Asụsụ Ndebele nke Ebe Ugwu
| obere ụdị nke | Nguni languages, Zunda  |
|---|---|
| mba/obodo | Zimbabwe, Botswana |
| ụmụ amaala ka | Central District, Bulawayo Province, Midlands Province, Matabeleland North Province, Matabeleland South Province |
| dị na ngalaba nhazi mpaghara | Matabeleland North Province, Matabeleland South Province |
| usoro ederede | Latin script |
| Ọkwa asụsụ Ethnologue | 3 Nkwukọrịta sara mbara |
Northern Ndebele (English), nke a na-akpọkwa Ndebele, IsiNdebele saseNyakatho, Zimbabwean Ndebele[1] ma ọ bụ North Ndebele,[2][3] nke jikọtara ya na okwu Matabele, bụ Asụsụ Bantu nke ndị Northern Ndebele na-asụ nke so n'òtù asụsụ Nguni.
Ndebele bụ okwu a na-eji ezo aka na nchịkọta nke ọtụtụ ọdịbendị Africa dị iche iche na Zimbabwe. Ikekwe site [4] ndabara ọ ghọrọ 'asụsụ' (n'ihi enweghị okwu ka mma) [nkọwa dị mkpa] nke ụmụ Mzilikazi na-asụkarị. Dị ka asụsụ, ọ dịghị ka asụsụ Ndebele a na-asụ na kwaNdebele na South Africa ọ bụ ezie na, dị ka ọtụtụ olumba Nguni, a ga-ekerịta okwu ụfọdụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ amaala ndị Matabele chịrị n'ime alaeze Mzilikazi iji mepụta ụdị isiZulu. Ndị Matebele nke Zimbabwe sitere na ndị na-eso ụzọ onye ndu Zulu Mzilikazi (otu n'ime ndị ọchịagha Zulu King Shaka), onye hapụrụ Alaeze Zulu na mmalite narị afọ nke 19, n'oge Mfecane, rutere na Zimbabwe nke oge a na 1839.
[5] bụ ezie na e nwere ụfọdụ ọdịiche na ụtọ asụsụ, okwu na ụda olu n'etiti Zulu na Northern Ndebele, asụsụ abụọ ahụ na-ekerịta ihe karịrị 85% nke okwu ha. Nye ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ Nguni a ma ama dị ka Anthony Trevor Cope na Cyril Nyembezi, Northern Ndebele bụ olumba nke Zulu. Nye ndị ọzọ dị ka Langa Khumalo, ọ bụ asụsụ. [6] [7][8] dị n'etiti asụsụ na olumba maka ụdị asụsụ ndị yiri ya siri ike, na mkpebi na-adabere na ọ bụghị na njirimara asụsụ kama na echiche ndị ọzọ, na-abụkarị nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.
Northern Ndebele na Southern Ndebele (ma ọ bụ Transvaal Ndebele), nke a na-asụ na South Africa, bụ asụsụ dị iche iche ma nwee njikọ ụfọdụ nke nghọta, ọ bụ ezie na nke mbụ nwere njikọ chiri anya na Zulu. [9] Ndebele, mgbe ọ na-anọgide na-enwe mgbọrọgwụ Nguni, Asụsụ Sotho enweela mmetụta.
Ọmụmụ ụdaolu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Mkpụrụ okwu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
| Bilabial | Ezé egbugbere ọnụ<br id="mwVA"> | Ezé / alveolar |
Post-alveolar<br id="mwWw">/Palatal |
<b id="mwYA">Velar</b> | Mkpịsị aka | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| etiti | n'akụkụ | |||||||
| Ụgbọ imi | ala dị larịị | __ibo__ m'ihi ya, ọ bụNkọwaỌdịdị | n'ihi ya__ibo__ NkọwaỌdịdị | NkọwaNkọwaỌdịdị | __ibo____ibo__ ŋ'ihi na ọ bụ n'ihi naN'ihi ya, ọ bụỌdịdị | |||
| ịda mbà n'obi | mɦ'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịNkọwaỌdịdị | nɦ'ihi ya, ọ bụ__ibo__ NkọwaỌdịdị | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọNkọwaỌdịdị | __ibo__ ŋɦ bụ otú e si eji ya eme iheN'ihi ya, ọ bụỌdịdị | ||||
| Plosive | ejective | pʼ'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ bụ n'afọ ndị ọzọNkọwaỌdịdị | __ibo__ tʼ'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịIhe omuma aỌdịdị | kʼ'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọNkọwaỌdịdị | ||||
| kwuru okwu | b b b bNkọwaỌdịdị | __ibo__ d'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọNkọwaỌdịdị | ɡọ a na-akpọ "Oké Anyanwụ"__ibo__ NkọwaỌdịdị | |||||
| aspirated | NkọwaAkwụkwọ bụ̣̣̣́ nke a na-akpọỌdịdị | th'ihi yaNkọwaỌdịdị | __ibo____ibo____ibo__ Akụrụngwa__ibo____ibo__ Akwụkwọ bụ̣̣̣́ nke a na-akpọ "Spanish"Ọdịdị | |||||
| tupu ịlụ di ma ọlị | mp'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị__ibo__ NkọwaỌdịdị | nt'ihi yaIhe omuma aỌdịdị | Nkwupụta__ibo____ibo__ NkọwaỌdịdị | |||||
| prensalized (vd.) | __ibo__ mb'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọN'ihi ya, ọ bụỌdịdị | nd'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịNkọwaỌdịdị | __ibo____ibo__ ŋɡ'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọN'ihi ya, ọ bụỌdịdị | |||||
| Africate | ejective | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọNkọwaỌdịdị | __ibo__ ỌdịdịỌdịdị n'anya | Akụkọ banyere yaAkụkọ a na-akpọ "Spanish"Ọdịdị | ||||
| aspirated | na-agụnye__ibo____ibo____ibo__ Akwụkwọ NsọỌdịdị | __ibo__ Ọdịdị | ||||||
| kwuru okwu | __ibo____ibo____ibo__ dʒ'ihi ya, ọ bụ__ibo__ Ihe omuma di iche icheỌdịdị | |||||||
| pre-nasalised ejective | N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụỌdịdị | ɲtʃʼỌdịdị | N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-anọ n'ụlọ__ibo__ NkọwaỌdịdị | |||||
| a na-ekwupụta ya | ɲdʒ__ibo__ NkọwaỌdịdị | |||||||
| Ihe na-esiri ike | ala dị larịị | __ibo____ibo____ibo__ f'ihi ya__ibo__ Akwụkwọ bụ̣̣̣́ nke a na-akpọỌdịdị | SINAIhe omuma aỌdịdị | __ibo____ibo__ Asụsụ ɬ n'Otu__ibo__ ỊhọrọỌdịdị | __ibo____ibo____ibo__ Nkọwa__ibo__ NkọwaỌdịdị | __ibo__ N'ih ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịNkọwaỌdịdị | ||
| olu (depr.) | βɦ'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịAkwụkwọ bụ́ "Spanish"Ọdịdị | N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị__ibo__ NkọwaỌdịdị | zɦ'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịIhe omuma ahuỌdịdị | __ibo____ibo__ ʒɦ'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ__ibo____ibo____ibo__ Akwụkwọ NsọỌdịdị | ɣɦ (N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ | (Ọ bụ otú e si akọwapụta) | ||
| olu (ọ bụghị nke mbụ) | β'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịAkwụkwọ bụ́ "Spanish"Ọdịdị | Akụkụ a na-akpọ__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọỌdịdị | ɣ (Anya) | |||||
| tupu ịlụ di ma ọlị | Oghere ahụ__ibo__ Ọdịdị | ns'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịNkọwaỌdịdị | nɬN'ihi ya, ọ bụỌdịdị | |||||
| prensalized (vd.) | __ibo__ Ọdịdị ya | nz'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị__ibo__ NkọwaỌdịdị | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọNkọwaỌdịdị | |||||
| Ọkụ na-ada ụda | ala dị larịị | __ibo__ w'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịIhe omuma ahuỌdịdị | __ibo__ Ịnọba__ibo__ NkọwaỌdịdị | l'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọNkọwaỌdịdị | __ibo__ j'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịNa-ekwu maka yaỌdịdị | |||
| ịda mbà n'obi | wɦ'ihi ya, ọ bụIhe omuma ahuỌdịdị | Ọ bụ n'afọ ndị ọzọ ka a na-akpọNkọwaỌdịdị | jɦ'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịNa-ekwu maka yaỌdịdị | |||||
Ọtụtụ ụda ụda nwere ike ịkpata ịda mbà n'obi (ma ọ bụ iku ume). Alveolar cond="mwAao">t, t, d, na n, nwere ike ịnwe dentalized allophones nke [t̪ʼ, d̪, n̪]. Mk k na h nwere ike ịpụta na allophones nke [ɣ, ɣʱ] na [ɦ].
Ihe Nlereanya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ọnwa na Northern na Southern Ndebele
| Bekee | Northern Ndebele (Zimbabwe) | Ndịda Ndebele (South Africa) | Zulu (South Africa) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jenụwarị | uZibandlela | Tjhirhweni | uMasingane |
| Febụwarị | Nhlolanja | uMhlolanja | Nhlolanja |
| Njem | Umbimbitho | uNtaka | uNdasa |
| Eprel | Omabasa | uSihlabantangana | UMbasa |
| May | UNk kpakpando | uMrhayili | UNhlaba |
| June | Nkọwa | uMgwengweni | UNhlangulana |
| Julaị | Ntulikazi | uVelabahlinze | Ntulikazi |
| Ọgọstụ | Nucwabakazi | Rhoboyi | UNcwaba |
| Septemba | Ompandula | uKhukhulamungu | Mandula |
| Ọktoba | uMfumfu | uSewula | uMfumfu |
| Nọvemba | Lwezi | uSinyikhaba | Lwezi |
| Disemba | uMpalakazi | uNobayeni | uZibandlela |
Asụsụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Asụsụ Ndebele yiri nke Zulu, na ụfọdụ ọdịiche dị iche iche. Northern Ndebele bụ asụsụ Nguni ma ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ ya na Swati na Xhosa na-aghọta ibe ha, nwere ọtụtụ ụda click nke asụsụ ndịda Afrịka bụ asụsụ kachasị na Eastern Cape.
Aha[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Aha Northern Ndebele nwere akụkụ abụọ dị mkpa, prefix na stem. N'iji prefixes, enwere ike ịhazi aha n'ime klas aha, nke a na-agụ n'usoro, iji mee ka ọ dịkwuo mfe iji ya tụnyere asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke Bantu.
Tebụl na-esonụ na-enye nkọwa zuru ezu nke klas aha Northern Ndebele, nke a haziri dịka otu abụọ.
| Klas | Otu | Ọtụtụ |
|---|---|---|
| 1/2 | um (u) -1 | aba-, abe- |
| 1a/2a | u- | o- |
| 3/4 | um (u) -1 | imi- |
| 5/6 | i-, ili- | Ama- |
| 7/8 | bụ (i) - | iz (i) - |
| 9/10 | N'ihi ya, | iziN- |
| 11/10 | u-, ulu- | |
| 14 | ubu-, ub-, utsh- | |
| 15 | uku- | |
| 17 | uku- |
1 umu- na-anọchi um- n'ihu ogwe osisi monosyllabic, dịka mmadụ (Onye).
Ngwaa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
A na-eji akara ngwaa ndị a na-esonụ n'ụzọ kwekọrọ na aha aha nke isiokwu na ihe ahụ:
| Onye/Ụlọ Akwụkwọ |
Ihe ịrịba ama | Ihe ịrịba ama |
|---|---|---|
| Onye nke mbụ na-abụ abụ. | ngi- | -ngi- |
| Onye nke abụọ na-abụ abụ. | u- | -wu- |
| 1st plur. | Ọ bụrụ na- | -si- |
| Nke abụọ. | li- | -li- |
| 1 | u- | -m (u) - |
| 2 | ba- | -ba- |
| 3 | u- | -m (u) - |
| 4 | i- | -yi- |
| 5 | li- | -li- |
| 6 | a- | -wa- |
| 7 | Ọ bụrụ na- | -si- |
| 8 | zi- | -zi- |
| 9 | i- | -yi- |
| 10 | zi- | -zi- |
| 11 | lu- | -lu- |
| 14 | bu- | -bu- |
| 15 | ku- | -ku- |
| 17 | ku- | -ku- |
| Reflection | -zi- |
[10] bụ ezie na nkwekọrịta isiokwu-okwu bụ iwu, akara ihe abụghị, ọ na-apụta naanị mgbe enyere ihe ahụ n'okwu ahụ. Ihe akara na-ejikọta nso na mgbọrọgwụ ngwaa mgbe ọ na-apụta (na akara ndị a: A - ụdaume mmụba; 1 - akara aha klas 1, wdg; 1s - nkwekọrịta isiokwu klas 1, watau; FUT - ọdịnihu; 1o - akara ihe klas 1, weta): E nwere ihe akaebe sitere na Zulu na akara ihe bụ mgbanwe nke nnọchiaha iji bụrụ akara nkwekọrịta, [11] nke nwekwara ike ịbụ eziokwu maka Northern Ndebele, n'ihi ọdịdị asụsụ dị n'etiti asụsụ.
Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Matabele
- Asụsụ Zulu
- Asụsụ Ndebele nke Ndịda
- Ógbè ndị dị na Zimbabwe
- Ebe Ugwu Matabele
- Matabeleland South
- Bulawayo
Edensibia[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
ike ịhazi aha n'ime klas aha, nke a na-agụ n'usoro, iji mee ka ọ dịkwuo mfe iji ya tụnyere asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke ike ịhazi aha n'ime klas aha, nke a na-agụ n'usoro, iji mee ka ọ dịkwuo mfe iji ya tụnyere asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke
- ↑ Mpofu (2011). Sithini isiNdebele?, 1st, Harare, Zimbabwe: Radiant Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-7974-4280-1. OCLC 755905987.
- ↑ Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: nde. ISO 639-2 Registration Authority - Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 2017-12-22. Retrieved on 2017-07-04. “Name: North Ndebele”
- ↑ Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: nde. ISO 639-3 Registration Authority - SIL International. Archived from the original on 2017-11-01. Retrieved on 2017-07-04. “Name: North Ndebele”
- ↑ Sibanda (2002). Isikithi, 2nd, Harare Zimbabwe: College Press, 7. ISBN 1779001371.
- ↑ Langa Khumalo, “Language Contact and Lexical Change: A Lexicographical Terminographical Interface in Zimbabwean Ndebele,” Lexikos 14, no. 108 (2004).
- ↑ D.K. Rycroft “Ndebele and Zulu: Some Phonetic and Tonal Comparisons,” Zambezia, no. 2 (1980): 109–28.
- ↑ Nyembezi, C.L.S., 1957.
- ↑ Anthony Cope, “A Consolidated Classification of the Bantu Languages,” African Studies 30, nos. 3–4 1971): 213–36.
- ↑ Skhosana, Philemon Buti (2009). "3", The Linguistic Relationship between Southern and Northern Ndebele.
- ↑ The timing of agreement and A-movement in Ndebele - lingbuzz/005254. ling.auf.net. Retrieved on 2020-12-04.
- ↑ Zeller (June 2012). "Object marking in isiZulu" (in en). Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 30 (2): 219–235. DOI:10.2989/16073614.2012.737600. ISSN 1607-3614.
Ịgụ ihe ọzọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- (2002) in Bowern: Ndebele. Munich: LINCOM EUROPA. ISBN 3-89586-465-X.
- Hadebe (2002). The Standardisation of the Ndebele Language Through Dictionary-making. University of Zimbabwe - University of Oslo.
- Skhosana (2010). The Linguistic Relationship between Southern and Northern Ndebele. University of Pretoria: DLitt Thesis.
Njikọ mpụga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]