Asụsụ Gtaʼ

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Gta'
Didayi
ଡିଡାୟୀ
Spoken in: India
Total speakers: Àtụ:Sigfig
Language family: Tustrusyawit
 Munda
  South
   Gta'Àtụ:Infobox Language/script
Language codes
ISO 639-1: none
ISO 639-2: —
ISO 639-3: gaq
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.

Asụsụ Gtaʼ (nke a na-akpọkwa Gataʼ, Gataʔ, na Gtaʔ), nke a makwaara dị ka Gta Asa, Didei ma ọ bụ Didayi (IPA: [ɖiɖaːj(i)]IPA: [ɖiɖaːj(i)] [16], bụ asụsụ Austroasiatic nke Ndị Didayi nke ndịda Odisha na India na-asụ. IPA: [ɖiɖaːj(i)]

Ọ bụ ihe a ma ama maka ụdaume Sesquisyllabic ya [1] na usoro ọnụọgụ vigesimal.

Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

[1]ʼ bụ nke mmadụ 3,000 na-asụ karịsịa na Mpaghara Malkangiri, Odisha yana mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu na Mpaghara Koraput. Dị ka Anderson si kwuo (2008), ihe na-erughị mmadụ 4,500 na-asụ ya.

Ethnologue na-akọ ebe ndị a:

  • Odisha (47 obodo nta): Kudumulgumma block na Chitrakonda block nke Koraput district na Malkangiri district, ndịda nke Bondo Hills; ụfọdụ na Khairput block
  • Mpaghara East Godavari, Andhra Pradesh

Nchịkọta na olumba[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Gtaʼ bụ nke South Munda subgroup nke alaka Munda nke Ezinụlọ asụsụ Austroasiatic. N'ime South Munda, a na-ewere Gtaʼ dị ka alaka mbụ nke na-esokwa asụsụ Remo na Gutob; a maara obere ìgwè a nke South Munda dị ka Gutob-Remo-Gataq. [2] dị iche iche na fonology na morphologically n'ime alaka ahụ.

Ọmụmụ ụdaolu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Gtaʼ nwere ụdaume 5 /a, e, i, o, u/, na mgbe ụfọdụ ụdaume nke isii /æ/. Enwere ike ịgbakwunye na nke a ọtụtụ ihe yiri ya: /ã, õ, ũ/ na mgbe ụfọdụ /ĩ/. Gtaʼ nwere ụdaume ndị a: [1]

Bilabial Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Mkpịsị aka
Kwụsị <small id="mwXA">enweghị olu</small> p [t] Ọdịdị c k ʔ
<small id="mwbA">kwuru okwu</small> b [d] Ọ bụ mgbe ahụ ka a ga-eji ɟ ɡọ
Ihe na-esiri ike s h
Ụgbọ imi m n ŋ
Ihe atụ l
Flap ɾ Ọdịdị

Asụsụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Aha[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

[3] na-eji aha na Gtaʼ eme ihe maka ikpe, nọmba na ihe onwunwe.

Aha nwekwara ụdị abụọ, otu bụ ụdị zuru oke, nke ọzọ bụ ụdị dị mkpirikpi. Ndị nke ikpeazụ a na-eme naanị mgbe a na-agwakọta aha na aha ọzọ ma ọ bụ ngwaa maka ebumnuche derivational, ya mere a na-akpọ ya "ụdị ngwakọta". Ụdị njikọta na-agụnyekarị iwepu akara ma ọ bụ ime ka aha ahụ dị mkpirikpi n'ụzọ ụfọdụ.

Ụdị nnwere onwe Ụdị ngwakọta Nkọwa
ncu -cu- mmanụ
gsi -si- louse
Gbe -bụ- bear
gnar -gar- Mkpụrụ osisi achara
remwa -ịlaghachi onye

Ọdịdị nke ụda[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Gtaʔ bụkwa ihe a ma ama maka ojiji ọ na-eji okwu echo. E nwere ụdị anọ sara mbara nke ụdị ụda: [4]

  • a-ụdị, na-egosi nnukwu ụdị;
  • ụdị i, na-egosi obere ma ọ bụ ụdị dị nro;
  • u/a-forms, na-egosi ụdị dị iche iche dị iche iche site na ụdị yiri ya;
  • Ụdị gbanwere akụkụ ụfọdụ, na-egosi ụdị dị ala: ụdị a, na-egosipụta oke; na ụdị i, na-ezo aka n'ịdị nro.

Iwu phonological maka inweta otu ụdị okwu echo bụ ndị a: [4]

  1. A na-emepụta okwu mkpu site na ịgbanwe naanị ụdaume nke okwu isi.
  2. Okwu echo ga-adị iche na okwu isi. A na-egosipụta ụdaume nke okwu ndị isi dị ka /a/ ma ọ bụ /i/ na okwu echo. Maka okwu isi /u, e, o/ a na-ahọrọ ụdaume /a/, ebe maka okwu isi /ɛ/ a na'ahọrọ ụdaolu /i/.
  3. A na-egosipụta ụdaume nke okwu isi disyllabic na okwu echo dị ka ndị a:
    • A na-egosipụta ụdaume abụọ ahụ dị ka /a/ ma ọ bụ /i/; ma ọ bụ
    • Naanị otu n'ime ụdaume okwu bụ /a/ ma ọ bụ /i/ ebe nke ọzọ na-egosipụta n'agbanweghị; ma ọ bụ
    • Mkpụrụedemede mbụ (V1) na-agbanwe /u/ ebe nke abụọ (V2) na-agbanwere /a/.
  4. N'ihe banyere okwu trisyllabic, otu, abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ n'ime ụdaume (na nkeji okwu ndị dị n'akụkụ) na-egosipụta dị ka /a/ ma ọ bụ /i/.
  5. A na-enweta ụdị ụda nke okwu ndị dị mgbagwoju anya, n'agbanyeghị ọdịdị okwu ha, dị ka ndị a:
    • N'ihe banyere ngwaa ngwakọta nke nwere ngwaa abụọ, otu ma ọ bụ abụọ na-agbanwe, dabere na mmekọrịta ha na ibe ha.
    • Ụdị njikọta aha na-apụta na ngwaa na-agbanwe n'onwe ya; ndị ejikọtara na aha na-agbanwere naanị na isi.
    • N'okwu na-etinye prefix, ma prefix na stem na-agbanwe dị ka otu.

Njikọ ụdị aha ndị na-apụta na ngwaa stems nwere ike ikwughachi n'onwe ya na ngwaa stem; ndị na-eme na aha stems ma ọ bụ na-anọgide ma ọ bụ gbanwee na isi stems.

Usoro ọnụọgụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

ọnụọgụ Gta' bụ vigesimal.

1. muiŋ 21. Ọ bụrụ na ị chọrọ ịmatakwu
2. mbar 22. mũikuɽi mbar
3. ɲji 23. mũikuɽi ɲji
4. õ 24. mũikuɽi hõ
5. malʷe 25. mũikuɽi malikliɡˀ
6. tur 26. mũikuɽi turukliɡˀ
7. ɡul 27. mũikuɽi gukliɡˀ
8. N'ihi ya 28. Ọ bụrụ na ị chọrọ ịmatak
9. sontiŋ / N'Anya 29. mũikuɽi sontiŋkliɡˀ
10. ɡʷa / dɔa 30. Ọnọdụ a na-akpọ "Oké Mkpụrụ" (20 + 10)
11. ɡʷamiŋ / eɡa
12. ɡombar / baro
13. teroʈa International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" typeof="mw:Transclusion">ɡoɲji / teroa
14. ɡohõ / coudoʹa 40. mbarkuʹi (2 × 20) / calistɔra
15. ɡomal / pɔndrɔa 50. mbarkuɽi ɡʷa ɡwa / pɔcas
16. ɡotur / soloːa 60. ɲjikui (3 × 20) / saʹe
17. ɡogu / sɔtroya 70. ɲjikuɽi ɡʷa / suturi
18. ɡotma / aɾa 80. ōkuɽi (4 × 20)
19. ɡososiŋ / unis 90. ōkuɽi ɡʷa
20. Akụkọ banyere mba ndị ọzọ 100. Ịkpọ anụ (5 × 20) / ya mere

Asụsụ ndị agbata obi[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Gtaʼ echo-formation na-egosi ụfọdụ ihe yiri ya na echo-formation n'asụsụ Munda ndị agbata obi dị ka Remo na Gorum yana n'Asụsụ Desia nke Oriya nke a na-asụ na mpaghara Koraput Munda. Ihe kac[4] pụta ìhè ha na Gtaʼ bụ na okwu mkparịta ụka n'asụsụ atọ a niile sitere na okwu ndị bụ isi site na mgbanwe na ụdaume naanị.

Edensibia[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Malkangiri, Odisha yana mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu na Mpaghara Koraput. Dị ka Anderson si kwuo (2008), ihe na-erughị mbụ nke na-esokwa asụsụ Remo na Gutob; a maara obere ìgwè a nke South Munda dị ka

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 (2008) The Munda languages, Anderson, Gregory D. S., London: Routledge, 682. ISBN 9780415328906. OCLC 225385744. 
  2. ↑ Zide (1976). A Note on Gtaʔ Echo Forms, Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications. University of Hawai'i Press, 1335–1343. 
  3. ↑ Anderson (8 April 2015). The Munda Languages. ISBN 9781317828860. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Mahapatra. Echo Formation in Gtaʔ.

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Anderson, Gregory D.S. (onye nwụrụ). Gtaʔ (Didey) Asụsụ - Munda Languages Project - Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages E debere Wayback Machine.
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Nchịkọta ọhụrụ nke South Munda: Ihe akaebe sitere na morphology ngwaa". Indian Linguistics 62.1: 21-36.
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Gtaʔ." Na: Gregory D.S. Anderson (ed.), The Munda Languages. London / New York. [Routledge Language Family Series]. 682–763.
  • Onye Kraịst bụ́ Bauer 1993. Nnyocha nke: Robert Parkin: Ntuziaka maka ndị na-asụ Austroasiatic na asụsụ ha. (Oceanic Linguistics, Special Publication, no. 23.) ix, 198, [xv] pp. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1991. Na: Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, mpịakọta. 56, mbipụta 1 (February 1993), peeji nke 193-194.
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Proto-Gutob-Remo-Gtaq Mmetụta Mmetụta Monosyllabic Vowels na Mmetụta Mbụ. Ọmụmụ Austroasiatic Nkebi nke Mbụ, 13, 213-227. Munda (n.d.) E nwetara ya na February 15, 2015
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Arguments against the Vowel Plane" na Gtaʔ Linguistic Inquiry, 18 (3), 523-529.
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Alụmdi na nwunye, Omume na Ọgbọ n'etiti ndị Munda nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ India". [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages (2 mpịakọta). Leiden: Ọmarịcha
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Ọrụ na-adịbeghị anya na Munda Linguistics I". International Journal of American Linguistics, 31 (4), 332-341.
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "A Note on Gtaʔ Echo Forms", na P. Jenner, L. Thompson, na S. Starosta, eds., Austroasiatic Studies, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu.

Njikọ mpụga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Àtụ:Austroasiatic languages

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