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El-Tigani el-Mahi

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El-Tigani el-Mahi
mmádu
ụdịekerenwoke Dezie
ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya1 Eprel 1911 Dezie
Ụbọchị ọnwụ ya8 Jenụwarị 1970 Dezie
ọrụ ọ na-arụphysician Dezie

El-Tigani el-Mahi (Templeeti:Lang-ar; Eprel 1911 – 8 Jenụwarị 1970) bụ ọkà mmụta si mba Sudan, ọkachamara na agụmakwụkwọ, na onye ọsụ ụzọ n'isi ọmụmụ psychiatry n'Afrika. Ọ rụrụ nnukwu ọrụ na mgba mba ahụ gbara maka nnwere onwe ha pụọ na ọchịchị nchigbu ndị British, ma bụrụkwa onye isi ala si n'aka gafere n'aka nke Sudan mgbe Sudanese October 1964 Revolution gasịrị.

Ọ bụ onye na-anụ ọkụ n'obi na-anakọta arịa akụkọ ihe mere eme, ma mara maka Egyptology, na akụkọ ihe mere eme na akwụkwọ Sudan.

Mmalite Ndụ na Agụmakwụkwọ Ya

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A mụrụ El-Tigani el-Mahi na Kawa Village, Mpaghara White Nile na Anglo-Egyptian Sudan na Eprel afọ 1911.[1][2] El-Mahi gụchara akwụkwọ praịmarị ya na Kawa, na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na obodo Rufaa, Sudan.[2] Ọ kwagara Khartoum maka agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya.[2] O nwetara nzere diplọma ya na Ụlọ akwụkwọ ọmụmụ ahụike Kitchener (ugbu a Faculty of Medicine, Mahadum Khartoum) n'afọ 1935.[2][3] Ndị ọchịchị Briten hiwere kọleji ahụ ka ha nye ụmụ akwụkwọ Sudan ụdịrị agụmakwụkwọ ka ọ dị na ọdịda anyanwụ, ọtụtụ ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ wee bụrụ ndị ama ama na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Sudan na ọha mmadụ. Mgbe ọ nọ na kọleji, el-Mahi tinyere aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụmụ akwụkwọ ma bụrụ onye na-akwado ụda olu maka nnwere onwe Sudan. Ọ bụkwa onye na-agụsi akwụkwọ ike na onye edemede, ma nyekwa aka akụkọ na edemede na akwụkwọ akụkọ kọleji na akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ. Mgbe ọ n'eme diploma ya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Sudan Medical Service, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Omdurman, Kosti, Khartoum, na Wadi Halfa.[4]

Ọrụ ya dịka onye na-agwọ Isi Mgbaka

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N'afọ 1947, el-Mahi gara London ịgụ akwụkwọ n'efu n'isi ọmụmụ ọmụmụ isi mgbaka.[5] Na Julaị afọ 1949, o nwetara nzere diploma na nkà mmụta sayensị na Mahadum London,[1][2] wee bụrụ onye mbụ na-agwọ isi mgbaka n'Africa.[6] Mgbe ọ laghachiri Sudan, o guzobere Clinic for Nervous Disorders na mpaghara Mgbago úgwú Khartoum.[1][7] Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ebe dị iche iche n'ofe Sudan, gụnyere Omdurman, Kosti, Khartoum, na Wadi Halfa. A họpụtara ya onye isi na-ahụ maka ahụike ụbụrụ maka Templeeti:III n'afọ 1957, bụ ọkwá ọ nọgidere ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ. el-Mahi mechara bụrụ onye isi oche nke Union of Sudanese Doctors n'afọ 1966. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1969, ọ ghọrọ ọkammụta mbụ nke ọmụmụ isi mgbaka na Sudan na onye isi oche nke ọmụmụ isi mgbaka, ngalaba nke ọgwụ.[5][1]

Ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ ahụike ụbụrụ maka Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office (EMRO) nke WHO site n'afọ 1959 ruo afọ 1964.[8][1] Ọ bụ onye nhazi mbido nke Sudanese Journal of Pediatrics, na otu n'ime ndị malitere African Psychiatric Association.[1] N'afọ 1961, e nyere ya aha "Nna nke isi mgbaka n'Afrịka" na ogbako Psychiatric Pan-African mbụ.[9][5][10] N'oge nzukọ ahụ el-Mahi kwuru:[10][11] 

Na ihe ọmụmụ isi mgbaka n'Africa, mmadụ nwere ike ịgbaso mmalite ya, mgbanwe ya, ntozu okè na mgbasa nke ihe ọmụma gbasara ahụike ụbụrụ mmadụ na gburugburu ụwa taa. (...) n'ìhè nke nnukwu kọntinent a, ga-eduga anyị n'echiche ọhụrụ nke nghọta, ebe akụkọ ihe mere eme, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, akụ na ụba na omenala ga-ejikọ, na-emekọrịta ihe ma pụta dị ka akụkụ dị mkpa nke echiche nke ahụike ụbụrụ mmadụ. N'ebe a n'Africa, ihe atụ na ahụike bụ obodo ka a ga-ewebata anyị n'ụlọ karịa (...)

Ekwenyere el-Mahi na ọ bụ ya guzobere ọmụmụ isi mgbaka ọgbara ọhụrụ na Sudan wee rụọ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịzụlite ọrụ ahụike ụbụrụ na mba ahụ. Ọ bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ n'ọmụmụ ihe ọgwụ ọdịnala na ethnopsychiatry na Sudan,[1] ihe ọmụmụ ịsụ ụzọ banyere anwansi, zaar,[12] wdg na mmekọrịta ha na ahụike ụbụrụ, ebe ha na ndị ọkachamara n'ọdịnala na Sudan na-arụkọ ọrụ.[13][14]O kwuru na a na-elekọta ndị ọrịa n'okpuru ndị na-agwọ ọrịa ọdịnala karịa n'ụlọ ọgwụ.[5] Ihe odide ya banyere isiokwu a kpuchiri isiokwu dị iche iche, gụnyere iji ọgwụ ọdịnala na-agwọ ọrịa uche, akụkụ omenala nke ahụike uche, na ihe ịma aka nke ịnye nlekọta ahụike uche na gburugburu ebe nchekwa ihe. Akwụkwọ mbụ ya, "Introduction to History of Arab Medicine,"[15][16] ka ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ na ndị ọkachamara n'ịgwọ ahụike na mba Arab niile toro nke ukwuu.[4][17] O bipụtara akwụkwọ Psychiatry in Sudan na 1957.[18]

Enyere el-Mahi Dọkịta Sayensị site na Mahadum Columbia na Mahadum nke Khartoum.[1] N'afọ 1971, Ụlọ Ọgwụ el-Tigani el-Mahi dị na Omdurman, ụlọ ọgwụ mbụ e hibere maka ahụike ụbụrụ na Sudan, bu aha ya.[19][20] N'afọ 1972, n'oge nke atọ nke Pan-African Psychiatric Conference, e mere nkuzi iji sọpụrụ ya.[11]

Ọrụ Odide Ihe ya

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Edemede mbụ el-Mahi laghachiri na 1940 mgbe ọ ka bụ nwa akwụkwọ ahụike. O nyere aka n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụike, gụnyere Sudan Medical Journal na British Medical Journal. O dekwara gbasara ihe gbasara ọha mmadụ, ọkachasị ndị metụtara obodo Sudan. Na 1946, o bipụtara otu isiokwu akpọrọ "Sudan na Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ" na Journal of the Sudanese Society, bụ nke o kwuru banyere mmetụta agha ahụ nwere na ndị Sudan.[1]

Faịlụ:Al-Tijānī Māḥī na 1965.jpg
el-Tigani el-Mahi na 1965

el-Mahi bụ onye ama ama na mpaghara akwụkwọ ọgụgụ na ọgụgụ isi nke Sudan bụ onye na-etinyekwa aka n'ụzọ miri emi n'ịkwalite agụmakwụkwọ na mmepe omenala na Sudan.[1] Echiche nke pan-Arabism nwere mmetụta miri emi na pan-Africanism, wee hụ ọdịnihu Sudan dị ka akụkụ nke nnukwu mmegharị maka nnwere onwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na omenala n'ofe kọntinent ahụ.[21] el-Mahi bụ otu n'ime ndị tọrọ ntọala Sudanese Writers Union, otu òtù na-ekere òkè dị ukwuu n'ịkwalite akwụkwọ ndị Sudan na ịkwado mmepe nke ndị edemede Sudan. O guzobekwara Institute of African and Asian Studies na Mahadum Khartoum, nke ghọrọ ebe dị mkpa maka nyocha na mmụta gbasara omenala na obodo Africa na Eshia. Emere ya onye òtù Academy of the Arabic Language dị na Cairo. Na mgbakwunye na Arabic, ọ makwa nke ọma asụsụ Bekee, Asụsụ Hausa, Latin, na Asụsụ Persia.[1][4]

Ihe odide el-Mahi kọwara ọtụtụ isiokwu nke ọma, gụnyere akụkọ ihe mere eme, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na omenala. O dere ọtụtụ akụkọ na edemede maka akwụkwọ akụkọ na Sudan na na mba ndị mba ọzọ.[10] O dere banyere mkpa agụmakwụkwọ dị na Sudan na mkpa o dị ichekwa omenala,[18] wee dee ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, gụnyere "Cultural Heritage of the Sudan" na "The Life of Mohammed Ahmed Al-Mahdi".

el-Mahi mụtara nkà mmụta ihe ochie Egyptology oge ochie na mmepeanya, ma marakwa hieroglyphics.[10] Ọ sụgharịrị ọtụtụ ihe odide hieroglyphic n'asụsụ Arabic ma bipụta akụkọ banyere Ijipt oge ochie, ọgwụ na okpukperechi. O dekwara maka njikọ omenala na akụkọ ihe mere eme dị n'etiti Sudan na Egypt.[18]

el-Mahi bụkwa onye na-anakọta arịa akụkọ ihe mere eme, gụnyere nnukwu mkpokọta akwụkwọ ozi []w:Charles George Gordon | General Gordon]] na ndetu onwe ya, nke o gosipụtara Queen Elizabeth II n'oge nleta afọ 1965 na Sudan.[22][4] Ọ chịkọtara ihe dị puku iri abụọ gụnyere mkpụrụ ego laghachiri n'oge Alexander the Great,[1] na Akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme puku isii bụ akụkụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum Khartoum ugbu a.[10][4][23]

Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ya

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Tupu nnwere onwe Sudan
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el-Mahi bụ otu n'ime ndị isi na mgba a, na echiche ya na mmemme ya rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkpụzi ntụzịaka nke ịhụ mba Sudan na ngagharị nnwere onwe sara mbara. N'afọ ndị 1930, el-Mahi tinyere aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba na Sudan, ma nyere aka guzowe Graduates' General Congress (GGC), otu ndị isi mba na-achị achị nke chọrọ ịchịkọta echiche ọha na eze Sudan megide ọchịchị ndị Briten. el-Mahi tinyere aka na GGC ma bụrụkwa onye na-akwado ụda maka nnwere onwe Sudan.[5][4]

N'ime afọ ndị na-eduga na nnwere onwe, enwere ọtụtụ esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke ọha na eze n'ime obodo Sudan, dịka otu dị iche iche na-achọ ike na mmetụta. Ndị òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Sudanese Communist Party (SCP), nke nwere nnukwu ndị na-eso ya n'etiti ndị ọrụ obodo na ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi, bụ otu n'ime ọgbakọ kacha emetụta n'oge a. el-Mahi katọrọ atụmatụ na echiche ndị SCP, ma ọ matakwara òkè dị mkpa otu ahụ na-ekere na mgba maka nnwere onwe.[5][4]

Mgbe Sudan nwechara nnwere onwe
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Sudan nwetara nnwere onwe site na Anglo-Egyptian Condominium na 1 Jenụwarị 1956, na-ekwenyeghị n'ụdị na ọdịnaya nke akwụkwọ iwu na-adịgide adịgide. Kama nke ahụ, Mgbakọ Ndị Ọchịchị nakweere akwụkwọ akpọrọ Transitional Constitution, nke nọchiri ndétu aha gọvanọ ndị chiri tupu nnwere onwe Sudan dị ka onye isi ala nke nwere Kọmishọna Kasị Elu nke mmadụ ise họpụtara nke ndị omeiwu mejupụtara ya. Sineti a họpụtara n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè.[24] N'afọ mgbe obodo ya nwetara nnwere onwe, el-Mahi sonyeere ndị ọrụ ahụike Egypt dị ka onye isi mgbaka iji kwado nguzogide megide 1956 mbuso agha nke Egypt.[5][10] Ọ gara Egypt ọzọ na Disemba 1964 iji mee mmemme ụbọchị mmeri Egypt na Port Said ya na Onye isi ala Gamal Abdel Nasser.[10][[File:The_Second_Supreme_Council_of_State_1964-1965.jpg] |thumb|[[[Kansụl Ọchịchị Sudan nke Abụọ]] site n’aka ekpe gaa n’aka nri: Tigani el-Mahi, Mubarak Shadad, Ibrahim Yusuf Sulayman, Luigi Adwok Bong Gicomeho na Abdel Halim Mohamed | aka ekpe]]. Agbanyeghị, gọọmentị ọhụrụ chere ọtụtụ ihe ịma aka dị iche iche ihu ka ọ na-achọ iwulite steeti Sudan dị n'otu na nke nwere ọganihu. N'agbata afọ 1956 na 1965, Sudan nwere nsogbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ọtụtụ ndị agha agha. N'ime oge a, ndị agha na-achị Sudan afọ asatọ, gụnyere oge Ibrahim Abboud's president (1958–1964) na Agha obodo Sudan nke mbụ (1955–1972). Mkpebi ndị agha ahụ kpalitere ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị wee kpata ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya.[25] N'oge a, ndị ọkachamara na ndị ọrụ chọrọ mgbanwe miri emi nke mmekọrịta ọha na eze na akụ na ụba iji wusie ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya ike, nke mere ka e nwee mmeri na ọchịchị ndị agha. Mgbe Sudanese October 1964 Revolution kwaturu General Ibrahim Abboud, el-Mahi jere ozi dị ka onye otu nke mbụ Kọmiti nke Ọchịchị, site na 3 Disemba 1964 ruo 10 June 1965, bụ onye na-elekọta Gọọmenti na-emekọ ihe ọnụ nke meghere ụzọ maka ntuli aka izugbe.[26][27] Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke kansụl wee si otú a head of state na 1965.[5][28][29]

Ọbịbịa Elizabeth II na Sudan N'afo 1965

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[[File: Queen's visit to Sudan (February1965).jpg|thumb|Elizabeth II n'oge nleta ya na Sudan na February 1965. N'aka ekpe ya bụ Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, n'aka nri ya bụ el-Mahi na n'azụ ya bụ Abdel Halim Mohamed]

Na 8 February 1965, Elizabeth II gara Sudan wee zute El Tigani El-Mahi, Onye isi oche nke Kansụl Kasị Elu n'oge ahụ.[30] Nleta ahụ gụnyere nkwụsị na Khartoum na El Obeid.[31] Nleta ụbọchị anọ nke Queen, nke mbụ mgbe nnwere onwe Sudan na akụkụ nke njem Commonwealth, jere ozi iji wusie mmekọrịta dị n'etiti Sudan na United Kingdom ike, ma gosipụta oge mgbanwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na omenala. n'etiti mba abụọ ahụ.[32] N’ụbọchị mbụ ya, Queen Elizabeth na Prince Philip nabatara Onye isi ala El Tigani El-Mahi na ọdụ ụgbọ elu Khartoum, tupu nnukwu igwe mmadụ anabata ha ka ha si n'ọdụ ụgbọ elu na-aga Republican Palace, ma ọ nọrọ na colonial. -era Grand Hotel dị na Khartoum, n'oge nleta ya.[33] Na foto e sere n’oge ụgbọ ala steeti si na ọdụ ụgbọ elu Khartoum, El Tigani El - A na-ahụ Mahi ka ọ na-eguzo n'akụkụ aka nri nke ụgbọ ala eze nwanyị, ebe onye agha si n'òtù ndị agha guzo n'aka ekpe. A na-ahụkwa Prince Philip na foto a, guzo n'aka ekpe ma yikwa okpu trilby.[34] Queen England IInatakwara garland ifuru site n’aka ụmụ agbọghọ abụọ nọ na Khartoum, dịka akụkụ nke nnabata ịhụnanya ọ nwetara n’oge nleta ya.[35] Otu ihe pụtara ìhè na nleta eze nwanyị bụ ehihie camel racing, nke ya na El Tigani El-Mahi gara. A hụrụ ha abụọ ọnụ na ụgbọ ala Rolls Royce ghe oghe ka ha na-aga n'ọsọ asọmpi ahụ, ya na igwe mmadụ ndị Sudan na-ekiri egwu na-ekpori ndụ.[36] Nwanyị eze ahụ hụkwara ịgba egwu agbụrụ n'oge nleta ya wee gbakwụnye na mgbanwe omenala mere n'etiti mba abụọ ahụ[37]

Ndị obodo Omdurman na-anabatakwa Queen na Prince Philip, Duke nke Edinburgh, gụnyere onye isi obodo Mansour Ali Haseeb, na mmemme nnabata ahụ gụnyere egwu egwu ọdịnala Sudan.[38] Ezenwanyị na Prince Philip letakwara El Obeid, ebe onye isi ọchịchị obodo, Sayed Suleeman Wagieallah kelere ha.[28]

Afọ ndị ọzọ

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Sudan nwetara oge ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nke abụọ, nke a makwaara dị ka Democracy nke abụọ. Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche nke abụọ na Sudan na-ezo aka na oge site na 1965 ruo 1969 mgbe ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị laghachiri na asọmpi na ntuli aka, nke gọọmenti mgbanwe mere n'April na May 1965. N'ime oge a, ndị ọkachamara na ndị ọrụ radical chọrọ mgbanwe mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze na akụ na ụba. iji wusie ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya ike ma nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'imeri ọchịchị ndị agha na-achị Sudan mbụ.[39] Otú ọ dị, oge ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya adịteghị aka dịka coup d'état weere ọnọdụ n'afọ 1969 mechara, nke Colonel Gaafar Nimeiry megidere ọchịchị onye isi ala [[w:|Ismail al-Azhari] na Prime Minister. Mkpebi a gosipụtara njedebe nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nke abụọ na Sudan wee hụ mmalite nke ọchịchị Nimeiry nke afọ 16.[39] N'ime oge ahụ, el-Mahi nọgidere na-agbasi mbọ ike n'ọhụụ ya nke mba Sudanese na njirimara omenala, ma na-akatọ ọtụtụ n'ime atumatu na omume nke ọchịchị mgbe nnwere onwe. O nwere nchegbu karịsịa maka okwu gbasara ahaghị nhata na mpaghara na mwepu nke ụfọdụ otu dị n'ime obodo Sudan, ma kwado maka usoro ntinye aka na nha anya maka ọchịchị. Otú ọ dị, o lekwasịrị anya n'ọrụ edemede ya na nke uche.[18]

Ọnwụ Ya

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el-Mahi nwụrụ na Khartoum na 8 Jenuarị 1970.[1][4] A na-echeta ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị isi ọgụgụ isi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Sudanese. akụkọ ihe mere eme, na onyinye ya na mgba mba ahụ na-agba maka nnwere onwe, omenala ndị Sudan, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na ndụ ọgụgụ isi na-anọgide na-eme ememe site n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta na ndị na-eme ihe ike taa.[1][4]

Edensibia

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  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 "Prọfesọ Tigani El Mahi: Short biography and photos". Sudanese Journal of Paediatrics. ISSN 0256-4408. PMID 27493362. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Eltikeina, M.. "{{{title}}}". 
  3. ↑ Mohamed Hamad Satti: Ihe ịrịba ama na nyocha Ubi na Ọrịa Ọrịa Tropical, Bacteriology na Epidemiology. ISBN 978-1-0964-3574-7. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 Tijani Al-Mahi, The Encyclopedic Psychiatrist| Sudanow Magazine. Archived from the original on 2023-04-09. Retrieved on 2023-12-12.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 Sheikh Idris A Rahim (April 2011). "The Mahi -Baasher Heritage". 
  6. ↑ Onye isi ala steeti; onye isi Afrịka mbụ na-agwọ isi mgbaka El Tigani El Mahi.
  7. ↑ Tigani El Mahi – Kushsudan.org (en-US).
  8. ↑ Templeeti:Cite akwụkwọ
  9. ↑ Templeeti:Cite akwụkwọ
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 Tigani El-Mahi onye Sudan nke weputara onwe ya dị ka Chief Psychiatrist na Egypt Medical Corps (en) (2022-04-21).
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 (2013) "Tigani El Mahi nke mbụ Ọmụmụ ihe ncheta". ISSN 0256-4408. PMID 27493363. 
  12. ↑ { {Cite web |title=أماني شريف - التجاني الماحي.. رائد الطب النفسي في السودان.. حكايات قديمة عن الزار |trans-title=Amani Sharif - Al-Tijani Al-Mahi.. Ọsụ ụzọ na Sudan akụkọ ochie. Al-Zar |url=https://alantologia.com/blogs/41961/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410222101/https://alantologia.com /blog/41961 Templeeti:Kwuo akụkọ akụkọ
  13. ↑ Templeeti:Cite akwụkwọ akụkọ
  14. ↑ Templeeti:Ce akwụkwọ
  15. ↑ Mayfield, James B. (2012-11-14). Field of Reeds: Social, Economic and Political Change in Rural Egypt: in Search of Civil Society and Good Governance (in en). Author House. ISBN 978-1-4772-7490-3. 
  16. ↑ Māḥī, al-Tiǧānī al- (1959). مقدمة في تأريخ الطب العربي (in ar). الخرطوم, Soudan: مطبعة مصر (سودان) ليمتد, 1959 al-H̱artūm : Maṭbaʿaẗ Miṣr (Sūdān) limitid. 
  17. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named : 0
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Elmahboob, Hiba. Memorial of Scholar (en). Archived from the original on 2023-04-09. Retrieved on 2023-12-12.
  19. ↑ (2011-05-24) "The characteristics of people with mental illness who are under treatment in traditional healer centres in Sudan". International Journal of Social Psychiatry 58 (2): 204–216. DOI:10.1177/0020764010390439. ISSN 0020-7640. PMID 21609984. 
  20. ↑ (December 2009) "The current situation of the people with mental illness in the traditional healer centers in Sudan" (in en-US). Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry 18 (2): 78. ISSN 2232-0385. 
  21. ↑ Salih, Mustafa (2013). "{{{title}}}". Akwụkwọ akụkọ Sudanese nke Paediatrics. DOI:10.24911/sjp.2013.1.17. ISSN 0256-4408. 
  22. ↑ .co.uk/evening-standard/insider/royals/royal-family-members-in-africa-from-the-queen-and-princess-diana-to-meghan-and-harry-a4247661.html N'ime foto: Akụkọ banyere ndị otu ezin’ụlọ na-eleta Africa (2019-09-27).
  23. ↑ (1974) .com/books?id=TyEbAAAAMAAJ&q=%22El+Tigani+El+Mahi%22+-wikipedia Sudan: Librarianship, Documentation. 
  24. ↑ org/blog/sudan-brief-history-1956 Sudan: Nnwere onwe site na agha obodo, 1956-2005 (2011-12-13).
  25. ↑ sudans-political-transition-back-track Itinye Mgbanwe Ọchịchị Sudan azụ na Track.
  26. ↑ Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified. Pusat Ilmu Pengetahuan |url=http://p2k.unkris.ac.id/id3/1-3065-2962/Daftar-Presiden-Sudan_99865_p2k-unkris.html | nweta-ụbọchị=2022-12-12 | webụsaịtị=p2k.unkris.ac.id |archive-date=2022-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212155849/http://p2k.unkris.ac.id/ id3/1-3065-2962/Daftar-Presiden-Sudan_99865_p2k-unkris.html |url-status=live }}
  27. ↑ Abdel Halim Mohamed Halim | RCP Museum.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 ".com/news/world-africa-62290768 Queen Elizabeth II na Africa: Na foto", 2022-09-09.
  29. ↑ Templeeti:Cite akwụkwọ
  30. ↑ Tibber, Peter (2015-02-22). 02/22/50th-ememe-nke-steeti-nleta-of-Queen-elizabeth-to-sudan/ Eme ncheta afọ 50 nke nleta steeti Queen Elizabeth na Sudan | Blọọgụ Ofesi, Commonwealth & Development Office.
  31. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :7]
  32. ↑ (2013) "Prọfesọ Mansour Ali Haseeb: Isi ihe sitere n’aka onye ọsụ ụzọ nke nyocha biomedical, dibịa. na ọkà mmụta sayensị". ISSN 0256-4408. PMID 27493377. 
  33. ↑ QUEEN NA SUDAN LETA EL OBEID NA KHARTOUM. Ụzọ Britain (1965).
  34. ↑ [https:/ /www.rct.uk/collection/2003201/great-welcome-for-the-queen-elizabeth-ii-in-khartoum Keystone Press Agency - Akwa nnabata maka Queen [Elizabeth II] na Khartoum].
  35. ↑ -of-the-sudan Keystone Press Agency - HM The Queen in Khartoum, n'oge nleta steeti na Republic of Sudan.
  36. ↑ McDougall, Russell. [https: //books.google.com/books?id=Dos5EAAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Tigani+El+Mahi%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA370 Leta si Khartoum. D.R. Ewen: Ịkụzi akwụkwọ Bekee, Sudan, 1951-1965]. ISBN 978-90-04-46114-7. 
  37. ↑ -nleta-steeti ha Epoque Limited (active 1965) - The Queen and Prince Philip rutere El Obeid na mmalite nleta steeti ha na Sudan. [Nleta steeti na Sudan, 1965].
  38. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named : 8
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 [https:// fanack.com/sudan/history-of-sudan/democracy-and-military-coup/ Sudan: Democracy and Military Coups (1958 - 1983)] (en-US).

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