Baale language
| Baale | |
|---|---|
| Balesi | |
| Kacipo | |
| Native to | South Sudan, Ethiopia |
| Region | Ethiopian–South Sudanese border, Boma Plateau in South Sudan |
| Ethnicity | Zilmamo, Kichepo |
Native speakers
|
9,000 (2000–2010)[1] (5,000 in South Sudan, 2010; 4,100 in Ethiopia, 2000) |
Nilo-Saharan?
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | koe
|
| Glottolog | baal1234
|
| ELP | Baale |
Asụsụ Baale, Baleesi ma ọ bụ Asụsụ Baalesi bụ asụsụ Surmic nke ndị Baale ma ọ bụkwa Zilmamo nke Etiopia, maọbu ndị Kachepo nke South Sudan na-asụ.[2] Ọ bụ onye otu Surmic cluster; aha onwe onye nke asụsụ na obodo bụ Suri, nke bụ otu ihe ahụ dị ka nke asụsụ Suri, na-eme ka aha agbụrụ nke na-anabata obodo Tirma, Chai (ma ọ bụ T'id), na Baale, ọ bụ ezie na asụsụ nke obodo ndị a dị iche.[2][3] E nwere ndị na-asụ Baleesi 9,000 ugbu a, 5,000 na South Sudan na 4,100 na Ethiopia; ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ha niile na-asụrụ otu asụsụ.[1]
Yigezu (2005) na-ekwu na ọ bụ ezie na asụsụ Baale bụ Southwest Surmic, ọ na-ewere ọtụtụ atụmatụ nke asụsụ Southeast Surmic n'ihi njikọ siri ike.[4]
Ihe ọmụma n'ozuzu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ndi nọ ná obodo na-asu Baale,Enwekwaziri ike ịkpọ Baleesi Baalesi, Baale, Bale, Baaye, Dok, Kacipo-Balesi, Kachepo, Silmamo, Tsilmano, Zelmamu, Zilmamu na Zulmamu.[2][3][1]
- "Ndị Baale na-akpọ asụsụ ha Baalesi. A na-akpọkwa ha Zilmamo, nke bụ aha mba ha, nke dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na ndịda obodo Jeba, n'akụkụ ókèala ya na Sudan. Ndị Gimira na-akpọ ndị Baale na asụsụ ha Baaye, ebe ndị Anywak na-akpọ ha Dok. Ndị Baale na-akpọ ndị Dizi agbata obi Saara, a na-akpọkwa ndị Amhara Goola. A na-asụkwa Baale gafee ókèala na Sudan, n'ógbè a maara dị ka Kachepo, nke bụ aha ndị agbata obi Toposa, Juje, na Murle ji mee ihe maka ndị Baale na mba ha.[2]
Enweghị asụsụ Baleesi a maara, mana ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na ìgwè Didinga-Murle, nke nwere Didinga, Tennet, na Larim na Sudan, na Murle na Sudan na Ethiopia.[2][3][2] Ọ na-ekerịta 40%-54% okwu yiri Murle na 35% okwu yiri Mursi.[1]
A na-asụ ya n'obodo Rumeat, Upper Boma, na Mewun, Pibor County, Boma State, nke dị nso n'ókè Etiopia.[1] A na-asụkwa ya n'akụkụ ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke East Equatoria State.[1]
Usoro ịgụta Baleesi dabere na iri abụọ ma jiri otu usoro quinary dị ka ìgwè Didinga-Murle. Okwu maka "1,000" pụtara n'ụzọ nkịtị "ọtụtụ," na ihe niile karịrị 100 ka a na-akpọ "ọtụtụ".
Ọ bụ ezie na ndị Tirma, Chai, na Baale mejupụtara otu agbụrụ a na-akpọ Suri, na-ekerịta usoro afọ, ememe nkịtị, na ọdịbendị ihe onwunwe, asụsụ ha nwere njikọ dị anya.[2]
Enweghị usoro ederede a maara maka Baleesi ma a na-ewere ya dị ka asụsụ a na-edeghị ede. A na-ekewa ọnọdụ asụsụ dị ka nke siri ike, nke pụtara na ọ bụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị ma na-eji ya eme ihe n'afọ niile.[1] Otú ọ dị, a ka nwere ike iwere ya dị ka asụsụ dị n'ihe ize ndụ n'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ndị na-asụ asụsụ ala dị.
Ndị ọkà okwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ndị Baale nwere àgwà dị mma n'ebe asụsụ ha nọ, ma jiri ya mee ihe n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ndụ ma e wezụga ahịa.[1] Ụfọdụ ndị Baale nwere ike ịsụ Tirma ma ọ bụ Chai tinyere Baleesi, ole na ole na-asụkwa Dizi ma ọ bụ Amharic.[2]
Ndị na-asụ Baleesi gụnyere ndị na-abụghị ụmụ amaala. N'obodo Jeba, e nwere ndị Dizi na-asụ Baleesi dị ka asụsụ nke abụọ, ma na-arụkarị ọrụ dị ka ndị ogbugbo n'etiti ndị ahịa mpaghara ma ọ bụ mpaghara na ndị Baale mgbe ha bịara ahịa.[2]
Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ nke ndị na-asụ asụsụ mbụ na nke abụọ dị n'okpuru 1%.[1]
Omenala
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ndị Baale na ndị Suri ibe ha na-ekerịta ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ọdịbendị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, omume a na-emekarị n'etiti agbụrụ ndị Surma (gụnyere Baale), bụ itinye efere ụrọ n'ime ọnụ ala nke ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụ nwanyị.[5] Omenala ọzọ ndị Suri na-ekere òkè na ya bụ nke a na-akpọ Donga, nke na-agụnye ndị mmeri nke otu si n'ezinụlọ na obodo dị iche iche na-alụ ọgụ abụọ na abụọ na-eji ogologo osisi. A na-eji emume ahụ eme ihe dị ka ụzọ isi dozie esemokwu na onye ọ bụla ma ọ bụ ọkwa dị elu.[6]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Baale at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Dimmendaal, Gerrit. 2002. "Sociolinguistic Survey Report on Tirma, Chai, Baale, and Mursi" SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2002-033.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Möller, Mirjam. 2009. Vowel Harmony in Bale - A Study of ATR Harmony in a Surmic Language of Ethiopia. BA thesis. University of Stockholm. Online access
- ↑ Yigezu, Moges. 2005. “Convergence of Baale: A Southwest Surmic Language to the Southeast Surmic group, lexical evidence.” APAL (Annual Publication in African Linguistics) 3: 49-66.
- ↑ Video depicting Surma women wearing lip plates
- ↑ Video depicting the Donga stick fighting festival