbarkuʹi (2 × 20) / calistɔra |
| 15. ɡomal / pɔndrɔa | 50. mbarkuɽi ɡʷa ɡwa / pɔcas |
| 16. ɡotur / soloːa | 60. ɲjikui (3 × 20) / saʹe |
| 17. ɡogu / sɔtroya | 70. ɲjikuɽi ɡʷa / suturi |
| 18. ɡotma / aɾa | 80. ōkuɽi (4 × 20) |
| 19. ɡososiŋ / unis | 90. ōkuɽi ɡʷa |
| 20. Akụkọ banyere mba ndị ọzọ | 100. Ịkpọ anụ (5 × 20) / ya mere |
Asụsụ ndị agbata obi
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Gtaʼ echo-formation na-egosi ụfọdụ ihe yiri ya na echo-formation n'asụsụ Munda ndị agbata obi dị ka Remo na Gorum yana n'Asụsụ Desia nke Oriya nke a na-asụ na mpaghara Koraput Munda. Ihe kac[4] pụta ìhè ha na Gtaʼ bụ na okwu mkparịta ụka n'asụsụ atọ a niile sitere na okwu ndị bụ isi site na mgbanwe na ụdaume naanị.
Edensibia
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Malkangiri, Odisha yana mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu na Mpaghara Koraput. Dị ka Anderson si kwuo (2008), ihe na-erughị mbụ nke na-esokwa asụsụ Remo na Gutob; a maara obere ìgwè a nke South Munda dị ka
- 1 2 3 (2008) The Munda languages, Anderson, Gregory D. S., London: Routledge, 682. ISBN 9780415328906. OCLC 225385744.
- ↑ Zide (1976). A Note on Gtaʔ Echo Forms, Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications. University of Hawai'i Press, 1335–1343.
- ↑ Anderson (8 April 2015). The Munda Languages. ISBN 9781317828860.
- 1 2 3 Mahapatra. Echo Formation in Gtaʔ.
Ịgụ ihe ọzọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Anderson, Gregory D.S. (onye nwụrụ). Gtaʔ (Didey) Asụsụ - Munda Languages Project - Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages E debere Wayback Machine.
- [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Nchịkọta ọhụrụ nke South Munda: Ihe akaebe sitere na morphology ngwaa". Indian Linguistics 62.1: 21-36.
- [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Gtaʔ." Na: Gregory D.S. Anderson (ed.), The Munda Languages. London / New York. [Routledge Language Family Series]. 682–763.
- Onye Kraịst bụ́ Bauer 1993. Nnyocha nke: Robert Parkin: Ntuziaka maka ndị na-asụ Austroasiatic na asụsụ ha. (Oceanic Linguistics, Special Publication, no. 23.) ix, 198, [xv] pp. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1991. Na: Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, mpịakọta. 56, mbipụta 1 (February 1993), peeji nke 193-194.
- [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Proto-Gutob-Remo-Gtaq Mmetụta Mmetụta Monosyllabic Vowels na Mmetụta Mbụ. Ọmụmụ Austroasiatic Nkebi nke Mbụ, 13, 213-227. Munda (n.d.) E nwetara ya na February 15, 2015
- [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Arguments against the Vowel Plane" na Gtaʔ Linguistic Inquiry, 18 (3), 523-529.
- [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Alụmdi na nwunye, Omume na Ọgbọ n'etiti ndị Munda nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ India". [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
- [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages (2 mpịakọta). Leiden: Ọmarịcha
- [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Ọrụ na-adịbeghị anya na Munda Linguistics I". International Journal of American Linguistics, 31 (4), 332-341.
- [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "A Note on Gtaʔ Echo Forms", na P. Jenner, L. Thompson, na S. Starosta, eds., Austroasiatic Studies, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu.