Asụsụ Ogbi nke Nwa

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Nwatakịrị na-etinye aka n'echiche nke "nnụnụ"
Asụsụ Ogbi nke Nwa
obere ụdị nkesign Dezie

[1][2] ndị ogbi ụmụaka bụ iji aka mee ihe na-enye ụmụ ọhụrụ na ụmụntakịrị ohere ịgwa mmetụta, ọchịchọ, na ihe tupu mmepe asụsụ a na-ekwu okwu. Site [3] nduzi na agbamume, ịbịanye aka na-etolite site na ọkwa okike na mmepe nwa ọhụrụ a maara dị ka mmegharị ahụ. [4] na-akụzi mmegharị ahụ ndị a na okwu maka ụmụaka na-anụ ihe, ha abụghịkwa otu ihe ahụ dị ka Asụsụ ndị ogbi. [5] uru ndị [6] na-ahụkarị nke a chọtara site na iji mmemme akara nwa gụnyere nkekọ nne na nna na nwa na nkwurịta okwu, [1] mbelata nkụda mmụọ, [2] na ùgwù onwe onye ka mma maka nne na nna ma nwatakịrị. [7][8] [1]-eme nchọpụta achọpụtala na akara nwa anaghị aba uru ma ọ bụ mebie mmepe asụsụ nke ụmụ ọhụrụ. Ngwaahịa nkwalite [7] ịdị mfe nke ịnweta ozi emeela ka nlebara anya nke akara nwa na-enweta, na-eme ka ọ dị mkpa na ndị na-elekọta ha ga-agụ akwụkwọ tupu ha emee mkpebi iji akara nwa. [1] [1]

Nchịkọta[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ihe ịrịba ama maka "eri" na "ịcha"

Ihe ịrịba ama nwa ọhụrụ [2]-agụnye mmegharị ahụ ka mma na ihe ịrịba ama gbanwere na a na-akụziri ụmụ ọhụrụ na okwu a na-ekwu na ebumnuche nke ịmepụta nkwurịta okwu nne na nna na nwa bara ọgaranya. [9][5] ihe mere ndị nne [6] nna ji eji akara nwa bụ na-enwe olileanya na ọ ga-ebelata nkụda mmụọ na-emetụta ịnwa ịkọwa mkpa nwa ha tupu ha ekwuo okwu. [10][11] ike iwere [1] dị ka usoro nkwurịta okwu bara uru na mmalite mmepe, ebe ọ bụ na mmepụta okwu na-agbaso ikike ụmụaka nwere ikwupụta onwe ha site na mmegharị ahụ. [1] [2] [3]

Ihe ịrịba ama nwa dị iche na Asụsụ ndị ogbi. [12] nne [4] nna na-anụ ihe na ụmụaka na-eji akara nwa eme ihe iji melite nkwurịta okwu. [1] ndị ogbi, gụnyere ASL, BSL, ISL na ndị ọzọ, bụ asụsụ okike, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe na ndị ogbi. Asụsụ ndị ogbi [13]-ejigide ụtọ asụsụ nke ha, na nhazi ahịrịokwu. [1] [6]'ihi na asụsụ ndị ogbi dị mgbagwoju anya ịmụta dị ka asụsụ ọ bụla a na-asụ, a na-ejikarị akara ndị dị mfe eme ihe na ụmụ ọhụrụ na akara ụmụaka. [4] [2] Ịkụzi ihe ịrịba ama nwa na-enye ohere maka mgbanwe dị ukwuu n'ụdị ihe ịrịbaanya ma ọ chọghị ka nne na nna mụta ụtọ asụsụ nke asụsụ ndị ogbi. Ihe ịrịba ama nwa na-abụkarị mmegharị ahụ ma ọ bụ ihe ịrịba ama e si n'asụsụ ndị ogbi nweta ma gbanwee ya iji mee ka ọ dịkwuo mfe maka nwa ọhụrụ ịzụlite.

Ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị maka ọdịiche dị n'etiti mmegharị ahụ na ihe ịrịba ama nwa ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-ezighi ezi. [3]Omume Ihe atụ bụ ụdị nkwurịta okwu nke ụmụaka na-eji tupu ha enwee ike ịmepụta asụsụ a na-ekwu. Nke a na-agụnye ịkọwa ihe ha chọrọ ma ọ bụ iji mmegharị aka na okwu nke na-enye ohere nkwurịta okwu ka ukwuu maka ụmụ ọhụrụ. [14]'ide banyere isiokwu ahụ, Jane Collingwood na-ekwu na "Ụmụaka site na ihe dị ka ọnwa isii nwere ike ịmalite ịmụta ihe ịrịba ama ndị bụ isi, nke na-ekpuchi ihe na echiche ndị dị ka "agụụ", "mmiri", "agụụ"", "ụra", "onye udo", "karịa", "ọkụ", "egwuri egwu", "sa ahụ", "sa". [1] Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, ụmụaka na-eto eto ga-emepụta mmegharị mbụ ha n'etiti afọ 9 na 12 n'enweghị ihe mkpali ma ọ bụ enyemaka ọ bụla site n'aka onye nlekọta. Ụmụaka na-amụta otu esi eji asụsụ ahụ ha, anya, na mmegharị aka dị ka ụzọ isi dọta uche na nkwurịta okwu. [3] ụmụaka nwetara ụfọdụ mmepụta asụsụ, ha ga-ejikọta asụsụ na mmegharị ahụ iji gaa n'ihu na-ekwurịta okwu. Mmetụta ahụ na-anọgide na-adị n'ime mmadụ niile n'afọ ọ bụla nke bụ ihe dị iche na akara nwa.

Uru na ọghọm[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Uru ndị a tụrụ aro[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

[10] ịrịba ama nwa [11]-akwalite nkwurịta okwu tupu nwatakịrị enwe ike ịgwa ndị ọzọ okwu. Ebe ọ bụ na mmegharị ahụ bụ akụkụ nke okwu nkịtị, ịkụziri ụmụaka akara na-enye ohere ịmụta akụkụ nke nkwurịta okwu nke a na-eji asụsụ. [15] [3] dị, emeghị ya iji dochie asụsụ. [16] [17] na-egosi na ụmụ ọhụrụ nwere ike ịmụta mmegharị ahụ tupu ha amụta nkà ikwu okwu. [1] [2] [16] mere, ndị na-amụta ihe ịrịba ama ndị a dị mfe nwere ike ịkwalite mmepe nghọta ha site n'inweta nkà asụsụ site na ụzọ anya na nke ịnụ ihe.

[12]'otu edemede dị na The Psychologist, Gwyneth Doherty-Sneddon atụlewo n'ụzọ zuru ezu echiche dị n'azụ uto nke ihe omume a na ụfọdụ n'ime nkwupụta ndị na-akwado ya. Doherty-Sneddon [12]-ekwu na akara nwa abụghị ihe ọhụrụ. Ndị [18]-agwọ okwu na asụsụ ejirila ụdị dị iche iche mee ihe ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ na ụmụaka nwere nkwarụ na okwu ha, ikike nghọta, ma ọ bụ ha abụọ. A na-aghọta n'ọtụtụ ebe na nkwurịta okwu bụ isi ihe na-eme ka ụmụaka nwee nghọta, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, mmetụta uche, na omume. Ihe ịrịba ama [19] nwere ike inye aka n'imeziwanye ọrụ mmepe ndị a dị mkpa.

Ihe ịrịba ama nwa ọhụrụ [20]-eme ka nne na nna na nwa ahụ mara ibe ha nke na-eduga n'ịkọwapụta ihe nwa ọhụrụ ahụ na-ekwurịta okwu. [6] anakọtara akụkọ onwe onye site n'aka ndị nne na-etinye aka na nkuzi ọzụzụ ụmụaka, iji mee ka o doo anya ma ịbịanye aka na nwa ha ga-eme ka nrụgide nne na nna gbakwunye na / ma ọ bụ melite nkwurịta okwu nne na nna na nwa. N'ozuzu, ndị nne na nna egosighi mmetụta siri ike ma ọ bụ nkụda mmụọ site na usoro ọzụzụ ụmụaka kama ha kọrọ ikike ka ukwuu ịghọta nwa ha. [9][6] chọpụtara na nkwurịta okwu a bara ọgaranya na-eduga na mmekọrịta dị mma karị na nwa ha nke na-abara uru n'ozuzu site na nguzobe nke njikọ nne na nna na nwa mbụ.

Ụmụa[20] ndị mụtara mmegharị ahụ ka mma na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na nyocha okwu na-ekwupụta ma na-anabata ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị a na-agbaghị ume ịmụta mmegharị ahụ dị otú ahụ. Asụsụ [20]-anabata ihe pụtara inwe ike ịmata okwu na ihe ịrịba ama, ebe asụsụ na-egosipụta ihe na-agụnye usoro nke ịmepụta okwu ma ọ bụ ihe ịrịbaanya. Nnyocha egosiwo [11] mmegharị ahụ ka mma maka ụmụaka na-anụ ihe bụ nzọụkwụ mbụ iji nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'iji mmegharị ahụ eme ihe, yana iji ụdị nnọchiteanya na ọrụ nkwurịta okwu ihe atụ. Omume ihe atụ [11] mma nwere ike inye aka na mmepe asụsụ site n'inye ụmụaka ihe ọmụma dị ukwuu banyere echiche site n'ịkọwa ọrụ nke ihe ndị ha na-ahụ. [11]'ịkwado mmepe asụsụ na-egosipụta ihe egosila na ịmụ ihe n'ụzọ ihe atụ nwere ike iduga na mmepe okwu dị elu na nnweta asụsụ ngwa ngwa. [20] Nkwurịta okwu nke nwa ọhụrụ [21] irè mekwara ka e meziwanye ọtụtụ ebe mmepe site n'iji nsonaazụ nwatakịrị ahụ tụnyere tupu na mgbe ọ nwụsịrị. Ụfọdụ [21]'ime mpaghara ndị a gụnyere nkwurịta okwu, nghọta, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, omume mgbanwe, mmepe nke anụ ahụ, na nke ọma nke ụmụaka. Otú [11] dị, ọganihu a dị mkpụmkpụ (site n'agbata ọnwa 12 na 15). [1] Doherty-Sneddon [12]-ekwu, Otú ọ dị, na oge a na-anọchite anya naanị ụkpụrụ zuru oke. Ọganihu na uru dị ukwuu n'ọtụtụ ụmụaka na-adịghị ekwu okwu ruo mgbe ha gachara ụbọchị ọmụmụ nke abụọ.

Doherty-Sneddon kwukwara [12] otu isi okwu bụ ijide n'aka na nyocha zuru oke na nke a haziri nke ọma dị iji kwado nkwupụta ndị e mere n'ihe gbasara ntinye aka nwa. Nnyocha akwụkwọ kwubiri [22] ọ bụ ezie na a kọrọ uru na 13 n'ime 17 ọmụmụ, adịghị ike dị iche iche na usoro eji eme ihe maka ọmụmụ ihe ịrịba ama nwa na-ahapụ ihe akaebe na-enweghị nkwado. N'ezie, nyocha banyere mmetụta nke ịbịanye aka nwa chọrọ ìgwè nchịkwa ka mma, dị ka ụmụaka na-etinye aka na ihe omume na-adọrọ mmasị na nke na-atọ ụtọ dabere na mmekọrịta asụsụ ndị okenye na ụmụaka, mana ọ bụghị ịbịanye aha nwa. [23][20] a maka nyocha ọzọ na-egosi na ọ nwere ike ọ gaghị abụ ihe ịrịba ama nwa n'onwe ha na-eme ka mmepe asụsụ dị mfe kama uru dị n'okpuru na-arụsi ọrụ ike, nlebara anya jikọtara ọnụ nke ihe ịrịbaanya nwa na-akpali.

[20] mere, nlebara anya anya nke ọma n'oge mmekọrịta nne na nna na nwa na-enye nwa ọhụrụ ike ilekwasị anya n'isiokwu na ihe gbara ya gburugburu, mee ka echiche doo anya, ma mepụta omume agbakwunyere na mmekọrịta ihe atụ. A na-atụ aro usoro ndị a dị n'okpuru akara nwa iji mepụta uru maka nwa ọhụrụ dịka; ịkwalite okwu, ịkwalite mmepe ọgụgụ isi, belata iwe na nkụda mmụọ, na imeziwanye mmekọrịta nne na nna na nwa na nkwurịta okwu. [24][20], a na-eme ka mmepe asụsụ dị mma site n'ịkwalite nghọta, ịkwalite ịgụ na ide na ikwe ka nwa ọhụrụ kwupụta mkpa ha ka nne na nna wee bụrụ onye na-emeghachi omume ma na-edebe nwa ha.

Ụmụaka na-ele onye na-elekọta ha anya n'oge omume na ọnọdụ kwa ụbọchị. Nchọpụt[25] a na-enye ohere ka ụmụ ọhụrụ mụta akara site na ịgbaziri omume site na usoro a hụrụ. Njikọ sitere n'okike na-eme n'etiti ihe ịrịba ama na ihe, na-enye ohere ka ụmụ ọhụrụ nyochaa ma kwupụta echiche ọhụrụ tupu mmepe asụsụ. Ụmụ ọhụrụ ga-amụta ijikọ okwu na mmegharị ha na-eme mgbe ha na-eji ihe, dị ka ịtụ bọọlụ. Mgbe njikọ a gasịrị, ụmụaka na-amalite ijikọ okwu na mmegharị naanị, n'ọnọdụ a, mmegharị ahụ. Ụmụ ọhụrụ ugbu a nwere ike ime ihe ngosi iji mee ka ndị na-elekọta ha mara na ha chọrọ ịtụ bọọlụ, si otú a na-eme ka nkwurịta okwu ha na-abụghị okwu dịkwuo ukwuu. Ụmụ ọhụrụ [25]-ejikwa ikike nnọchiteanya dị ka ndị a iji gosipụta mmetụta mmetụta uche ka ha na-ejikọta mmegharị ma ọ bụ akara na mmetụta.

Nnyocha ndị ọzọ [11]-egosi na ịbawanye ojiji nke mmegharị ahụ, ọ bụghị iji asụsụ ndị ogbi eme ihe, nwere ike ịbawanye ọgaranya nke mmepe asụsụ nwatakịrị. [26] na-atụ aro na ihe ịrịba ama mmụta na-eme n'ime oge, na-ekwu na ọ dị mkpa ka ndị na-elekọta ụmụaka nwee ndidi n'ihi na ọ na-ewe ihe karịrị mkparịta ụka dị mkpirikpi n'etiti nne na nna na nwatakịrị. Mmekọrịta nne na nna na nwa dị mkpa maka mmụta nke akara nwa ebe ọ bụ na nwa ọhụrụ na-ele onye na-elekọta ya anya maka nduzi. Site n'iji nlezianya gosipụta ihe ịrịba ama ahụ nye nwa ọhụrụ ahụ, onye na-elekọta ya na nwa ọhụrụ ahụ na-echekwa uche jikọrọ aka nke na-eme ka nkwurịta okwu dịkwuo elu. Mgbe ndị [10]-elekọta ụmụaka na-enyere aka iji aka mepụta ihe ịrịba ama ahụ, ha na-arịwanye elu agbamume, ikwughachi, na nkwurịta okwu. [25] bụ ọrụ onye na-elekọta ya ọ bụghị naanị ịkụziri ụfọdụ akara aka, karịa ihe ụmụ ọhụrụ na-enweta, kamakwa inye nkwado na nzaghachi nye ụmụ ọhụrụ mgbe a na-emepụta akara n'ụzọ ziri ezi. [25] [10]'ime njikọ, na agbamume nne na nna maka njikọ ahụ, ụmụ ọhụrụ nwere ike ịmụta ma na-etinye aka na asụsụ ndị ogbi ụmụaka.

N'afọ 1998, Kimberlee Whaley duziri mmemme na A. Sophie Rogers Infant-Toddler Laboratory School na Mahadum Ohio State. A kụziiri ụmụ ọhụrụ ihe ịrịba ama ụfọdụ eji eme ihe na American Sign Language, tinyere ndị nkuzi ha, iji chọpụta ma enwere ike iji ihe ịrịbaanya ndị a mee ka ha na ụmụaka na-ekwurịta okwu dị irè. Site n'ihe dị ka ọnwa 9, ụmụaka malitere iji ihe ịrịba ama ha mụtara; ndị a gụnyere okwu ndị dị ka "eri", "juice", "more", "now", na "sleep". Ihe omume ahụ chọpụtara [27] ụmụaka ga-ejikwa ihe ịrịba ama ha mụtara na klas na-ekwurịta okwu na ndị nne na nna n'ụlọ. Dabere na nyocha a, ịmụ akara nwa yiri ka ọ bụ ngwá ọrụ bara uru maka ụmụaka ma ọ bụrụ na etinye ya n'ọrụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na nlekọta ụbọchị.

Mmetụta mgbasa ozi na Ịntanetị[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

[9]'ihi ngwaahịa nkwalite, ịnweta vidiyo nkuzi akara ụmụaka, na nnọchiteanya na omenala a ma ama, mbọ ndị nne na nna na-agba ịbịanye aka na nwa ha nwere ike ilekwasị anya na akụkụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya kama ebumnuche ịkwalite nkà nkwurịta okwu nwa ha.

Nnyoch[7] nyochara ogo nke ozi gbasara akara nwa a hụrụ na ịntanetị dabere na nyocha. Nsonaazụ chọpụtara ebe nrụọrụ weebụ iri atọ na atọ nke niile kwalitere akara nwa na uru ndị metụtara ya. Ihe karịrị 90% nke ozi na-ezo aka na isiokwu echiche ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa nkwalite na-agba ndị nne na nna ume ịbịanye aka, na-enweghị ihe ndabere na nyocha. [7] bụ ezie na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ na-ekwu na iji akara nwa ga-ebelata iwe, mee ka ùgwù onwe onye, afọ ojuju, mmetụta nke mmezu nwa, mee ka mmekọrịta nne na nna na nwa dịkwuo elu, ma belata nkụda mmụọ, saịtị ndị ahụ anaghị enye ihe akaebe zuru ezu dabere na nyocha iji kwado nkwupụta ndị a.

Nnyocha ọzọ nyochara ozi ịntanetị achọtara site na iji Google Scholar yana nchekwa data agụmakwụkwọ ole na ole. Ndị [1]-eme nchọpụta nyochara ma nsonaazụ na-ekwu na akara nwa na-agba ume mmepe, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, nghọta, na nkà asụsụ ka ha na-enweta njikọ ka ukwuu n'etiti nne na nna na nwa. Ebumnuche nke ịjụ ajụjụ a bụ ịchọta ozi nke na-enye ndị nne na nna, ndị na-elekọta, ndị nkụzi ụmụaka, na ndị dọkịta ohere ime mkpebi doro anya banyere oke nkwenye a ga-etinye na akara nwa. Mgbe [1] chịkọtara ihe niile a kpọtụrụ aha, e nwere isiokwu 1747 nwere naanị isiokwu 10 na-enye nyocha gbasara nsonaazụ mmepe nwa ọhụrụ n'ihe metụtara akara nwa. Nkwekọrịta e nwetara site na isiokwu 10 ndị a na-ekwu na akara nwa, dị ka ngwaahịa a na-akpọsa na-eji eme ihe nke Acredolo na Goodwyn dere, anaghị aba uru na mmepụta asụsụ ma ọ bụ mmekọrịta nne na nna na nwa. Otú [1] dị, enweghi ihe akaebe sitere na isiokwu ndị a na akara nwa ọhụrụ na-emerụ ụmụ ọhụrụ n'ụzọ ọ bụla. Site na ọmụmụ abụọ a, a na-egosi na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nwere ike ọ gaghị enwe ozi 100% dabere na nyocha. Ndị na-achọ ozi gbasara uru na ọghọm nke iji akara nwa kwesịrị ijide n'aka na ha na-enweta saịtị ndị nyocha kwadoro ọ bụghị echiche.

Ngwaahịa ndị nne [22] nna na-ekere òkè na ọmụmụ ihe akara ụmụaka ma ọ bụ na-etinye ya n'ọrụ n'ụlọ, na-achọpụta na ha nwere ike iji ya tụnyere ogo nke ngwaahịa eji eme nchọpụta. [22] na-atụ aro ka ndị nne na nna kpachara anya maka ngwaahịa akara nwa n'ihi na ọ na-esiri ike nyochaa ntụkwasị obi nke ngwaahịa ndị a na-ere maka ime ka akara nwa dị mfe.

Ihe osise[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Young boy asking for food
    Nwa okorobịa na-arịọ maka nri

Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Ọganihu ụmụaka
  • The Connected Baby (ihe nkiri)
  • Ịmụta asụsụ
  • Oge ịbịanye aka!
  • Ịkụ mkpu aka
  • Mmetụta aka n'ịmụta asụsụ
  • Nkwurịta okwu nwa

Edensibia[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

asụ, a na-ejikarị akara ndị dị mfe eme ihe na ụmụ ọhụrụ na akara ụmụaka. [2] Ịkụzi ihe ịrịba ama nwa na-enye ohere maka mgbanwe dị ukwuu n'ụdị ihe ịrịbaanya ma ọ chọghị ka nne na nna mụta ụtọ asụsụ nke asụsụ ndị ogbi. Ihe ịrịba ama nwa na-abụkarị mmegharị ahụ ma ọ bụ ihe ịrịba ama e si n'asụsụasụ, a na-ejikarị akara ndị dị mfe eme ihe na ụmụ ọhụrụ na akara ụmụaka. [28] [2] Ịkụzi ihe ịrịba ama nwa na-enye ohere maka mgbanwe dị ukwuu n'ụdị ihe ịrịbaanya ma ọ chọghị ka nne na nna mụta ụtọ asụsụ nke asụsụ ndị ogbi. Ihe ịrịba ama nwa na-abụkarị mmegharị ahụ ma ọ bụ ihe ịrịba ama e si n'asụsụasụ, a na-ejikarị akara ndị dị mfe eme ihe na ụmụ ọhụrụ na akara ụmụaka. [29] [2] Ịkụzi ihe ịrịba ama nwa na-enye ohere maka mgbanwe dị ukwuu n'ụdị ihe ịrịbaanya ma ọ chọghị ka nne na nna mụta ụtọ asụsụ nke asụsụ ndị ogbi. Ihe ịrịba ama nwa na-abụkarị mmegharị ahụ ma ọ bụ ihe ịrịba ama e si n'asụsụ

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  •  
  •  
  • Goodwyn (2000). "Impact of Symbolic Gesturing on Early Language Development". Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 24 (2): 81–103. DOI:10.1023/A:1006653828895. 
  • Nelson (2012). "Evidence for Website Claims about the Benefits of Teaching Sign Language to Infants and Toddlers with Normal Hearing". Infant and Child Development 21 (5): 474–502. DOI:10.1002/icd.1748. 
  • Pizer (2007). "Bringing up Baby with Baby Signs: Language Ideologies and Socialization in Hearing Families". Sign Language Studies 7 (4): 387–430. DOI:10.1353/sls.2007.0026. 

Njikọ mpụga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Fitzpatrick (2014). "How handy are baby signs? A systematic review of the impact of gestural communication on typically developing, hearing infants under the age of 36 months". First Language 34 (6): 486–509. DOI:10.1177/0142723714562864. Fitzpatrick, E. M; Thibert, J; Grandpierre, V; Johnston, J. C (2014). "How handy are baby signs? A systematic review of the impact of gestural communication on typically developing, hearing infants under the age of 36 months". First Language. 34 (6): 486–509. doi:10.1177/0142723714562864. S2CID 143811768. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Fitzpatrick Grandpierre et al" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Baby sign language: A guide for the science-minded parent. www.parentingscience.com. Retrieved on 2016-02-14. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "ParentingScience.com" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Iverson (2005). "Gesture paves the way for language development". Gesture and Language Development 16 (5): 367–371. DOI:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01542.x. PMID 15869695.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Iverson Goldin-Meadow" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Capone (2004). "Gesture development: A review for clinical and research practices". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 47 (1): 173–186. DOI:10.1044/1092-4388(2004/015). PMID 15072537.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Capone McGregor" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Howlett (2011). "Does wanting the best create more stress? The link between baby sign classes and maternal anxiety". Infant and Child Development 20 (4): 437–445. DOI:10.1002/icd.705.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "wanting the best" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Mueller Sepulveda (2013). "Parental perception of a baby sign workshop on stress and parent- child interaction". Early Child Development and Care 184 (3): 450–468. DOI:10.1080/03004430.2013.797899.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Mueller Sepulveda" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Nelson (2012). "Evidence for website claims about the benefits of teaching sign language to infants and toddlers with normal hearing.". Infant and Child Development 21 (5): 474–502. DOI:10.1002/icd.1748. Nelson, L. H.; White, K. R.; Grewe, J. (2012). "Evidence for website claims about the benefits of teaching sign language to infants and toddlers with normal hearing". Infant and Child Development. 21 (5): 474–502. doi:10.1002/icd.1748. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Nelson White Grewe" defined multiple times with different content
  8. ↑ Kirk (2013). "To sign or not to sign? The impact of encouraging infants to gesture on infant language and maternal mind-mindedness.". Child Development 84 (2): 574–590. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01874.x. PMID 23033858. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Pizer (2007). "Bringing up a baby with baby sign: Language ideologies and socialization in hearing families". Sign Language Studies 7 (4): 387–430. DOI:10.1353/sls.2007.0026. Pizer, G.; Walters, K.; Meier, R. (2007). "Bringing up a baby with baby sign: Language ideologies and socialization in hearing families". Sign Language Studies. 7 (4): 387–430. doi:10.1353/sls.2007.0026. S2CID 145358173. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Pizer Walters Meier" defined multiple times with different content
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Johnston (2005). "Teaching gestural signs to infants to advance child development: A review of evidence". First Language 25 (2): 235–251. DOI:10.1177/0142723705050340. Johnston, J. C.; Durieux-Smith, A.; Bloom, K. (2005). "Teaching gestural signs to infants to advance child development: A review of evidence". First Language. 25 (2): 235–251. doi:10.1177/0142723705050340. S2CID 145633685. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Teaching Gestural Signs - review" defined multiple times with different content
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 Volterra (2006). in Schick: The development of gesture in hearing and deaf children. New York: New York: Oxford University Press, Chapter 3. Volterra, V.; Iverson, J M.; Castrataro, M. (2006). Schick, B.; Marschark, M.; Spencer, P. E. (eds.). The development of gesture in hearing and deaf children. New York: New York: Oxford University Press. pp. Chapter 3. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Volterra Iverson Castrataro" defined multiple times with different content
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Doherty-Sneddon (2008). "The great baby signing debate". The Psychologist 21 (4): 300–303.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Doherty-Sneddon" defined multiple times with different content
  13. ↑ Porpora (2011). The Complete Guide to Baby Sign Language. Ocala:Florida: Atlantic Publishing Group Inc.. ISBN 978-1-60138-393-8. 
  14. ↑ "Teaching Your Baby Sign Language Can Benefit Both of You | Psych Central", Psych Central, 2016-05-17. Retrieved on 2017-04-27. (in en-US)
  15. ↑ Baby Signing (September 2014). Retrieved on 2 March 2016.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Daniels (1994). "The effect of sign language on hearing children's language development". Communication Education 43 (4): 291–298. DOI:10.1080/03634529409378987. 
  17. ↑ Seal (2014). "Manual activity and onset of first words in babies exposed and not exposed to baby signing". Sign Language Studies 14 (4): 444–465. DOI:10.1353/sls.2014.0015. 
  18. ↑ Clibbens (2002). "Strategies for achieving joint attention when signing to children with Down's syndrome.". International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders 37 (3): 309–323. DOI:10.1080/13682820210136287. PMID 12201980. 
  19. ↑ Vygotsky (1978). Mind in Society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 Goodwyn (2000). "Impact of symbolic gesturing on early language development.". Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 24 (2): 81–103. DOI:10.1023/A:1006653828895.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Goodwyn Acredolo Brown" defined multiple times with different content
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Mueller (2014). "The effects of baby sign training on development". Early Child Development and Care 184 (8). DOI:10.1080/03004430.2013.854780. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Johnston (2005). "teaching gestural signs to infants to advance child development: A review of the evidence.". First Language 25 (2): 235–251. DOI:10.1177/0142723705050340. Johnston, J. C.; Durieux-Smith, A.; Bloom, K. (2005). "teaching gestural signs to infants to advance child development: A review of the evidence". First Language. 25 (2): 235–251. doi:10.1177/0142723705050340. S2CID 145633685. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Johnston, Durieux-Smith, Bloom" defined multiple times with different content
  23. ↑ Clibbens (2002). "Strategies for achieving joint attention when signing to children with Down's syndrome". International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders 37 (3): 309–323. DOI:10.1080/13682820210136287. PMID 12201980. 
  24. ↑ Balter (1999). Child psychology. New York: Psychology Press, 116–139. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 Gongora (2009). "Infant sign language program effects on synchronic mother-infant interactions". Infant Behavior and Development 32 (2): 216–225. DOI:10.1016/j.infbeh.2008.12.011. PMID 19233477. Gongora, X; Chamarrita, F (2009). "Infant sign language program effects on synchronic mother-infant interactions". Infant Behavior and Development. 32 (2): 216–225. doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2008.12.011. PMID 19233477. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Gongorra Chamarrita" defined multiple times with different content
  26. ↑ Bonvillian (2000). "Young children's acquisition of the formational aspects of American Sign Language: Parental report findings.". Sign Language Studies 1 (1): 45–64. DOI:10.1353/sls.2000.0002. 
  27. ↑ Grabmeier (25 January 1999). Infants Use Sign Language to Communicate At Ohio State School. Ohio State University. Archived from the original on 14 June 2010. Retrieved on 2 March 2016.
  28. ↑ Capone (2004). "Gesture development: A review for clinical and research practices". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 47 (1): 173–186. DOI:10.1044/1092-4388(2004/015). PMID 15072537. 
  29. ↑ Capone (2004). "Gesture development: A review for clinical and research practices". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 47 (1): 173–186. DOI:10.1044/1092-4388(2004/015). PMID 15072537. 
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