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Ebe a na-egwupụta tin

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Ebe a na-egwupụta tin
obere ụdị nkeigwu ala Dezie

Ngwuputa tin oria n'isi akwukwo n'oge Bronze Age, n'ihi na ọla bụ ọla kọpa-tin alloy.  Tin bụ ihe na-ahụ ahụkebe na eriri ụwa, yana ihe dịka 2 ppm (ụdị kwa nde), ma e jiri ya njirimara nwere 50,000 ppm.

. [1]Enwere ike ịdepụta mmịpụta na ojiji tin na ọhụrụ nke afọ ọla n'ihe dị ka 3000 BC, mgbe apụta na ihe ọla kọpa kpụrụ nke ọla polymetallic nwere iche dị iche iche ụdị anụ ahụ dị iche iche.  [1] Ihe ọlụ kọpa mbụ nwere tin ma ọ bụ arsenic nke na- ọgụ 2%, ya mere ekwenyere na ọ bụ ihe sitere na ntụ ntụ n'egwu n'ihi ihe dị n'ime ọla n'ime ọla kọpa [  2] N'oge na-adịghị anya, ngwa na mgbakwunye tin ma ọ bụ arsenic na ọla kọpa.  mụbara ike ya ma mee ka nkedo dị mfe ụzọ, nke usoro usoro ọrụ igwe wee weta mmadụ site na Ọla kọpa ma ọ bụ Chalcolithic ruo n'ọgbọ agha n'ihe dịka 3000 BC.  [2] Oriri tin n'oge ọ dị ka agbadoro ụkwụ na nke nke cassiterite .

Map nke Europe dabere na mbara ala Strabo, na-egosi Cassiterides dị nso na nsachatụ ugwu ike nke Iberia ebe Herodotus na-akpa na tin ihe na 450 BC.

. [2]Ihe mbụ mbụ nke iji tin mee ọla kọpa na nso East na Balkans gburugburu 3000 BC.  [1] A ka ama akara ebe a na-egwupụta kọmpụta mbụ, n'ihi na nkwụnye ego gbamgbam dị ụkọ na ihe mgbaàmà na-egosi ngwuputa ihe n'oge adịghị.  mgbaàmà Europe mbụ na-egwuputa ihe dị ka ọ dị n'Ugwu Ore, n'ókè dị n'etiti Germany na Czech Republic ma e debere ya na 2500 BC.  Site n'ebe ahụ, a na-ere akara gbamgbam n'ebe ugwu gaa n'Oké siri Baltic na ndị ruo Mediterranean na-eso ụzọ ahia Amber Road .  Ihe ndị nke ngwuputa tin-ahụ na mpaghara Europe ndị ozo site na ugwu Ore na ihe nkiri nke ngwuputa tin ịrịba iputa na Brittany, Devon na Cornwall, na na Iberian Peninsula gburugburu 2000 BC.  [1] Nkwụnye ego ndị a nrigbu ka ukwuu mgbe ha dara n'okpuru ndị Rom n'etiti àjà nke atọ BC na mbụ awụ mbụ AD.  [2] Achọ maka tin akụkụ buru ibu ma na-eme nke ọma n'etiti omenala Mediterranean nke oge ochie.  [3] [4] Ka ọ na-erule oge Medieval, nkwụnye ego nke Iberia na Germany tụfuru ihe dị mkpa ma chefuo nke ukwuu mgbe Devon na Cornwall akụkọ ịchị akara tin Europe.

[3]N'Ebe Ọwụwa ịnya, a akara iji eriri gbamgbam gbatịpụrụ site na Yunnan na China ruo na Peninsula Malay n'otu oge n'etiti àjà nke atọ na nke abụọ BC.  Egwughị ego ndị dị na Yunnan ruo ihe dị ka afọ 700 BC, mana site n'usoro ndị eze Han abụrụla isi nke tin na China dịka ederede ihe mere eme nke usoro Han, Jin, Tang na Song .

Ozi ndị ọzọ nke ụwa mepere ụlọ ọrụ na-egwuputa ihe n'oge ka oge na-aga.  N'Afrịka, omenala Bantu na-amịpụta, gbazee na mbupụ tin n'etiti tupu afọ nke 11 na 15 AD, [1] na nrigbu tin America bụ n'ihe dịka 1000 AD, na Australia ọ hụ na mbata nke ndị Europe na  àjà nke 18.

N'ime oge etiti, na ụzo na akpara afụ nke 19, Cornwall bụ onye na-ahụ tin.  Nke a ego mgbe a riri nne nnukwu tin na eriri tin Bolivian na eriri tin dị n'ebe ọkụ Eshia, si China chụpụrụ Thailand na Laos ruo Malaya na Indonesia .  Tasmania na-anabata ego mkpa dị ihe mere eme, ike ugwu Bischoff na Renison Bell .

. [4]Na 1931 ndị na-ahụ tin nkata ntọala International Tin Committee, sochiri na 1956 site na International Tin Council, ụlọ ọrụ na-achịkwa njikwa tin.  Mgbe aha ahụ daa n'October 1985, ọnụ ahịa tin nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọkara ọkara.

Tin foil bụ mgbe a na-ekechi ihe oriri na ọgwụ;  ahụhụ na-akpa afụ nke 20 site na iji aluminum foil, nke a na-akpọkarị tin foil, ya mere otu ojiji nke okwu slang " tinnie " ma ọ bụ "tinny" maka obere aluminom metal mepere emepe ụgbọ mmiri, obere ọkpọkọ maka ojiji  .  nke ọgwụ dị ka cannabis, ma ọ bụ maka mkpọ biya.  Taa, a na-ihe okwu ahụ bụ "tin" eme ihe n'ụzọ na- ndidi ka okwu ọnụ maka ọkụ ọkụ ọkụ nke na-abata na mpempe akwụkwọ.  Ọtụtụ ihe ndị na-adị kwa ụbọchị nke a na-akpọkarị "tin", dị ka aluminom foil, mkpọ ihe ihe, ihe ụlọ na ihe onwunwe, bụ n'ezie nke ire ma ọ bụ aluminom, ọ bụ ebe na tin (  mkpọ tinned) nwere mkpa dị mkpa nke tin iji jide.  nchara.  N'otu aka ahụ, ihe a na-akpọ "ihe egwuregwu egwu" na-ama njirimara eme ihe, ma nwee ike ike mmetụta nke tin iji nchara.  Nke mbụ Ford Model T ka amara ọnụ dị ka "Tin Lizzy"

N'ihi na a na-eji tin eme ihe na-ere ahịa, ọ dị mkpa maka kọmputa, smartphones na ngwa eletrọnịkị ndị ọzọ niile. (Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Apple iPad na-eji gram 1-3 nke tin n'ime 7000 solder point.) Dị ka Apple Inc. si kwuo, tin bụ ígwè a na-ejikarị eme ihe nke ndị na-ebubata ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. [5]

. [6]N'afọ 2006, akụkụ nke ogbunigwe n'ụwa nile bụ tɔn 321,000, mmetụta nke smelter bụ tɔn 340,000.  Site n'ọkwa igha ya nke tɔn 186,300 na 1991, gburugburu ebe ọ nọwooro njọ iri awụ gara aga, ihin tin mụbara 89% ruo tɔn 351,800 na 2005. Ọtụtụ n'ime ahụ sitere na China na Indonesia, yana enwe ike na  2004-2005, mgbe ọ mụbara 23%.  Ọ bụ ebe na n'afọ ndị 1970 Malaysia bụ onye na-nna-ahụ ihe , nke nwere ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke mmetụta ụwa, ọ na-adaba ntụ ntụ, ma ugbu a na-ama na-abụ.  nnukwu ụlọ egwuregwu na ebe egwuregwu.  Na 2007, ndị mmadụ Republic of China bụ ndị kasị na-ahụ tin, ebe nkwụnye ego tin na-na-ahụ na ndị mụrụ ndụ Yunnan tin belt, [1] na 43% nke ụwa òkè, sochiri Indonesia, na ihe echiche nke nta ka.  hà òkè, na Peru na nke atɔ dị anya, ka USGS na-akọ.

. [7] [8]Nkwụnye ego ọhụrụ iji kwado n'ọrụ dị.  Ebe ọhụrụ a na-enweta tin nwere ike si na ọkwa dị elu (> 4% Sn) Alfamin Resources Bisie project na DRC, [1] mmepụta na Myanmar [2] na site na Russia, [3] bụ isi na Komsomolsk Tin  Mpaghara.  mpaghara Khabarovsk.  [4] Nkwụnye ego nke Sobolinoye [5] (Sable), nke ikike ikike na Sable Tin Resources bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ebunye tin n'ihe dị nso.  Nkwụnye ego ahụ na-ejide ihe ụmụaka nde tɔn 10 na 0.88% tin (ton 93000) na 0.53% ọla kọpa.  Edere ndị ahụ ahụ na 1987 [6] yana ọkụ ihe ike ike kwadobere na 1993 site n'aka ndị ọchịchị Norilsk Nickel mana n'agbanyeghị na ọ dị nso na-egosi arụghị ogbunigwe n'ihi akụ na-arụ na-amanyere ikike.  Ndị ọrụ na-ejide onwe ya nke Rusolovo bụkwa onye ọzọ nwere ike ibubata ka ọ na-ebuli site na ọkwa ya dị elu (1.5% Sn) Pravoumirskoye mine, nke na-emeri ihe na-enye mmiri.  Ihe ọzọ bụ ọkwa dị ala nke ndị ihe mere eme (0.6% Sn) nkwụnye ego Festivalnoye nke iwu okpukpe na nso nso a;  A na-esikwa sitere sitere na nke a na-arụ ọrụ n'ike ọrụ Gorniy;  Isi akụkọ nke atọ nke Russia ga-abụ ọrụ ọdụdụ Khinganskoye na Republic Autonomous Republic.  [7] [8]

Mgbe ikera tin na ebe a na -akpọ Bisie ugbu a, North Kivu na Democratic Republic of Congo na 2002, iwu iwu na-akwadoghị Brila n'ebe ahụ ruo ihe dị ka tɔn 15,000.  [1] Nke a na-ebutekarị ndị na-aga n'ihu na nke na-adịbeghị anya ebe ahụ, yana na-emetụta mba ụwa.  Tin bụ njọ, dị ka iwu US siri ike-pụtapụta tin maka achọpụtata.

. Na August 2012 cover ndị na Bloomberg Businessweek kwuru na tin Ngwuputa n'abụetiti Indonesian nke Bangka na-aghọ ndị ọzọ ize ndụ na-ebibi dị ka cassiterite ore nkwụnye ego bịara sie ike na-esi.  Ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke agba agba n'ụwa si Bangka na nwanne ya nchoputa Belitung bịa n'ikiri ọmụmụ

Ka olulu gbamgbam na-emiwanye emi karị, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a gbabanyere n'ọgba na-egbu egbu abawanyela. E gburu ihe dị ka otu onye na-egwuputa ihe n'otu izu na Indonesia na 2011 - okpukpu abụọ nke afọ gara aga. Ọnụ ego dị ala nke ndị na-egwuputa ihe na ọrụ ngwuputa—ọkịta na bọket na-abụkarị ngwá ọrụ a na-eji achịkọta ọla, na $5 US nhata bụ ọrụ na-aga nke ọma n'ụbọchị—emewo ka e legharawo usoro nchebe dị ka ịgbanye olulu anya anya.

Na mgbakwunye, mwakpo nke agụ iyi mmiri nnu na-agakarị n'ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri ndị dị n'akụkụ ogbunigwe na Bangka na Belitung. Àgwàetiti ndị a nwere ụfọdụ n'ime ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu nke agụ iyi n'ụwa, ọtụtụ na-eme gburugburu ebe a na-egwupụta ogbunigwe na ndị ọrụ ogbunigwe.

Ịkpọpụta ọla ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri ndị dị n'agwaetiti ahụ amụbaala sedimenti nke liela ahịhịa coral ebe azụ̀ bi ma merụọ ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ azụ̀ n'ógbè ahụ. Nke a bụ n'agbanyeghị mmachibido iwu na-egwuputa ihe n'ime mmiri dị n'ime kilomita anọ site n'ikpere mmiri Bangka.

  • Tin ojii
  • Tin na-acha ọcha
  • International Tin Council

Ihe ndetu

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  1. ↑ Charles (1979). "The development of the usage of tin and tin-bronze: some problems", in Franklin: The Search for Ancient Tin. Washington D.C.: A seminar organized by Theodore A. Wertime and held at the Smithsonian Institution and the National Bureau of Standards, Washington D.C. 14–15 March 1977. 
  2. ↑ Gerrard (2000). The Early British Tin Industry. Stroud: Tempus Publishing. ISBN 0-7524-1452-6. 
  3. ↑ Murowchick (1991). The Ancient Bronze Metallurgy of Yunnan and its Environs: Development and Implications. Michigan: Ann Arbour. 
  4. ↑ Thoburn (1994). Tin in the World Economy. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-0516-9. 
  5. ↑ Cam (23 August 2012). The Deadly Tin Inside Your Smartphone (en). Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved on 10 June 2022.
  6. ↑ Carlin Jr.. Mineral Commodity Summary 2008: Tin. United States Geological Survey.
  7. ↑ EMJ Russian Tin Mines Ripe for Restoration Published: Wednesday, 11 March 2015 10:24
  8. ↑ Промышленные ведомости - Восстановится ли в России добыча олова? / Луняшин П. Д

Ntụaka

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