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Edward Mitchell Bannister

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Edward Mitchell Bannister
mmádu
ụdịekerenwoke Dezie
mba o sịNjikota Obodo Amerika Dezie
aha enyereEdward, Mitchell Dezie
aha ezinụlọ yaBannister Dezie
ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya2 Novemba 1828 Dezie
Ebe ọmụmụSt. Andrews Dezie
Ụbọchị ọnwụ ya9 Jenụwarị 1901 Dezie
Ebe ọ nwụrụProvidence Dezie
Ụdị ọnwụeke na-akpata Dezie
ihe kpatara ọnwụmyocardial infarction Dezie
Ebe oliliNorth Burial Ground Dezie
Dị/nwunyeChristiana Carteaux Bannister Dezie
ọrụ ọ na-arụonye ese, onye na-ahu maka ihe nkiri, osee foto Dezie
ụdị ọrụ yaart of painting Dezie
ebe agụmakwụkwọLowell Institute Dezie
Ebe obibiBoston, Providence, St. Andrews Dezie
agbụrụNdi Afrika nke Amerika Dezie
ụdịlandscape painting Dezie
webụsaịtịhttp://www.edwardmbannister.com/biographies/ebbio.html Dezie
kọwara na URLhttps://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095445489, https://americanart.si.edu/artist/edward-mitchell-bannister-226 Dezie
ikike nwebiisinka dị ka onye okikecopyrights on works have expired Dezie
omenkà faịlụ naSmithsonian American Art and Portrait Gallery Library, Frick Art Research Library, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture Dezie

 

Edward Mitchell Bannister (November 2, 1828 January 9, 1901) bụ onye Canada-American na-ese mmanụ nke Ụlọ akwụkwọ American Barbizon.   A mụrụ ya na New Brunswick, ọ nọrọ ndụ ya na New England na United States. N'ebe ahụ, ya na nwunye ya Christiana Carteaux, ọ bụ onye ama ama n'etiti ndị Afrịka na ndị America na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, dị ka Boston abolition movement. Bannister nwetara nkwado mba mgbe ọ nwetasịrị ihe nrite mbụ na eserese na 1876 Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition. Ọ bụkwa onye guzobere Providence Art Club na Rhode Island School of Design.

Ụdị Bannister na isiokwu ndị na-akụzi ihe gosipụtara mmasị ya maka onye France na-ese ihe Jean-François Millet na ụlọ akwụkwọ French Barbizon. Onye ọkwọ ụgbọ mmiri na-adịgide adịgide, ọ gakwara n'akụkụ osimiri Rhode Island maka mkpali. Bannister nọgidere na-anwale, na ihe osise ya na-egosipụta nkà ihe ọmụma Idealist ya na njikwa ya nke agba na ikuku. Ọ malitere ọrụ ọkachamara ya dị ka onye na-ese foto na onye na-ede foto tupu ọ mepụta ụdị ọdịdị ala ya a ma ama.

Ka oge na-aga, ụdị eserese ala nke Bannister kwụsịrị ịbụ ihe a hụrụ n'anya. Site na mbelata ahịa ihe osise, ya na Christiana Carteaux si na College Hill na Providence kwaga Boston wee nwee obere ụlọ na Wilson Street na Providence. E leghaara Bannister anya na ọmụmụ ihe akụkọ ihe mere eme na ihe ngosi nke America mgbe ọ nwụsịrị na 1901, ruo mgbe ụlọ ọrụ dị ka National Museum of African Art weghachiri ya n'uche mba na 1960s na 1970s.

Akụkọ ndụ

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Oge ọ malitere

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A mụrụ Bannister na Nọvemba 2, 1828, na Saint Andrews, ebe obibi dị na Colony nke New Brunswick nso Osimiri St. Croix. A mụrụ nna ya, Edward Bannister, na Barbados.[1] A mụrụ nne ya, Hannah Bannister (née Alexander), [1] [2] na New Brunswick, dị ka Bannister si kwuo, "otu nkume nke ebe a mụrụ m n'akụkụ Osimiri St. Croix. " [1] Nne na nna Hannah nwere ike isi Barbados. [3][4] Ọ bụ ezie na nne na nna ya abụọ bụ ndị ojii, Bannister ka a na-akọwa mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka "Mulatto". N'oge ahụ, aha a dabere na agba akpụkpọ ahụ dị ka onye na-ewere ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ si ghọta, ọ gosighịkwa njirimara onwe onye ma ọ bụ akụkọ ezinụlọ. [5][6][7]: 23 [ihe odide ala ala peeji 2] Nna Bannister nwụrụ na 1832, ya mere Edward na nwanne ya nwoke nke obere William bụ ndị nne ha zụlitere.[3] Na mbido, Bannister bụ onye na-amụta ọrụ n'aka onye na-eme akpụkpọ ụkwụ, mana a marala nkà ya n'etiti ndị enyi ya na ezinụlọ ya.[8]: 67 Bannister nyere nne ya otuto maka ịkpali mmasị ya n'oge ọ bụ nwata na nka. Ọ nwụrụ na 1844, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị Bannister na nwanne ya nwoke biri n'ugbo nke onye ọka iwu na onye ahịa bara ọgaranya Harris Hatch.[11][8]: 17 N'ebe ahụ, ọ na-ese ihe site na ịmegharị foto ezinụlọ Hatch na iṅomi ihe osise ndị Britain n'ọbá akwụkwọ ezinụlọ.[9]

Ọ bụ ezie na ọ chọrọ ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe, Bannister nwere nsogbu ịchọta mmụta ma ọ bụ mmemme agụmakwụkwọ ga-anabata ya, n'ihi ajọ mbunobi agbụrụ. Boston bụ ebe ndị abolitionist siri ike, mana ọ bụkwa otu n'ime obodo ndị a na-ekewapụ iche na US na 1860. [7]: 17 Bannister ga-emesị kwupụta nkụda mmụọ ya na a machibidoro ya na agụmakwụkwọ nka: "Ihe ọ bụla nwere ike ịbụ ihe ịga nke ọma m dị ka onye na-ese ihe bụ n'ihi ikike e ketara karịa ntụziaka" na "Ihe niile m ga-eme enweghị m ike ... naanị maka enweghị ọzụzụ kwesịrị ekwesị".[8] 

Bannister natara ọrụ ise ihe mbụ ya, The Ship Outward Bound, na 1854 site n'aka dọkịta Africa America, John V. DeGrasse.[3] Jacob R. Andrews, onye na-ese ihe, onye na onye otu Histrionic Club, mepụtara okpokoro ọla edo nke kọmitii ahụ.[8]: 60,67 DeGrasse mechara nye Bannister ọrụ ise foto ya na nwunye ya.[10]: 42 Patronage dị ka DeGrasse dị oke egwu maka ọrụ mbụ Bannister, ebe ndị obodo Africa America chọrọ ịkwado ma gosipụta onyinye ya na ọdịbendị dị elu.[11][8]: 23 African Americans hụrụ portraiture dị ka "ihe dị mma" maka igosipụta nnwere onwe na ohere ha, nke bụ ma eleghị anya ihe mere ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ mbụ Bannister ji dị n'ime ụdị ahụ.[7][11]

Onye na-eme ngagharị iwe na Boston, onye na-ese ihe, na nwa akwụkwọ

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Oil painting portrait of Christiana Bannister. She sits on an upholstered chair and wears a brown skirt and blouse, with a red bow at her throat. She is clasping her hands and resting them on a nearby table.
Portrait of Christiana Carteaux Bannister, Edward Mitchell Bannister, Templeeti:Circa

Bannister zutere Christiana Carteaux, onye na-edozi ntutu na onye ọchụnta ego amụrụ na Rhode Island na nne na nna African American na Narragansett, na 1853 mgbe ọ tinyere akwụkwọ ka ọ bụrụ onye na-akpụ isi na salon ya. Ha abụọ bụ ndị otu abolitionist dị iche iche nke Boston, na ebe a na-akpụ isi bụ ebe nzukọ dị mkpa maka ndị abolitionists nke Africa America. [7]: 23 Ha lụrụ na June 10, 1857, : 23 ma ọ ghọrọ, n'ezie, onye nkwado ya kachasị mkpa. [8][12]:: 103  Di na nwunye ahụ sonyeere Lewis Hayden na Harriet Bell Hayden na 66 Southac Street, ebe nkwụsị na Boston's Underground Railroad (network nkwado maka ndị ohu gbapụrụ agbapụ). [15][12]

N'afọ 1855, William Cooper Nell kwetara na Bannister na-arịwanye elu na The Colored Patriots of the American Revolution maka The Ship Outward Bound. Bannister nwetakwara agbamume ka ọ gaa n'ihu na-ese ihe site n'aka onye na-ese egwu Francis Bicknell Carpenter.[10]: 42 Ka ọ na-erule 1858, edepụtara Bannister dị ka onye na-ese ihe na ndekọ obodo Boston.[8]: 23 N'ihe dị ka 1862, ọ nọrọ otu afọ na-azụ onwe ya na foto na New York, ma eleghị anya iji kwado ọrụ ise ihe ya. Mgbe ahụ, ọ chọtara ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese foto, na-ewere efere anyanwụ ma na-ese onyinyo. Otu n'ime foto ndị mbụ Bannister nyere bụ nke Prudence Nelson Bell na 1864, nke dị gburugburu mgbe ọ chọtara ohere studio na Studio Building na Boston.[3] Na Studio Building, ya na ndị omenkà ndị ọzọ a ma ama, dị ka Elihu Vedder na John La Farge zutere.[7]:: 170  Ozugbo e guzobere Bannister dị ka onye na-ese ihe, onye abolitionist William Wells Brown toro ya n'akwụkwọ ya n'afọ 1865:

Nkwado

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A pastoral oil painting with a small pond in the foreground, with cows grazing nearby. A man is walking down a path toward the pond, with oars carried over his shoulder. A copse of oak trees darken the center and left side of the background, while further back at right another body of water and hills are visible.
Ihe osise e dechara n'oge Under the Oaks ma chee na ọ ga-adị ka ihe osise ya.[8]: 36 : 36 Osisi Oak, mmanụ n'elu ákwà, 1876
A color photograph of buildings along Thomas Street in Providence, Rhode Island. The brick Seril Dodge House at right has three stories. It has a large wooden door, over which a lamp hangs. A small iron sign saying "Providence Art Club" hangs from side of the building, over the sidewalk. A small brick archway connects it to the other Seril Dodge House at left, just out of view.
Ihu ụlọ Seril Dodge dị n'aka nri, ebe Providence Art Club bụ nke mbụ na 1886 [13]

N'ịbụ onye Carteaux kwadoro, Bannister ghọrọ onye na-ese ihe oge niile na 1870, obere oge ka ha kwagara Providence, Rhode Island, na ngwụcha 1869.[12]:: 114  O bu ụzọ gaa ụlọ ọrụ na Mercantile National Bank Building wee kwaga na Woods Building na Providence, ebe ya na ndị na-ese ihe dị ka Sydney Burleigh nwekọrọ ala ma bụrụ enyi na onye na-ese Providence George William Whitaker. O sere ihe osise ndị ọzọ ka oge na- - na-enweta ihe nrite 1872 na Rhode Island Industrial Exposition maka Summer Afternoon - wee malite ịnye ihe osise na Boston Art Club.[8]

Bannister natara otuto mba maka ọrụ ya mgbe ọ nwetara ihe nrite mbụ maka nnukwu mmanụ ya n'okpuru Oaks na 1876 Philadelphia Centennial.[ihe odide ala ala peeji] Ọbụna mgbe ahụ, onye ọka ikpe ahụ chọrọ ịkagbu ihe nrite ahụ mgbe ọ matara onye ọ bụ ruo mgbe ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe ngosi mere mkpesa; mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, Bannister tụgharịrị uche, sị: "Enweghị m obi ụtọ ịmara na ndị ọka ikpe nke ihe nrite amaghị ihe ọ bụla gbasara m, akụkọ m, agba ma ọ bụ agbụrụ. " Bannister kpachara anya nye ihe osise ya naanị otu akara aka ejikọtara ya iji hụ na a ga-ekpe ya ikpe n'ụzọ ziri ezi.[8][8]: 36 Ka ọrụ ya na-etolite, ọ natara ọrụ ndị ọzọ ma nweta ọtụtụ nsọpụrụ, ọtụtụ site na Massachusetts Charitable Mechanics Association (ihe nrite ọlaọcha na 1881 na 1884). [3] Ndị na-anakọta ihe na ndị ama ama n'ógbè ahụ bụ Isaac Comstock Bates na Joseph Ely so na ndị na-akwado ya.[11][8]

Ụdị nka

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A pastoral oil painting. In the foreground, a small figuring carrying an ax over its shoulder holds onto its hat in a high wind as it makes its way along a country path. In the background, several trees are bent by the wind and the sky above, while still somewhat sunny, contains dark clouds on the horizon.
Ọ na-eru nso Storm, Edward Mitchell Bannister, 1886, mmanụ n'elu ákwà, 102.2 cm x 152.4 cm

Bannister na-eto eto kpọsara onwe ya dị ka onye na-ese foto, mana o mechara bụrụ onye a ma ama maka ọdịdị ala na ọdịdị mmiri ya.[8]: 25 N'ịdabere na ihe ọmụma ya banyere uri, akwụkwọ ochie, na akwụkwọ Bekee dị ka onye na-amụta onwe ya, : 47 ọ na-ese ihe nkiri Bible, akụkọ ifo, na ụdị.[10] Dị nnọọ ka George Inness, : ọrụ ya gosipụtara ihe osise, ọnọdụ, na mmetụta nke ndị na-ese ihe na Barbizon nke France Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, Jean-François Millet, na Charles-François Daubigny.[7] N'ịgbachitere Millet na The Artist and His Critics, Bannister hụrụ ya dị ka "onye na- ihe ime mmụọ nke oge anyị" onye kwupụtara "ndụ mwute, nke na-enweghị obi ụtọ ọ hụrụ banyere ya - na nke ọ nwere ọmịiko miri emi".[11][8]

Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Joseph Skerrett kwuru mmetụta nke Hudson River School na Bannister, ka ọ na-ekwusi ike na ọ na-anwale mgbe niile n'ọrụ ya: "Bannister jisiri ike mee ka ndị New England nwee mmasị na nka mgbe ọ na-aga n'ihu na-anwa usoro na ụdị ọhụrụ. " [14] Maka mmekọrịta ha na Hudson River School, e jiri Bannister tụnyere onye na-ese ihe n'oge ya, onye na Ohio nke African American Robert S. Duncanson.[15] N'adịghị ka ndị na-ese ihe na Hudson River School, : 49 Bannister emeghị ka e mepụta ala mara mma : mana o lekwasịrị anya n'ịmepụta "ụdị osisi na ugwu buru ibu ma na-ekpughe ihe" ma rụọ ọrụ ndị mara mma karịa nke dị ebube.[10][16]: 49 Bannister zere "ịdị ukwuu nke mba" nke a na-ahụkarị na ihe osise Hudson River School. [7]

A bright painting of a Boston street scene, rendered with blurred impressionistic strokes. A woman pushes a baby carriage along a sidewalk in the foreground, and in the background several carts, store fronts, and people walking on the opposite side of the street are visible. Leafy trees stretch into the visible, blue sky from the right side of the painting.
Boston Street Scene (Boston Common), (1898-99). Ebe ngosi nka Walters.

Onye na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Traci Lee Costa ekwuola na nkwenye "nwere" na akụkọ ndụ Bannister ewepụla uche na nyocha ndị ọkà mmụta nke ọrụ nka ya.[17]: 89 : 89 N'okwu The Artist and His Critics nyere Anne Eliza Club na Eprel 15, 1886, ma bipụta ya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, Bannister kwupụtara nkwenye ya na ime nka bụ omume ime mmụọ dị elu - ihe kachasị elu nke ihe mmadụ rụzuru. N'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụzọ okpukpe ma lekwasị anya na ihe ngosi nke okike, e jirila nkà ihe ọmụma Bannister tụnyere ma German Idealism na American Transcendentalism. Na nkuzi ya, Bannister zoro aka na ọrụ nke American Transcendentalist Washington Allston. Enyi Bannister bụ George W. Whitaker kpọrọ ya "The Idealist" n'otu edemede 1914 "Reminiscences of Providence Artists".[32][17]: 100 :: 100  Okwu ahụ na echiche ya jikọtara ya na Bannister's Approaching Storm (lee aka nri), nke ọ dechara n'otu afọ ahụ. Ifufe na-eru nso na-egosi onyinyo mmadụ n'etiti ya, nke ala gbara ya gburugburu na-eme ka ọ dị obere. N'agbanyeghị ihe nkiri ahụ, Bannister jiri ụcha dị jụụ nke na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, na-acha odo odo dị iche iche nke na-enye okpomọkụ megide igwe gbara ọchịchịrị, nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke na-achụ odo.[32][17]: 97 : 97 Ọdịiche nke ihe ndị na-ewute na ndị ọzọ na-atọ ụtọ na-apụta n'ọtụtụ ihe osise Bannister.[18]

Ihe Nketa

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Bannister bụ naanị onye isi African American na-ese ihe na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na itoolu nke zụlitere nkà ya na-enweghị ngosipụta Europe; a maara ya nke ọma n'etiti ndị na-ese egwu nke Providence ma nwee mmasị n'ime ụwa nka East Coast.[10]: 40 Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nka chefuru ya ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu narị afọ, karịsịa n'ihi ajọ mbunobi agbụrụ.[11]: 70 A na-ewepụkarị nka ya na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke narị afọ nke 20, : na ụdị ya nke melancholic, nke dị jụụ dakwara n'ụdị ejiji. [13][10]: 51 N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ya na ihe osise ya bụ akụkụ a na-apụghị ihichapụ n'ime mmekọrịta a gbanwere n'etiti ọdịbendị ndị Africa America na ọdịdị ala nke oge Reconstruction America.[19]

Ihe osise Bannister nọgidere na-enweta nkwado site na gallery dị ka Barnett-Aden Gallery na Art Institute of Chicago. [20][10]:: 338  N'ịgbaso Òtù na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ n'afọ ndị 1960, a na-eme emume ọzọ ma na-anakọta ọrụ ya n'ọtụtụ ebe. Na mmekorita ya na Rhode Island School of Design na Frederick Douglass Institute, National Museum of African Art mere ihe ngosi akpọrọ Edward Mitchell Bannister, 1828-1901: Providence Artist na 1973.[21] The Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame webatara Bannister na 1976, na Rhode Island College mepụtara Bannister Gallery na 1978 na ihe ngosi mmeghe Four from Providence: Bannister, Prophet, Alston, Jennings. [22][23][24]

Ihe oyiyi Bannister na Providence's Market SquareAhịa Square

Ụlọ

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N'afọ 1884, Bannister na Carteaux si n'ụlọ obibi Ransom Parker kwaga 93 Benevolent Street, ma biri ebe ahụ ruo afọ 1899.[12]:: 116  Ọ bụ onye injinia Charles E. Paine wuru ụlọ osisi nwere okpukpu abụọ na ọkara n'ihe dị ka 1854 ma a maara ya ugbu a dị ka "The Vault" ma ọ bụ "The Bannister House".[25] Euchlin Reeves na Louise Herreshoff zụrụ ụlọ ahụ na ngwụcha afọ 1930 wee rụzigharịa ya iji gbakwunye brik n'èzí.[26] E mere mmezigharị ahụ iji mepụta nkwekọrịta na ihe onwunwe ha na-esote, ka ụlọ abụọ ahụ wee nwee ike ijide "obere ebe ngosi nka" nke ihe ochie. Herreshoff nwụrụ n'afọ 1967 ma nye Mahadum Washington na Lee ihe ndị e ji arịa mee jupụtara n'ụlọ Bannister. [27]

A na-edepụta ụlọ ahụ ugbu a dị ka ihe na-enye aka na Aha akụkọ ihe mere eme nke College Hill. Mahadum Brown zụrụ ihe onwunwe ahụ na 1989 ma jiri ya chekwaa friji.[26] N'ihi enweghị atụmatụ maka nchekwa na ojiji ya, Providence Preservation Society tinyere Bannister House na ndepụta ya nke 2001 nke ụlọ kachasị n'ihe ize ndụ na Providence.[25] Onye isi oche nke Mahadum Brown Ruth Simmons mesiri onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na onye bụbu osote odeakwụkwọ nke steeti Rhode Island Ray Rickman obi ike na a ga-echekwa ụlọ ahụ, [28] ọ bụ ezie na mahadum ahụ arụrịta ụka ma ọ ga-ere ụlọ ahụ onye nke atọ. [25]

Ihe osise ndị a họọrọ

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  • An oil painting portrait of a young African American boy, who wears a newsboy cap and carries a newspaper in his right hand.
    Newspaper Boy, 1869, oil on canvas, Smithsonian American Art Museum
  • Oil painting of a horse groom, with his back to the viewer, brushing a large, white horse that is pawing the ground and turning to look at the groom.
    Governor Sprague's White Horse, 1869, oil on canvas, Rhode Island Historical Society
  • A seaside scene of groups of people relaxing on the side of a grassy hill. A round fort rises further back, with two people standing atop it. A two-masted boat and a small spritsail sloop are sailing past the fort in the background.
    Fort Dumpling, Jamestown, Rhode Island, Templeeti:Circa, private collection
  • An oil painting of the woody landscape along a river. Large clouds fill the sky, but the light is clear and sunny. Little orange flowers grow in the grass that slopes down from the left side of the painting toward the river.
    Palmer River, 1885, oil on canvas, private collection[29]
  • A graphite drawing on laid paper of a man walking along a forest trail, carrying a walking stick. The trees loom over him, filling most of the page, but there is a small clearing in the trees visible up ahead.
    The Woodsman, 1885, graphite, Providence Art Club
  • A bright watercolor of a thin blue river, surrounded by greenery and rocks. A small, twisted tree sits along the river bank.
    Neutakonkanut, 1891, watercolor, Smithsonian American Art Museum

Edensibia

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Holland and Jennings, Edward Mitchell Bannister, 1828–1901, 17; and Bearden and Henderson, A History of African-American Artists, 41.
  2. ↑ County Council Marriage Records, 1789-1887. Provincial Archives of New Brunswick. Retrieved on 13 May 2024.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Templeeti:Cite encyclopedia
  4. ↑ "United States Census, 1900", FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:M97T-ZQ2 : Thu Oct 05 00:59:35 UTC 2023), Entry for Edward M Bannister and Christiana Bannister, 1900.
  5. ↑ An Historical Scrapbook.
  6. ↑ Hochschild, J. L., & Powell, B. M. (2008).
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 Templeeti:Cite thesis
  8. ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 (1992) Edward Mitchell Bannister: 1828–1901. New York: Kenkeleba House. ISBN 0-87427-083-9. 
  9. ↑ "Call him an 'activist artist': Giving New Brunswick-born painter E.M. Bannister his due", CBC.ca, February 28, 2021.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 (1993) A History of African American Artists from 1792 to the Present. New York: Pantheon. ISBN 978-0-394-57016-7. OCLC 799475571. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 (2006) "Landscapes of Labor: Race, Religion, and Rhode Island in the Painting of Edward Mitchell Bannister", Post-bellum, Pre-Harlem: African American Literature and Culture, 1877–1919 (in en). New York: New York University Press, 59–73. ISBN 978-0-8147-3167-3. OCLC 62766073. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 (November 2001) "'I Would Have Made Out Very Poorly Had It Not Been for Her': The Life and Work of Christiana Bannister, Hair Doctress and Philanthropist". Rhode Island History Journal 59: 103–122. 
  13. ↑ Seril Dodge House II. Guide to Providence Architecture. Providence Preservation Society. Archived from the original on June 27, 2021. Retrieved on June 27, 2021.
  14. ↑ Appiah-Duffell (February 26, 2015). African American Artists and the Hudson River School. Unbound. Smithsonian Libraries and Archives. Archived from the original on December 18, 2020. Retrieved on January 12, 2021.
  15. ↑ (1978) "Edward M. Bannister, Afro-American Painter (1828–1901)". Negro History Bulletin 41 (3): 829. ISSN 0028-2529. 
  16. ↑ Driskell, David C. (1976). Two Centuries of Black American art. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art; Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-40887-3. OCLC 2318292. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 (2017) "Edward Mitchell Bannister and the Aesthetics of Idealism", Locating American Art: "Finding Art's Meaning in Museums, Colonial Period to the Present " (in en). London: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-1-351-55981-2. OCLC 1004362008. 
  18. ↑ "Moody Observations of Nature", The New York Times, December 13, 1992.
  19. ↑ Armstead (2005). "Revisiting Hotels and Other Lodgings: American Tourist Spaces through the Lens of Black Pleasure-Travelers, 1880–1950". The Journal of Decorative and Propaganda Arts 25: 136–159. ISSN 0888-7314. Retrieved on January 5, 2021. 
  20. ↑ Mann (August 7, 2020). Diversity in White House Art: Alma Thomas (en). White House Historical Association. Archived from the original on July 14, 2021. Retrieved on July 14, 2021.
  21. ↑ Cook (1973). "The Museum of African Art". African Arts 6 (3): 21–63. DOI:10.2307/3334690. 
  22. ↑ Edward Mitchell Bannister. Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on February 25, 2017. Retrieved on August 12, 2021.
  23. ↑ Edward Mitchell Bannister. Rhode Island College (2021). Archived from the original on June 27, 2021. Retrieved on June 26, 2021.
  24. ↑ (1978) Four from Providence: Bannister, Prophet, Alston, Jennings. Providence, Rhode Island: Rhode Island College. OCLC 81435712. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Rufa. ""The Vault" on Benevolent St. Remains Closed, for Now", The Brown Daily Herald, September 29, 2010. Retrieved on September 30, 2010.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 "For Sale: the Bannister House", The Brown Daily Herald, February 27, 2015.
  27. ↑ Fuchs II (January 28, 2014). The Reeves Collection Of Ceramics At Washington And Lee University (en). InCollect. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved on June 26, 2021.
  28. ↑ Downing. "Black Contributions Kept Alive", The Providence Journal, March 1, 2009. Retrieved on January 7, 2021.
  29. ↑ Gagosz. "Painting by Edward Mitchell Bannister, a Black Artist and Cultural Leader in R.I., Sold for $277k", The Boston Globe, 25 May 2021. Retrieved on 26 May 2021.

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