Asụsụ Meroitic

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Meroitic  
: Meroitische Inschrift, Meroe 1. Jh. n. Chr., Aegyptisches Museum, Muenchen-1.jpg
Spoken in: Kingdom of Kush 
Region: Southern part of Upper Egypt around Aswan (Lower Nubia) to the Khartoum area of Sudan (Upper Nubia).
Total speakers: —
Language family: Unclassified
(possibly Nilo-Saharan or Afroasiatic)
 MeroiticÀtụ:Infobox Language/script
Language codes
ISO 639-1: none
ISO 639-2: —
ISO 639-3: xmr
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.

A na-asụ Asụsụ Meroitic (/mɛroʊˈɪtɪk/) na Meroë (na Sudan nke oge a) n'oge Meroitico (nke akaebe site na 300 BC) wee kwụsị n'ihe dị ka 400 AD. E dere ya n'ụdị abụọ nke mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Meroitic: Meroittic Cursive, nke e ji stylus dee ma jiri ya mee ihe maka idebe ihe ndekọ; na Meroitish Hieroglyphic, nke a tụrụ na nkume ma ọ bụ jiri ya mee akwụkwọ eze ma ọ bụ okpukpe. A ghọtachaghị ya, n'ihi ụkọ nke ederede Asụsụ Abụọ.

Aha ya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Meroitic asụsụ na-adịghịzi adị nke a na-akpọkwa Kushite n'akwụkwọ ụfọdụ mgbe a na-aha endoethnonym [1] Meroitish qes, qos (nke a sụgharịrị n'asụsụ Ijipt dị ka kńš). [2] Aha Meroitic na Bekee malitere na 1852 ebe ọ na-apụta dị ka nsụgharị nke German Meroitisch. Okwu a sitere na Latin Meroē, nke kwekọrọ na Grik Μερόη. [3] ndị a bụ ihe nnọchianya nke aha obodo eze nke Meroë nke Alaeze Kush. [4][5]'asụsụ Meroitic, a na-akpọ obodo a bedewe (ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ bedewi), nke a na-anọchite anya ya n'ihe odide ndị Ijipt oge ochie dị ka bī-rī-wī ma ọ bụ ụdị ndị yiri ya.

Ebe na oge nke akaebe[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Oge Meroitic malitere ca. 300 BC ma kwụsị ca. 350 O.A. Ọtụtụ ihe akaebe nke asụsụ Meroitic, site na ihe odide ala, sitere n'oge a, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ihe akaebe tupu na mgbe oge a gasịrị. Ógbè Kushite sitere [6]'ógbè nke First Cataract nke Naịl ruo n'ọ́tụ̀ Khartoum nke Sudan. Enwere ike iche na ndị na-asụ Meroitic kpuchiri ọtụtụ n'ime ókèala ahụ dabere na mmekọrịta asụsụ nke gosipụtara n'ihe odide ndị Ijipt. [7] akaebe Meroitic n'ihe odide Ndị Ijipt, gafere alaeze etiti Ijipt, Alaeze Ọhụrụ, na oge Nke atọ nke etiti, oge, Ptolemaic, na oge Rom - nke kwekọrọ na oge Kushite Kerman (ihe dị ka 2600-ihe dị ka 1500 BC), [1] Napatan (ihe dịka 900/750-ihe dị ka 300 BC), na oge Meroit. [8][9][10] na-agba akaebe aha obodo Meroitic, yana aha mmadụ Meroitical, dị ka Dynasty nke iri na abụọ nke Middle Kingdom Egypt (ihe dị ka 2000 BC) n'ihe odide ndị Ijipt gbasara Kerma. [11][12][13] Meroitic [14] ahịrịokwu na-apụta na New Kingdom Book of the Dead (Book of Coming Forth by Day) na isi ma ọ bụ ọgwụ "Nubian" (162-165). [1] [2] [3] [15][16][17] na-egosikarị aha Meroitic na ihe ndị dị na okwu, n'ihe odide ndị Ijipt, n'oge Napatan Kushite na-achịkwa ụfọdụ ma ọ bụ akụkụ niile nke Ijipt [1] na ngwụcha oge 3rd Intermediate na Late Periods (ihe dị ka 750-656 BC). [2] [18] Oge Meroitic na Alaeze nke Kush n'onwe ya kwụsịrị na ọdịda nke Meroë (ihe dị ka 350 AD), mana ojiji nke asụsụ Meroitico gara n'ihu ruo oge ụfọdụ mgbe ihe omume ahụ gasịrị [1] dịka enwere okwu Meroitics a na-achọpụta na ọdịdị ọdịdị na Old Nubian. Ihe atụ abụọ bụ: Meroitic: ̊ (a) -l (a) ̊[19] "anyanwụ" → Old Nubian: mašal "anyanwụ"[18][20] na Old Nubian:" -lo (ihe na-elekwasị anya) ← Meroitish: -̊loʹ nke mejupụtara ụdị abụọ, -̊ (a), +̊oʹ (ikwu).[21] [22] ahụ nwere ike ịpụ kpamkpam [23] narị afọ nke isii mgbe Byzantine Greek, Coptic, [1] na Old Nubian nọchiri ya.

Orthography[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  N'oge Meroitic, e dere Meroitics n'ụdị abụọ nke Meroitic alphasyllabary: Meroittic Cursive, nke e ji stylus dee ma jiri ya mee ihe maka idebe ihe ndekọ; na Meroitico Hieroglyphic, nke a tụrụ na nkume ma ọ bụ jiri ya mee akwụkwọ eze ma ọ bụ okpukpe. [24] dere ihe odide Meroitic ikpeazụ a maara na Meroitish Cursive ma malite na narị afọ nke ise.

Nchịkọta[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ihe odide hieroglyphic nke Meroitic na-achọ ihe ncheta votive nke eze Tanyidamani mma. O sitere n'ụlọ nsọ Apedemak na Meroë. N'ihe dị ka 100 BC, Walters Art Museum, Baltimore.

Nchịkọta nke asụsụ Meroitic ejighị n'aka n'ihi ụkọ data na ihe isi ike n'ịkọwa ya. Ebe ọ bụ na a kọwapụtara mkpụrụ akwụkwọ ahụ na 1909, a tụwo aro na Meroitic nwere njikọ na Asụsụ Nubian na asụsụ ndị yiri ya nke Nilo-Saharan phylum. Nkwupụta na-asọmpi bụ na Meroitic bụ onye otu Afroasiatic phylum. [25]

Rowan (2006, 2011) na-atụ aro na ndepụta ụda Meroitic na phonotactics (naanị akụkụ nke asụsụ ahụ dị nchebe) yiri nke asụsụ Afroasiatic, ma dị iche na asụsụ Nilo-Sahara. [26][27] ọmụmaatụ, ọ na-ekwu na ọ na-esiri mmadụ ike ịC usoro CV, ebe ụdaume (C) bụ ma egbugbere ọnụ ma ọ bụ velars abụọ, na-ekwu maka na ọ dị ka mgbochi ụdaume a na-ahụ n'ezinụlọ asụsụ Afroasiatic, na-atụ aro na Meroitic nwere ike ịbụ asụsụ Afroasian dị ka Ijipt. Edward Lipiński (2011) na-arụkwa ụka na ọ kwadoro mmalite Afro Asiatic nke Meroitic dabere na okwu.

Okwu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'okpuru ebe a bụ ndepụta dị mkpirikpi nke okwu Kushite na akụkụ nke okwu ndị a maara nke ọma ma a maghị na a nabatara ha site na Ijipt. Ogwe oghere na-anọchite anya graphemes, ma ọ bụ mkpụrụedemede orthographic, nke a na-eji ede okwu, n'adịghị ka nnọchite anya fonemi nke okwu ahụ. A na-ede ihe ịrịba ama niile na-abụghị ụdaume, ndị na-abụghị nke ụdaume na oghere ha. A na-ede ihe ịrịba ama niile n'ime oghere (ma ọ bụ oghere ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị n'ime okwu n'ime parentheses) n'ihi amaghị ma ọ bụrụ nke na-abụghị ụdaume iji chekwaa syllabicity nke edemede ma ọ bụ n'ezie okwu. A maara na nke ikpeazụ na Kandake/Kentake (onye na-achị nwanyị) bụ ụdaume na ụdaume mbụ na Kandake, na Kentake bụ ụdaume. Ebe ọ bụ na a maara ndị ahụ dị ka ụdaolu, ha anọghị na parentheses. na-ede ihe ịrịba ama ọ bụla a maara nke a na-akpọ "Span" n'ọnọdụ coda.

  • __ibo__ Shia b (a) r (a) Shia "nwoke"
  • __ibo__ "Achịcha"
  • __ibo____ibo____ibo__ * *[V]tu) "mmiri"
  • __ibo__ -[[a]] (n'ọtụtụ)
  • __ibo____ibo____ibo__ Áá (e/t[e]-) d (a) Áá (a) "amụrụ, amụọ, nwa nke"
  • Shia "malite, amụrụ"
  • "nwaanyị, nwanyị, nwanyị".
  • -[[ik]] (n'ikwu okwu)
  • __ibo__ -[[a]] (determinant)
  • Shia "nnukwu, nnukwu"
  • Shia "chi, chi"
  • __ibo__ Sọnt (a) Sọnt, (mgbe e mesịrị) Sọnit (e) "nwa, nwa"
  • S (a) S (a), chi anyanwụ
  • "Eze, onye na-achị achị"
  • __ibo____ibo____ibo__ "ụkwụ, ụkwụ, ụkwụ abụọ"
  • __ibo__ -[[n'asụsụ ndị ọzọ]]
  • __ibo__ "Ịhụnanya, onye a hụrụ n'anya, ịkwanyere ùgwù, nsọpụrụ, ọchịchọ"
  • -[[a]] (a) (a) t (a) {{{2}}} (a ụdị locative)
  • -X (a) -X (mgbe e mesịrị) -X- (okwu nnọchiaha)
  • __ibo____ibo__ "nke na-abụghị nke nne, nke na-abụghị (nnukwu) nne, nke a na-abụghị mmekọrịta nne na nna"

Edensibia[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

a tụwo aro na Meroitic nwere njikọ na Asụsụ Nubian na asụsụ ndị yiri ya nke Nilo-Saharan phylum. Nkwupụta na-asọmpi bụ na ụdaume na oghere ha. A na-ede ihe ịrịba ama niile n'ime oghere (ma ọ bụ oghere ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị n'ime okwu n'ime parentheses) n'ihi amaghị ma ọ bụrụ nke na-abụghị ụdaume

  1. ↑ "Vers 2000 av. J.-C., la montée en puissance du royaume de Kerma, le premier État historiquement connu d'Afrique noire, fondé au sud de la 3e cataracte cinq siècles plus tôt, stoppa l'avance égyptienne et contraignit les rois de la xiie dynastie à ériger un dispositif de forteresses entre la 1e et la 2e cataracte pour se protéger des incursions kermaïtes. Un nom apparaît alors dans les textes égyptiens pour désigner ce nouvel ennemi : Koush (ég. Kȝš), sans doute l'appellation que se donnaient les Kermaïtes eux-mêmes, et qui continuera à les désigner jusqu'à la disparition de la langue égyptienne. " — paragraph #2 — Claude Rilly, « Le royaume de Méroé », Afriques [En ligne], Varia, mis en ligne le 21 avril 2010, consulté le 20 juin 2018. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/afriques/379
  2. ↑ "En fait, si notre hypothèse concernant l'équivalence du peuple de langue méroïtique avec l'ethnonyme « Koush » est avérée, c'est plus au nord encore, entre la deuxième cataracte et l'île de Saï 3, qu'on pourrait envisager de situer le berceau de cette population." — Rilly, Claude. 2007. La langue du royaume de Méroé: Un panorama de la plus ancienne culture écrite d'Afrique subsaharienne. (Bibliothèque de l'Ecole des Hautes Études, 344.) Paris: Honoré Champion. 624pp. p. 37
  3. ↑ Meroitic, adj. and n.. Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Retrieved on 31 August 2018.
  4. ↑ Eide (1996). Fontes Historiae Nubiorum: Textual Sources for the History of the Middle Nile Region Between the Eighth Century BC and the Sixth Century AD, vol. II: From the Mid-Fifth to the First Century BC. Bergen: University of Bergen, 451 et passim. ISBN 978-82-91626-01-7. 
  5. ↑ Rowan (2006). Meroitic – a phonological investigation. 
  6. ↑ Egyptian rulers recognized the 1st Cataract of the Nile as the natural southern border of ancient Egypt. — Bianchi, Robert Steven. Daily Life of the Nubians. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 2004. p.6.
  7. ↑ "Meroitic was the main language spoken in northern Sudan not only during the time of the Kingdom of Meroe (c. 300 BC–350 AD), after which it is named, but probably from as early as the time of the Kingdom of Kerma (2500–1500 BC), as is suggested by a list of personal names transcribed in Egyptian on Papyrus Golenischeff (Rilly 2007b). Similar transcriptions of early Meroitic names are known from some Egyptian texts of the New Kingdom, but such names occur with particular frequency with the rise of the Kushite 25th Dynasty and its Napatan successor state (664–ca. 300 BC), since the birth names of rulers and other members of the royal family were necessarily written in Egyptian documents. These Napatan transcriptions in Egyptian paved the way for the emergence of a local writing around the second half of the third century BC." – Claude Rilly (2016). "Meroitic" in UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/3128r3sw. p. 1
  8. ↑ Ahmed Abuelgasim Elhassan. Religious Motifs in Meroitic Painted and Stamped Pottery. Oxford, England: John and Erica Hedges Ltd., 2004. xii, 176 p. BAR international series. p.1.
  9. ↑ Claude Rilly (2007). La langue du royaume de Méroé, Un panorama de la plus ancienne culture écrite d'Afrique subsaharienne, Paris: Champion (Bibliothèque de l'École pratique des hautes études, Sciences historiques et philologiques, t. 344)
  10. ↑ Claude Rilly (2011). Recent Research on Meroitic, the Ancient Language of Sudan. http://www.ityopis.org/Issues-1_files/ITYOPIS-I-Rilly.pdf. Under the sub-heading – The original cradle of Proto-NES: chronological and palaeoclimatic issues. p. 18
  11. ↑ Leonard Lesko (2006). "On Some Aspects of the Books of the Dead from the Ptolemaic Period". Aegyptus et Pannonia 3 2006. pp. 151 -159. https://www.academia.edu/36035302/ON_SOME_ASPECTS_OF_THE_BOOKS_OF_THE_DEAD_FROM_THE_PTOLEMAIC_PERIOD
  12. ↑ Leonard Lesko (1999). "Some Further Thoughts on Chapter 162 of the Book of the Dead", in: Emily Teeter and John A. Larson (eds.), Gold of Praise: Studies on Ancient Egypt in Honor of Edward F. Wente. SAOC 58. Chicago 158 1999, 255–59.
  13. ↑ III. G. Jebel Barkal in the Book of the Dead. Archived from the original on 2018-06-23. Retrieved on 2018-06-23.
  14. ↑ Leonard Lesko (2003). "Nubian Influence on the Later Versions of the Books of the Dead", in: Zahi Hawass (ed.), Egyptology at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century: Proceedings of the Eight International Congress of Egyptologists. Cairo 2003. vol. 1,314–318. https://www.academia.edu/36035303/Nubian_Influence_on_the_Later_Versions_of_the_Book_of_the_Dead
  15. ↑ Buzon (December 2014). "Tombos during the Napatan period (~750–660 BC): Exploring the consequences of sociopolitical transitions in ancient Nubia". International Journal of Paleopathology 7: 1–7. DOI:10.1016/j.ijpp.2014.05.002. PMID 29539485. 
  16. ↑ Buzon (June 2016). "Entanglement and the Formation of the Ancient Nubian Napatan State". American Anthropologist 118 (2): 284–300. DOI:10.1111/aman.12524. 
  17. ↑ Peust, Carsten (1999). "Das Napatanische: Ein ägyptischer Dialekt aus dem Nubien des späten ersten vorchristlichen Jahrtausends". Monographien zur Ägyptischen Sprache 3. Göttingen: Peust & Gutschmidt Verlag. http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/peust1999a
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Rilly (2008). "Enemy brothers. Kinship and relationship between Meroites and Nubians (Noba)", Between the Cataracts. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference for Nubian Studies Warsaw University 27 August-2 September 2006. Part 1. Main Papers. DOI:10.31338/UW.9788323533269.PP.211-226. ISBN 978-83-235-3326-9. 
  19. ↑ masa (sun) + la (determinant)
  20. ↑ MEROITES AND NUBIANS: TERRITORY AND CONFLICTS: 2.5. Traces of extinct languages in Nile Nubian, p. 222 — https://www.academia.edu/36487671/Claude_Rilly_ENEMY_BROTHERS._KINSHIP_AND_RELATIONSHIP_BETWEEN_MEROITES_AND_NUBIANS_NOBA. There is also Ken(u)z(i): masil. See http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\esu\nub&first=1&off=&text_word=sun for Ken(u)z(i). Further notes, Midob: *massal — proto-Nubian: */b/ or */m/ → Midob: /p/ and Midob: /l/ → /r/.
  21. ↑ Rilly (2012). "Grammar", The Meroitic Language and Writing System, 132–173. DOI:10.1017/CBO9780511920028.006. ISBN 978-0-511-92002-8. 
  22. ↑ Ochała (10 June 2014). "Multilingualism in Christian Nubia: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches". Dotawo: A Journal of Nubian Studies 1 (1). DOI:10.5070/D61110007. 
  23. ↑ Khalil (31 December 1996). "Old Nubian and Language Uses in Nubia". Égypte/Monde arabe (27–28): 67–76. DOI:10.4000/ema.1032. 
  24. ↑ The inscription of the Blemmye king, Kharamadoye.
  25. ↑ Kirsty Rowan. "Meroitic – an Afroasiatic language?". 
  26. ↑ Rowan (2006). "Meroitic – An Afroasiatic Language?". SOAS Working Papers in Linguistics (14): 169–206. Retrieved on 2010-04-13. 
  27. ↑ Rowan (2011). "Meroitic Consonant and Vowel Patterning". Lingua Aegytia 19 (19): 115–124. 

Akwụkwọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Bender (1981). "The Meroitic problem", in Bender: Peoples and cultures of the Ethio-Sudan borderlands. Committee on Northeast African Studies, African Studies Center, Michigan State University, 5–32. 
  • Böhm (1988). Die Sprache der Aithiopen im Lande Kusch, Beiträge zur Afrikanistik. ISBN 3-85043-047-2. 
  • Breyer (2014). Einführung in die Meroitistik, Einführungen und Quellentexte zur Ägyptologie. ISBN 978-3-643-12805-8. 
  • Lipiński, Edward (2011). "Meroitic (Review article) " (PDF). Rocznik Orientalistyczny. LXIV (2): 87-. - nyocha nke Rilly, Claude (2010). Meroic na ezinụlọ asụsụ ya. Société d'Études linguistiques et anthropologiques de France. Izu ohi  454. PeetersLipiński (2011). "Meroitic (Review article)". Rocznik Orientalistyczny LXIV (2): 87–104. Rilly (2010). Le méroïtique et sa famille linguistique, Société d’Études linguistiques et anthropologiques de France. Peeters. 
  • Pope (2014). The Double Kingdom under Taharqo: Studies in the History of Kush and Egypt, c. 690–664 BC. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-26294-2. 
  • Rilly (March 2004). "The Linguistic Position of Meroitic". Sudan Electronic Journal of Archaeology and Anthropology. 
  • Rilly (2007). La langue du Royaume de Meroe. Paris: Champion. 
  •  
  • Rilly (2012). The Meroitic Language and Writing System. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-10700-866-3. 
  •  
  • Rowan (2006). "Meroitic – An Afroasiatic Language?". SOAS Working Papers in Linguistics 14: 169–206. 
  • Rowan (2011). "Meroitic Consonant and Vowel Patterning. Typological Indications for the Presence of Uvulars". Lingua Aegytia 19. 
  • Rowan (2015). "The Meroitic Initial a Sign as Griffith's Initial Aleph". Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 142 (1): 70–84. DOI:10.1515/zaes-2015-0007. 
  • Welsby (1996). The Kingdom of Kush. London: British Museum Press, 189–195. ISBN 071410986X. 

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