Asụsụ Kurmali
| obere ụdị nke | Bihari  |
|---|---|
| mba/obodo | Ndia |
| usoro ederede | Devanagari, Bangla alphabet, Odia, Chisoi |
| Ọkwa asụsụ Ethnologue | 6a Vigorous |
[1]Kurmali ma ọ bụ Kudmali (ISO: Kuṛmāli) bụ Asụsụ Indo-Aryan nke e kewara dị ka nke otu asụsụ Bihari a na-asụ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ India. [2] [3] Dị ka ire okwu azụmahịa, a makwaara ya dị ka Panchpargania (Bengali: পঞ্চপরগনিয়া), maka "parganas ise" nke mpaghara ọ na-ekpuchi na Jharkhand. Asụsụ Kurmali [2] nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 550,000 na-asụ karịsịa na mpaghara ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke Jharkhand, Odisha na West Bengal, ọtụtụ ndị na-asukwa Kurmali na ndagwurugwu tii Assam. Kurmali [4] otu n'ime asụsụ ndị a chọrọ maka ịbanye na Ndepụta nke Asatọ na Iwu India. [1]
Ebe a na-ekesa ya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
A na-asụkarị asụsụ Kurmali na steeti atọ dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke India, ya bụ, na mpaghara ndịda ọwụwa Anyanwụ Seraikela Kharswan, East Singhbhum, West Singhbhum), Bokaro na Ranchi nke Jharkhand; na mpaghara ugwu Mayurbhanj, Balasore, Kendujhar, Jajpur na Sundargarh nke Odisha; na mpaghara ndị dị n'etiti ọdịda anyanwụ Paschim Medinipur, Jhargram, Bankura, Purulia na mpaghara ugwu Mọlda, Uttar Dinajpur, West Bengal. Ewezuga isi mpaghara nke asụsụ ahụ, a na-asụkwa asụsụ ahụ na Udalguri ma na-ahụkwa ndị na-asụgharị ya na Cachar, Santipur, Nagaon nke Assam; mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Chandrapur na Gadchiroli na Maharashtra. [5][6] nke a, a na-ahụkwa ndị na-asụ ya na steeti Uttar Pradesh, Bihar na mba agbata obi Bangladesh [7] [8] [9]
N'oge British Raj, a maara asụsụ Kurmali dị ka Panchpargania (nke pụtara "asụsụ nke mpaghara ise") maka Bundu, Barenda, Sonahatu (nke kewara na Sonahatu na Rahe), Silli, Tamar blocks nke Ranchi district nke Jharkhand state dị ka Asụsụ azụmahịa n'etiti mpaghara asụsụ anọ. Ugbu [10], Sonahatu na Rahe na-eme mpaghara Panchpargania.Àtụ:Pie chart ka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ nke afọ 2011 si kwuo, e nwere ndị na-asụ asụsụ Kurmali Thar 311,175 na India" id="mwdA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="India">India (nke kachasị si West Bengal, Odisha, Assam na Maharashtra) na ndị na-ekwu okwu Panch Pargania 244,914 (nke kachasị site na Jharkhand), na-eme ngụkọta nke ndị na-akpọ Kurmali 556,089 na India. na-achịkọta ha n'okpuru nchebe nke "Asụsụ Hindi". Rịba ama ha abụọ, Kurmali Thar na Panch Pargania bụ olumba nke asụsụ Kurmali. [6] Nepal, e nwere ndị na-asụ asụsụ Kurmali 227. [1] Otú [10] dị, a na-azọrọ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-asụ Kurmali dị elu karịa ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ e depụtara na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ.
Ụdị asụsụ dị iche iche[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ndị na-asụ Kurmali gbasara n'ógbè buru ibu nke East India, ọkachasị n'ọ́tụ̀ ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke West Bengal, Jharkhand na Odisha. Ndị na-asụ Bengali, Nagpuri na Odia na-achịkwa steeti ndị a. Enwere ike ịhụ Mgbanwe asụsụ na mgbanwe asụsụ n'ógbè ndị a. Ndị Kurmi nke West Bengal -akọwa onwe ha dị ka ndị na-asụ Kurmali mana n'ihi ogologo oge ha biri na mpaghara Bengali asụsụ ha na-agafe n'Asụsụ Manbhumi nke Bengali, dịka o mere n'ebe ugwu Odisha na ngwakọta Bengali na Odia. [15] Nnyocha asụsụ nke India nke 1903, a kọwara mgbanwe ahụ n'ụzọ a: [1] Asụsụ Kurmali bụ nke mbụ e kewara n'okpuru asụsụ Bengali na ọnụ ọgụgụ abụọ mbụ nke India nwere onwe ya (1951 na 1961), na-agbaso onye na-ahụ maka asụsụ G.A. Grierson, onye kọwara Kurmali dị ka 'ụdị ọdịda anyanwụ Bengali' n'akwụkwọ ya na 1898 ruo 1927. Kemgbe ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ nke afọ [17], a na-ekewa Kurmali n'okpuru otu asụsụ Hindi. [11]
Asụsụ Kurmali [2] n'etiti pasent 61 na pasent 86 yiri Panchpargania; Pasent 58-72 na Khortha; pasent 51-73 na Nagpuri (Sadri); pasent 46-53 na Odia; pasente 41-55 na Bengali; na pasent 44-58 na Hindi. N'ihi ya, a na-ewere Panchpargania dị ka asụsụ dị iche iche nke asụsụ Kurmali, ọ bụ ezie na mgbe ụfọdụ a na-ahazi ya dị ka asụsụ pụrụ iche. [12]'otu aka ahụ, n'ihi mmetụta dị ukwuu nke asụsụ Bengali na Kurmali (dị ka ndị na-asụ asụsụ a na-agbanwe gaa n'asụsụ ndị a ma ama ma ọ bụ ndị a ma Ama n'ógbè ahụ), ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ na-akpọ ya Jharkhandi Bangla ma mgbe ụfọdụ a na-achịkọta ya dị ka olumba Manbhumi. Kurmali dịkwa [10] Asụsụ Khortha ma nwee ọnụ ọgụgụ dị mma nke okwu ndị e si n'ezinụlọ Asụsụ Munda, ọkachasị site n'Asụsụ Santali, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị dị ka asụsụ Khurta.: 296, 297
Ụdị dị iche iche[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
A na-ebufe asụsụ ahụ site n'ọnụ site n'ọgbọ ruo n'ọgbọ na asụsụ Kurmali ka na-adịkwaghị mma n'ihi mmetụta nke asụsụ Indo Aryan ndị ọzọ. Ya mere, ndị na-ekwu okwu ya na-eji varieti dị iche iche na ụda olu. Agbanyeghị, enwere ike ịhazi asụsụ ahụ dabere na ndị na-ekwu Okwu.territorial region, viz., Singhbhum Kudmali, Dhalbhum Kudmali, Ranchi Kudmali (Panchpargania), Manbhum Kudmali, Mayurbhanj Kudmali isi mpaghara iche. Ụdị ndị ahụ niile na-adị n'etiti 58 na 89 pasent nke okwu okwu myirịta na ibe ya.[2]
| English | Dhalbhum Kudmali (Jharkhand) |
Manbhum Kudmali (West Bengal) |
Mayurbhanj Kudmali (Odisha) |
|---|---|---|---|
| He likes it. | Oẽ iTa pOsOnd kOrOt. | Oẽ iTa pOsOnd kOrEi. | U iTa pOsOnd kare. |
| One person is sitting. | ek lOke bOise ahe. | ek lok gObchOlahe. | ek lok bOsinchhe. |
| Invite all of them. | Okhrak sObke neuta de deo. | Okhrake sobhekaike neuta dei deliOn. | arā sObuke neuta/ khabar diyan deo. |
| The tree comes out from the seed. | muji lẽ gach hek. | Bihin lẽ gach heuEik. | muji lẽ gach haye. |
| Cows are grazing in the field. | gOru gila bai dẽ cOrOhOt. | gOru gilin taiNdẽ cOrOhOt. | gOru gila bai dẽ cOrchhen. |
| You are not going to school. | tÕe iskulẽ ni jais. | tÕe iskulẽ nihi jais. | tuiñ iskulẽ na jais. |
| He did not do the work. | Õe kamTa ni kOrlak. | Õe kamTa nihi kOllak. | U kamTa nai kærla. |
| Go to my house. | mOr gharke ke ja. | Moi Ghar jaho. | hamar gharke ke ja. |
Ojiji asụsụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Kurmali (Kudmali) bụ nke mmadụ 555,465 na-asụ dị ka asụsụ ala nna ha na India. Ndị Kudmi (Kudmi Mahato), ndị na-asụ asụsụ ahụ, bụ ndị isi na-eji ya eme ihe. [13] ka The People of India (1992) si kwuo, obodo iri na-asụ asụsụ ahụ dị ka Asụsụ nne, gụnyere agbụrụ abụọ a haziri ahazi na obodo atọ a haziri anya.[lower-alpha 2] Obodo iri ndị ahụ gụnyere Bedia, Bagal, Dharua, Dom, Jolha, Kamar, Kumhar, Tanti, Nai, Ghasi, Karga, na Rautia.[14][15][9] [16] mgbakwunye, agbụrụ na-asụ asụsụ abụọ dị ka Bhumij, Ho, Kharia, Lohara (ma ọ bụ Lohar), Mahli, Munda, Oraon, Santal, Savar na Bathudi na-asụrụ asụsụ ahụ dị ka asụsụ nke abụọ ma ọ bụ nke na-esote.
Edensibia[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- ↑ Fayez, S. M., & Rajiv Ranjan Mahto.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Kudmali (en). Ethnologue. Retrieved on 18 May 2019. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Ethnologue" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Alam (1996). Language and Literature: Divers Indian Experiences (in en). Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 978-81-7156-586-3.
- ↑ Constitutional provisions relating to Eighth Schedule. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved on 4 October 2016.
- ↑ National Population and Housing Census 2011 (National Report). cbs.gov.np 166. Government of Nepal National Planning Commission Secretariat (November 2012). Archived from the original on 18 April 2013. Retrieved on 31 August 2022.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 (2014) POPULATION MONOGRAPH OF NEPAL, First, Kathmandu, Nepal: Central Bureau of Statistics, Govt. of Nepal. (Social Demography); census 2011. ISBN 9789937289726. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":6" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ C-16 POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE. censusindia.gov.in. Archived from the original on 4 June 2022. Retrieved on 4 June 2022.
- ↑ প্রতিনিধি (27 August 2022). মাহাতোদের মাতৃভাষা ও সংস্কৃতিচর্চায় কুড়মালি পাঠশালার উদ্বোধন (bn). Prothomalo. Retrieved on 1 September 2022.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Keduar (2016). कुड़माली भाषा शिक्षण एवं साहित्य, 2nd (in hi), Ranchi: Shivangan Publication. ISBN 9788193221587. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Paudyal (1 September 2020). "How one language became four: the impact of different contact-scenarios between "Sadani" and the tribal languages of Jharkhand" (in en). Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics 7 (2): 347. DOI:10.1515/jsall-2021-2028. ISSN 2196-078X. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ India (Republic) Superintendent of Census Operations, Bihar (1956). Language Handbook (in en). Manager of Publications, civil lines. “The wide differences between the results of the villagewise sorting and earlier 1951 figures is thus clearly not due to the use of National Registers on the present occasion. This difference arises mainly from the fact that a large number of returns under Kurmali and Khotta, the two most important Bihari (Hindi) dialects in Manbhum Sadar, were wrongly sorted as Bengali in the earlier operation.”
- ↑ (1982) in Sengupta: Fourth World Dynamics, Jharkhand (in en). Authors Guild Publications, 143.
- ↑ Singh (1992). People of India (in en). Anthropological Survey of India, 220. ISBN 978-81-85579-09-2.
- ↑ Saha (28 July 2018). "Census and the Aspects of Growth and Development of Bangla vs. Bangla-Hindi Bilingualism-With Special Focus on West Bengal". Language in India 11 (3).
- ↑ OLAC resources in and about the Kudmali language. www.language-archives.org. Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved on 24 October 2021.
- ↑ Minz (2010). Encyclopaedia of Scheduled Tribes in Jharkhand (in en). Gyan Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-7835-121-6.
Akwụkwọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ịgụ ihe ọzọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- SINGH (25 November 2020). Historical Perspective of Kurmali Language (in en). Blue Rose Publishers. Retrieved on 17 November 2021.
- Majumder (5 June 2018). "Kurmali Kinship Terms and Its Morphology: An Anthropo-linguistic Study". Jadavpur Journal of Languages and Linguistics 2 (1): 38–48.
- Dash (5 August 2014). Kurmali noun morphology. An inflectional study on gender and number (in en). ISBN 978-3-656-71900-7.
- (2021) in Saha: Dictionary of the Kurmali Language: Bangla-Kurmali-English-HIndi (in en). Jadavpur University Press. ISBN 978-93-83660-54-4. OCLC 1300421436.
- Mahato (1983). Kurmāli śabdakosha. Purulia: Purulia Pustak Mandir. OCLC 23147093.