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Environmental risk transition

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Environmental risk transition
process

Mgbanwe ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi bụ usoro nke obodo ọdịnala nwere nsogbu ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi na-enwekwu akụ na ụba ma nwee nsogbu ahụike ọhụrụ.[1][2] Na mpaghara ọdịnala ma ọ bụ akụ na ụba na-emepe emepe, ụmụ mmadụ na-ata ahụhụ ma na-anwụ site na ọrịa na-efe efe ma ọ bụ erighị nri na-edozi ahụ n'ihi nri, mmiri, na ikuku na-adịghị mma. Ka mmepe akụ na ụba na-eme, a na-ebelata ma ọ bụ dozie nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi ndị a, ndị ọzọ na-amalite ibili. E nwere mgbanwe n'àgwà nke mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi ndị a, nke na-ebute mgbanwe n'ihe kpatara ọnwụ na ọrịa.

Usoro mgbanwe ihe ize ndụ

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Ihe osise 1. Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, ọrịa, na mgbanwe ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi

E guzobere ọtụtụ usoro mgbanwe iji ghọtakwuo mmetụta nke mmepe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. N'ime ndị a, usoro kachasị ochie na nke a maara nke ọma bụ usoro mgbanwe ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, nke e guzobere na 1940s. Nke a na-akọwa mgbanwe site na ọmụmụ dị elu na ọnwụ dị elu na obodo ndị na-emepe emepe iji belata ọmụmụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ n'ihi mmepe.[3] Mgbe ahụ n'ihe dị ka afọ 1970, e ji usoro mgbanwe Epidemiological gosipụta mgbanwe na ahụike nke ọha mmadụ n'oge mmepe.[4] Iji kpaa ihe na-akpata ọnwụ na ọrịa nke ọma mgbe ị na-amụ mgbanwe ọrịa na-efe efe, e mepụtara ụdị ndị akọwapụtara nke ọma iji kọwaa ọrịa na mmerụ ahụ:[5]

  1. Nke mbụ. Omenala, nke na-efe efe, ihe na-edozi ahụ, perinatal, na nne na-akpata
  2. Nke abụọ. Oge a, ọrịa kansa, obi, neuro-psychiatric, akpa ume na-adịghị ala ala, ọrịa shuga, na ihe ndị na-akpata ọmụmụ
  3. Nke atọ. Mmerụ ahụ na-abụghị mgbanwe, ma n'amaghị ama ma n'ebumnuche
Ihe osise 2. Nke a na-egosi usoro mgbanwe ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi, na ihe ize ndụ ọdịnala dị ka ịdị ọcha ụlọ na-ebelata, ihe ize ndụ ụwa nke oge a dị ka okpomọkụ ụwa na-arịwanye elu, na ihe ize ndụ obodo mgbanwe, dị ka mmetọ obodo na-arị elu, wee daa ka ọha mmadụ na-abawanye ọgaranya ma na-emepe emepe.

N'afọ 1990, onye na-eme nchọpụta ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi Kirk R. Smith na Mahadum California, Berkeley tụrụ aro usoro "mgbanwe ihe ize ndụ" n'ihe gbasara usoro mgbanwe ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na ọrịa.[6][7] Echiche a dabere na ncheputa na a ghaghị inwe mgbanwe n'ihe ize ndụ na-eduga na mgbanwe n'ihe kpatara ọnwụ na ọrịa. N'ime mgbalị iji gbochie, kama ịzaghachi ọrịa, a mụkwuru mgbanwe ihe ize ndụ ma tụọ ya. Ihe osise nke mbuna-egosi mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ihe ize ndụ, ọrịa, na mgbanwe ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, nke ihe ize ndụ na-agbanwe iji metụta usoro ọrịa na ahụike, nke n'aka nke ya na-emetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ. Otú ọ dị, mgbanwe nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-emetụtakwa ihe ize ndụ, ya mere usoro atọ a niile na-egosi mmetụta dị ukwuu na ibe ha.

Usoro "mgbanwe ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi" nke Smith mepụtara n'ihu wee kpaa ihe ize ndụ dị ka ọdịnala na nke oge a yana mbara igwe. Dabere na usoro ahụ, n'oge mbụ nke mmepe, a na-edozi nsogbu ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi na-elekwasị anya n'ụlọ, dị ka adịghị ọcha, site n'ịgbanwe ha n'ime obodo, na-akpata nsogbu dị ka mmetọ obodo. Enwere ike ịkpọ nke a dị ka ihe ize ndụ ọdịnala na nke oge a, n'otu n'otu. Mgbe ahụ, n'elu mmepe ọzọ, ihe ize ndụ ndị a na obodo na-ebelata ma gbanwee gaa na gburugburu ụwa, na-emepụta nchegbu maka mgbanwe dị ka ikuku gas na-ekpo ọkụ, wdg. Ihe ize ndụ nke oge a, n'ụzọ dị iche na ihe ize ndụ ọdịnala, na-enwekarị oge nke mmetụta ọjọọ na-enweghị otu ihe kpatara ya. E mere nhazi ndị a ebe ọ bụ na achọpụtara na ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi metụtara ọrịa nke mbụ gosipụtara onwe ya n'ime ezinụlọ, ka a na-edozi ndị a site na mmepe, mmetụta nke ihe ndị na-akpata gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọrịa nke ụdị II bịara dị ịrịba ama ma pụta na ọkwa obodo.[5] E gosipụtara echiche a na eserese nke abụọ

Ịtụle ọnụ

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N'iji data sitere na Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) na Comparative Risk Assessment (CRA) nke World Health Organization (WHO) na-elekọta, a chịkọtara data sitere n'aka iji nwalee usoro mgbanwe ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi.[5]

Ịtụle mmepe

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Metrics guzosiri ike nke ịjị wee tụlee mmepe na a ọha mmadụ na-agụnye ego kwa onye gbanwere maka obodo ịzụta ike n'afọ 2000. A na-akpọ nke a dollar nke nnukwu ngwaahịa ụlọ / onye isi, gbanwere maka ike ịzụta ($ PPP / onye isi). N'otu aka ahụ, Human Development Index (HDO), na-eji ngwakọta nke ike ịzụta ego kwa onye, afọ ndụ, na ọkwa agụmakwụkwọ na 2000 iji tụọ mmepe na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ.[8][9]

Metrik ihe ize ndụ

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Iji ghọta mmetụta nke ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi na mba ụwa, ọnụọgụ nke onye ọ bụla nke mmetụta nke ihe ize ndụ bara uru karị, ya mere a na-atụle ihe ize ndụ na pasent nke ibu ọrịa niile a tụrụ na pasent Afọ ndụ ndị nwere nkwarụ (DALYs) na ibu nke onye ọ bụla (DALYs kwa onye 1000).[5]

Ezinụlọ

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Ihe ndị na-esonụ chịkọtara ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi atọ dị na ezinụlọ nwere ụmụaka kachasị n'ihe ize ndụ:

  • Mmiri na-adịghị mma, ịdị ọcha, na ịdị ọcha na-enye aka n'ọnọdụ afọ ọsịsa.
  • Iji mmanụ ụgbọala siri ike, dị ka biomass ma ọ bụ coal eji esi nri na ikpo ọkụ na-ewepụta ihe mmetọ nke na-enye aka na ọrịa iku ume dị ala, ọrịa akpa ume na-adịghị ala ala, na ọrịa kansa akpa ume.
  • Enweghị njikwa ụlọ, dị ka nyocha, ọgwụ ahụhụ, na ụgbụ ndina na-eduga n'ogo dị ukwuu nke ịba taa.

Site na mmụba mmepe dị ka egosiri na dollar nke nnukwu ngwaahịa ụlọ / onye isi, gbanwere maka ike ịzụta ($ PPP / onye isi) ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke ezinụlọ belatara nke ukwuu. N'etiti mba ndị dara ogbenye na ndị bara ọgaranya dị ka $ PPP / onye isi obodo kpebiri, enwere ihe karịrị usoro abụọ nke mbelata dị ukwuu nke a hụrụ n'ihe ize ndụ ụlọ.[5]

Obodo

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Site na mmepe, a na-agbasa mmetọ n'ime obodo buru ibu dị ka egosiri na mmetọ ikuku nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe mepụtara.

Aha ndị na-esonụ bụ nnukwu ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị na ọkwa obodo:

  • Mmetọ ikuku n'èzí obodo.
  • Mmetọ ndu sitere na mmanụ ụgbọala na isi mmalite ụlọ ọrụ.
  • Ihe ize ndụ ọrụ dị ka carcinogens, mmerụ ahụ, mkpọtụ, na ergonomics na-adịghị mma.
  • Ihe mberede okporo ụzọ maka ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala na ndị na-agagharị agagharị.

Achọpụtala na enwere ịrị elu na ọdịda n'ihe ize ndụ obodo na mmepe ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe ize ndụ ụlọ, usoro ihe ize ndụ dịkwa mgbagwoju anya ma ọ bụghị dị ka ekwuru. Otú ọ dị, usoro n'ozuzu nke ịrị elu n'ozuzu ya na mmepe, mgbe ahụ enwere ike ịhụ na-esote na ihe mberede okporo ụzọ na mmetọ ikuku. Otú ọ dị, ihe ize ndu na ọrụ gosipụtara ọdịiche dị iche iche.[5]

Global

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WHO CRA nyochara naanị otu ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-egosi onwe ya na ọkwa zuru ụwa ọnụ:

  • Mgbanwe ihu igwe, nke nwere mmetụta na-abaghị uru ugbu a na ahụike mmadụ.

Enweghị data anakọtara maka ihe ize ndụ ndị ọzọ zuru ụwa ọnụ dị ka nkwụsị nke ozone na mgbanwe ojiji ala maka ọrụ ahụ. Achọpụtala na mgbanwe ihu igwe enweela mmetụta dị nta na ahụike mmadụ n'ụwa niile. Otú ọ dị, mkpughe nye mgbanwe ihu igwe ga-anọgide na-abawanye n'afọ ndị na-abịa n'ihu, nke nwere ike ime ka ihe ize ndụ dị ukwuu dị ka ịba.[10] Nsonaazụ na-egosi na ihe ize ndụ sitere na mgbanwe ihu igwe belatara site na mmụba mmepe, na-egosipụta na ndị dara ogbenye na-enwekarị nsogbu ma na-emetụta ọrịa ndị mgbanwe ihu igwe metụtara. Nke a na-emegide usoro mgbanwe gburugburu ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-echebara ebe ihe ize ndụ ahụ dị kama ebe o si. Otú ọ dị, ọ ka bụ eziokwu, na ka mmepe na-aga n'ihu, ihe ize ndụ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na-agbasawanyekwa. [5]

Mgbochi

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A pụghị idozi ma nyochaa ọtụtụ ihe ize ndụ ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi dị mkpa n'ime ọmụmụ ihe ahụ.[11] N'iburu n'uche, "ihe ize ndụ dị egwu", ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi nwere mmetụta ụfọdụ na ọrịa ọ bụla. N'ihi ya, ọmụmụ ihe ahụ kenyere ma ọ dịkarịa ala pasent ise nke ibu gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọrịa ọ bụla na gburugburu ebe obibi, na nhata buru ibu na ọrịa dị ka afọ ọsịsa na-adabere kpọmkwem na ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi.[12] Enweghị usoro ka mma na nke ezi uche dị na ya maka ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi, nkesa 5% abụghị ihe ezi uche dị na ya, mana e ji ya mee ihe dị ka ụzọ isi kọwaa ibu ọrụ nke ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi na ọrịa. Nghọta ka mma nke weebụ zuru ezu na-akpata mmekọrịta dị iche iche n'etiti gburugburu ebe obibi na ihe ize ndụ ndị ọzọ na ọrịa ha ga-adị mkpa maka ọmụmụ ihe zuru oke.

Ọzọkwa, ọmụmụ ihe ahụ anaghị echebara ihe ize ndụ dị elu, obere ihe ize ndụ nke gụnyere ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha (ala ọma jijiji, tsunami), ọdịda teknụzụ dị elu (mgbawa nuklia), ọrịa na-efe efe ọhụrụ na nke ochie kpatara site na ọrụ mmadụ dịka ahia, njem nleta, wdg.[13]

Nchịkọta

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Nkwubi okwu ndị bụ isi:[5]

  • Nkebi nke I (ọrịa na-efe efe) na mba ndị dara ogbenye na-achịkwa ibu ụwa nke ọrịa.
  • Enweghị nnọchi anya nke ọrịa Category II (chronic) maka ụdị I n'oge mmepe dị ka ọ na-abụkarị kama. Ihe ndekọ ahụ gosiri na ụdị ọrịa abụọ ahụ belatara site na mmụba akụ na ụba.
  • Ụdị nke atọ (mmerụ ahụ) ihe ize ndụ na-ebelata site na mmụba akụ na ụba.

Ezi ule zuru oke nke echiche mgbanwe ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi ka na-enweghị ike ịnweta na data nwere ike ịnweta. Otú ọ dị, site n'iji nchekwa data nke ọrụ WHO CRA, nyocha nke mgbanwe ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi na-ekpughe ụfọdụ ihe ndị bara uru:

  • Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ọrịa na-efe efe a na-ahụ na mba ndị dara ogbenye na-akpata site na ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke ụlọ, dịka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ ise nke ọrịa niile na mba ndị dara ogbenye.
  • Ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi na-ebelata nke ukwuu na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu na mmepe.
  • Ihe ize ndụ obodo na-akpata 4.3% nke GBD, na ọnụego kachasị elu na mba ndị nwere ego.
    • Mmetụta nke ndu na ihe ize ndụ ọrụ na-egosi ọnọdụ na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe karịa ihe mberede okporo ụzọ na mmetọ ikuku nwere ike n'ihi ntinye aka nchịkwa na teknụzụ.
  • Ihe ize ndụ zuru ụwa ọnụ site na mgbanwe ihu igwe na-akpata 0.4% nke GBD ma na-ebelata nke ukwuu na mmepe.
    • Otú ọ dị, isi iyi nke ihe ize ndụ zuru ụwa ọnụ, na-aga n'ihu n'elu
  • Ọnọdụ nke ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi na mbara igwe dị iche iche na-akwado echiche mgbanwe ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi.

Ihe ize ndụ

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N'ime usoro mgbanwe ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi, enwere echiche nke "ihe ize ndụ" nke na-akọwa ọha mmadụ na-enwe ma ọdịnala ma nke oge a, ihe ize ndụ ezinụlọ na obodo n'otu oge. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na ya nke nwere ike ịdaba na ọnọdụ a bụ obodo mepere emepe. Ndị mmadụ na-ebi n'ụlọ dara ogbenye ebe mmetọ nke obodo na-emetụtakwa ha, dị ka mmetọ ikuku, okporo ụzọ, na nsị siri ike. Ihe ize ndụ na-emepụta mmekọrịta n'etiti ihe ize ndụ dị iche iche dịka:

  • Mmalite ihe ize ndụ: A na-emepụta ihe ize ndụ ọhụrụ, nsị ndị dị otú ahụ na-egbu egbu site na mkpofu.
  • Nnyefe ihe ize ndụ: Mgbalị ịchịkwa otu ihe ize ndụ nwere ike ime ka ihe ize ndụ ndị ọzọ mụbaa n'ụzọ siri ike, dị ka iji ọgwụ ahụhụ maka igbochi ọrịa.
  • Njikọ ihe ize ndụ: Otu ihe ize ndụ na-agbanwe mmetụta ma ọ bụ ohere maka ihe ize ndụ ndị ọzọ, dị ka mmụba ọnwụ nke ụmụaka na-erighị nri na-edozi ahụ nke nwere oke ohere ịnweta ọrụ ahụike.

Ọnọdụ ndị a nwere ike itinyekwu uche na mmetụta ọjọọ nke ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị na obodo ma mee ka ibu ọrịa na ọrịa dị omimi. Ndị ogbenye si otú a buru ibu nke mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi na-eweta site na mmepe na mgbakwunye na ndị mgbanwe ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ.[14][15]

Ebensidee

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  1. ↑ Smith (1993). Urbanization and the environmental risk transition. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved on 7 September 2017.
  2. ↑ World Health Report 2002. World Health Organization (2002). Archived from the original on December 2, 2002. Retrieved on 7 September 2017.
  3. ↑ (1968) "Early fertility decline in Austria-Hungary: a lesson in demographic transition". Daedalus 97 (2): 502–22. PMID 11609516. 
  4. ↑ (2005) "The epidemiologic transition: a theory of the epidemiology of population change. 1971". The Milbank Quarterly 83 (4): 731–57. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00398.x. PMID 16279965. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 How Environmental Health Risks Change with Development: The Epidemiologic and Environmental Risk Transitions Revisited (2005). Archived from the original on 12 August 2017. Retrieved on 5 June 2018.
  6. ↑ (1989) "The risk transition and developing countries.". Understanding Global Environmental Change: The Contributions of Risk Analysis and Management. 
  7. ↑ Smith (1990). "The risk transition.". Int. Environ. Aff.. 
  8. ↑ The World Bank (2002-04-30). "World development indicators 2002". 
  9. ↑ Human Development Report 2002. hdr.undp.org. Retrieved on 2018-06-08.
  10. ↑ (March 2001) "Climate change and mosquito-borne disease". Environmental Health Perspectives 109 Suppl 1 (Suppl 1): 141–61. DOI:10.1289/ehp.01109s1141. PMID 11250812. 
  11. ↑ (2001) "Environmental health.". International Public Health: 379–438. 
  12. ↑ (September 1999) "How much global ill health is attributable to environmental factors?". Epidemiology 10 (5): 573–84. DOI:10.1097/00001648-199909000-00027. PMID 10468437. 
  13. ↑ Daily (July 1996). "Impacts of development and global change on the epidemiological environment" (in en). Environment and Development Economics 1 (3): 311–346. DOI:10.1017/S1355770X00000656. 
  14. ↑ Environmental hazards during economic development: the risk transition and overlap. (1994). Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved on 8 June 2018.
  15. ↑ (1994) "Development, health, and the environmental risk transition.". International Perspectives in Environment, Development, and Health. 
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