Asụsụ Kung

dialect continuum, natural language, modern language
obere ụdị nke	Asụsụ Kxʼa
mba/obodo	Namibia, Angola, Botswana, South Africa
ụmụ amaala ka	ǃKung people

, nke a makwaara dị ka Ju (//'dʒuː// JOO), bụ asụsụ na-aga n'ihu (asụsụ dị mgbagwoju anya) nke ndị Chou na-asụ na Namibia, Botswana, na Angola, na-eme ka asụsụ abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ. Ya na asụsụ a na-asụ n'asụsụ a na-akpọ "Sá" bụ asụsụ a na na-akpọ Kx'a. Ọ bụ otu n'ime alaka nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Khoisan, a na-akpọkwa ya Northern Khoisan n'ọnọdụ ahụ, mana egosighi ịdị n'otu Ndị Khoisan ma ugbu a a na-ewere ya dị ka ihe na-abụghị eziokwu. o sina dị, a na-ejigide okwu anthropological "Khoisan" dị ka okwu nchebe maka asụsụ click n'ozuzu.

Aha

A na-ejikarị okwu ahụ, ma ọ bụ ụdị ya, eme ihe mgbe a na-atụle olumba dị iche iche ka ha bụrụ otu asụsụ; a na-ejikwa Ju eme ihe mgbe ị na-atụ anya ha dị ka obere ezinụlọ asụsụ. A na-ejikwa ya eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ maka olumba ndị dị n'ebe ugwu / n'ebe Ọhịa anyanwụ, n'adịghị ka olumba ndị e dere nke ọma na ndịda (ọwụwa anyanwụ); Otú ọ dị, ndị na-asụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ olumba niile na-akpọ onwe ha Olumba 'Kung'.

Asụsụ ndị a na-ahụ n'akwụkwọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya nwere njikọ na ụdị Ju Xi Xi Xi Xi Wu (u) n na orthography nke afọ 1975, ma ọ bụ Xi Wu (o) n na orthhography dị ugbu a. Asụsụ ndị ọzọ a na-asụpe bụ: na Asụsụ ndị a na-akpọ, Kung, Qxü, Xû, Xû. , Xun. , [1] na Asụ asụsụ ndị ọzọ a kpọrọ, Ju.

Ndị ọkà okwu

Ọ bụrụ na a gụkọta asụsụ ndị a, ha ga-abụ asụsụ nke atọ kachasị nwee ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-esote Khoekhoe na Sandawe. Ụdị ndị kasị nwee ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, Juʹhoan, nwere ike ịbụ nke atọ na Naro.

Atụmatụ dịgasị iche, mana enwere ike inwe ihe dị ka ndị ọkà okwu 15,000. Ịgụ ọnụ siri ike n'ihi na ndị na-asụ ya gbasara n'ugbo, na ndị na'asụ asụsụ ndị ọzọ, mana Brenzinger (2011) gụrụ 9,000 na Namibia, 2,000 na Botswana, 3,700 na South Africa na 1,000 na Angola (site na ma eleghị anya 8,000 na 1975).

Ruo n'etiti ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri abụọ, asụsụ ndị dị n'ebe ugwu jupụtara na ndịda na etiti Angola. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị Angolan gbagara Namibia (karịsịa na Caprivi Strip), ebe a kpọbatara ha n'ime Ndị agha Nchebe South Africa megide ndị agha Angola na SWAPO. ngwụcha Agha Mpaghara, a kpọgara ihe karịrị otu puku ndị agha na ezinụlọ ha na Schmidtsdrift na South Africa n'etiti ejighị n'aka maka ọdịnihu ha na Namibia. Mgbe ihe karịrị afọ iri biri 'ọnọdụ dị egwu, gọọmentị na-esote ịkpa ókè agbụrụ zụrụ ma nye ala maka ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide na Platfontein, nso Schmidtsdrift.

Ụdị dị iche iche

Asụsụ ndị a ma ama bụ Tsumkwe Juń, Ekoka, Oń, na Oń. Ndị ọkà mmụta na-eme ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti ire okwu iri na otu na iri na ise, mana ókèala ya edoghị anya. E nwere ọdịiche doro anya n'etiti North / Northwest vs South / South East, kamakwa otu dị iche iche dị n'etiti nke a na-ejighị n'aka.

Heine & Honken (2010)

Heine & Honken (2010) kewara asụsụ iri na otu a na-ede aha n'ime alaka atọ nke ihe ha na-ewere dị ka otu asụsụ:

Asụsụ Mbụ

Asụsụ nna nna, Proto-Juu ma ọ bụ Proto-Xuun, nwere ebe ise ịpị okwu: Dental, alveolar, palatal, alveOlar lateral, na retroflex (*‼). Mkpịsị aka retroflex adaala n'asụsụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ dị ka Juń'hoan, mana ọ ka dị na Central ŌKung. 'asụsụ Okoka, ịpị ọnụ aghọwo alveolar na-agbaji agbaji.

Proto-Juu	* *Anya'	*‼ 'mmiri'	*ǂ
SE (Tsumkwe)	ᶢǃű	ᶢǃű	ǂ
N (Okongo)	ᶢǃű	ᶢǁű	⨎
NW (Mangetti Dune)	ᶢǃű	ᶢǁű	ǂ
C (Neitsas/Nurugas)	ᶢǃú	ᶢ‼ú	ǂ

Hụkwa

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Ihe edeturu n'okpuru ala

Edensibia

Brenzinger (2011). "The twelve Modern Khoisan languages". Khoisan Languages and Linguistics: Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium, Riezlern / Kleinwalsertal 29.
Doke (Jul 1926). "The Phonetics of the Zulu Language". Bantu Studies 2. ISSN 0256-1751.
Heine (2010). "The Kxʼa Family: A New Khoisan Genealogy". Journal of Asian and African Studies (79): 5–36.
Heine (2015). The ǃXun Language: A Dialect Grammar of Northern Khoisan, Quellen zur Khoisan-Forschung, 33. Rüdiger Köppe. ISBN 9783896458773.
Miller (2011). "The Phonetics of the Modern-Day Reflexes of the Proto-Palatal Click in Juu Languages". Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Khoisan Languages and Linguistics.
Robins (Apr 2001). Regional Assessment of the Status of the San in Southern Africa — An Assessment of the Status of the San in South Africa, Angola, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Windhoek, Namibia: Legal Assistance Centre (LAC). ISBN 99916-765-4-6. Retrieved on Aug 31, 2017.
Sands (2010). "Juu Subgroups Based on Phonological Patterns". Khoisian Language and Linguistics: The Riezlern Symposium 2003: 85–114.
Scott (Jun 2, 2010). "Retroflex Clicks in Two Dialects of ǃXung". University of Botswana, Department of African Languages.
Suzman (Apr 2001). Regional Assessment of the Status of the San in Southern Africa – An Assessment of the Status of the San in Namibia. Windhoek, Namibia: Legal Assistance Centre (LAC). ISBN 99916-765-1-1. Retrieved on Aug 31, 2017. he karịrị afọ iri biri 'ọnọdụ dị egwu, gọọmentị na-esote ịkpa ókè agbụrụ zụrụ ma nye ala maka ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide na Platfontein, nsohe karịrị afọ iri biri 'ọnọdụ dị egwu, gọọmentị na-esote ịkpa ókè agbụrụ zụrụ ma nye ala maka ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide na Platfontein, nso