Farag Foda
Farag Foda فرج فودة | |
|---|---|
 Farag Foda in the 1980s | |
| Born |
20 Ọgọstụ 1945 |
| Died | 8 Juunu 1992 (aged 46) |
| Cause of death | Assassination by al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya |
| Nationality | Egyptian |
| Occupation | Professor, writer |
Farag Foda (Arabic: فرج فودة [ˈfɑɾɑɡ ˈfoːdæ, ˈfuːdæ]; 20 Ọgọst 1945 - 8 June 1992) bụ onye prọfesọ Egypt a ma ama, onye edemede, onye ode akwụkwọ, [1] na onye na-akwado ikike mmadụ.t.[1]
Ndị otu Islamist al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya gburu ya na 8 June 1992 mgbe kọmitii ndị ọkà mmụta (Ulama) na Mahadum al-Azhar boro ya ebubo nkwulu.[2]
Farag Foda bụ otu n'ime mmadụ 202 e gburu site na " mwakpo ndị Alakụba" n'Ijipt n'etiti Machị 1992 na Septemba 1993.[1] Na Disemba 1992, a machibidoro ọrụ ndị ọ chịkọtara iwu. [3]
Akụkọ ndụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A mụrụ Farag Foda na El Zarqa nke dị nso na Damietta na Delta Nile. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka prọfesọ nke ọrụ ugbo.[1] O dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, ma nye aka dị ka onye na-ede akwụkwọ na magazin Ijipt October.[1] Foda dere n'oge Islam revival na-eto eto mmetụta nke Islamism, ma ime ihe ike ma na-adịghị eme ihe ike. Na Iran, ndị Islamists kwaturu Shah na 1979.
N'afọ 1983, ndị Hezbollah gburu onwe ha na bọmbụ bibiri ụlọ ndị agha America na France nọ na Beirut, na-egbu ọtụtụ narị mmadụ. N'Ijipt, ụfọdụ ndị na-azọrọ na ha bụ ndị ụbụrụ na-aghọ nkọ nke Marxist (dị ka Muhammad Imara ma ọ bụ Tariq al-Bishri) gbanwere Islamism. Ogologo afụ ọnụ ghọrọ ihe a na-ahụkarị na hijab ghọrọ ihe iwu kwadoro karịa ka ọ dị na mahadum na ọfịs gọọmentị. Na mbido afọ 1980, ndị Alakụba na-emegide onwe ha gburu onye isi ala Anwar Sadat ma wakpo ụlọ ụka, ụlọ, na ụlọ ahịa ndị Ọtọdọks. N'ime obodo ụfọdụ ebe gọọmentị na-enweghị ike ma ọ bụ ikike, ndị Copt kọrọ na ha na-apụnara mmadụ ihe site na jizya; [4] site na 1992-1998, ndị Alakụba gụnyere Islamic Group nke gburu Foda lụrụ ọgụ megide gọọmentị Ijipt nke ọ dịkarịa ala ndị uwe ojii Ijipt 796, ndị agha, na ndị nkịtị gụnyere ọtụtụ ndị njem nleta mba ọzọ nwụrụ. [5]
Echiche na echiche
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'ime mmadụ ole na ole gbachitere secularism na ikike ụmụ mmadụ 'Western', bụ Farag Foda.[1] Achọpụtara Foda maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya na satires nke Islam fundamentalism na Egypt. N'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ, o gosipụtara (ihe o kwenyere na ọ bụ) ebe adịghị ike na echiche Islamist na ọchịchọ ya maka iwu Sharia, na-ajụ ka ọ ga-esi edozi nsogbu ndị dị ka ụkọ ụlọ. Ọ katọrọ ndị isi Islamist dị ka Anwar al-Jundi - onye toro ndị ọchịchị Secularist, ndị na-emegide Muslim Brotherhood nke Gamal Abdel-Nasser n'akwụkwọ 1965 - na Muhammad al-Hayyawan - onye ndu Muslim Brotherhood onye kwuru na 1988 Armenian. ala ọma jijiji nye ntaramahụhụ Chineke nke ndị Soviet Union na-ekweghị na Chineke, ma ọ dịghị nkọwa maka ala ọma jijiji ahụ 1990 na-egbukwa egbu. Islam Republic of Iran.
Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ebo ya ebubo ndapụ n'ezi ofufe, Foda kwuru na ọ na-agbachitere Islam megide mgbagwoju anya ya site n'aka ndị Alakụba, na-ekwu na "Islam bụ okpukpe na ndị Alakụbụba bụ ụmụ mmadụ; okpukpe enweghị ụta, ebe ụmụ mmadụ na-emejọ".[4] Mgbe otu akwụkwọ akụkọ Islamist katọrọ mgbasa ozi nke ballet Swan Lake na telivishọn dị ka omume rụrụ arụ, ọ rụrụ ụka na nsogbu ahụ dị n'ime "onye na-ekiri ma ọ bụ onye na-ekiri (mushahid) karịa ihe a na-ele anya ma ọ bụ ihe a na ya anya (mushahad) " ma hotara akụkụ dị iche iche site n'akwụkwọ 1979, The Jurisprudence of Looking in Islam, nke na-eduzi ụmụ nwoke izere ile anya na ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke na, "karịsịa, ụmụ nwoke ihu dị nro".[4] N'otu kọlụm dị na magazin Ọktoba obere oge tupu ọnwụ ya, ọ kwara arịrị na "ụwa gbara anyị gburugburu na-arụsi ọrụ ike na mmeri nke mbara igwe, injinia mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ihe ịtụnanya nke kọmputa," ebe ndị ọkà mmụta Alakụba na-echegbu onwe ha banyere mmekọahụ na paradaịs.[1]
Ogbugbu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Na 8 June 1992, Foda, mgbe ọ hapụsịrị ụlọ ọrụ ya, ndị ogbu mmadụ abụọ gbagburu. Nwa ya nwoke na ndị ọzọ nọ nso merụrụ ahụ nke ukwuu na mwakpo ahụ. A kọrọ na ndị omekome abụọ a “na-enyocha mmegharị Farag Foda ma na-ekiri ụlọ ya na mpaghara al-Nuzha na Heliopolis ruo ọtụtụ izu.”[1] Otu jihadist Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya kwuputara ibu ọrụ. [6]
Tupu ọnwụ ya, Al-Azhar boro Farag Foda ebubo nkwulu.[4] Ndị Al-Azhar Ulama si otú a nabata fatwā gara aga site n'aka Sheikh al-Azhar, Jadd al-Haqq, na-ebo Foda na ndị edemede ndị ọzọ na-abụghị nke okpukpe ebubo ịbụ "ndị iro nke Islam".[7]
N'okwu nke kwuru na ọ bụ ogbugbu a, Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya boro Foda ebubo na ọ bụ onye si n'ezi ofufe dapụ na Islam, na-akwado ikewa okpukperechi na steeti, na ịkwado usoro iwu dị na Egypt kama itinye Shari' n'ọrụ. a.[1] Ndị otu ahụ zoro aka n'ụzọ doro anya na fatwa okpukperechi nke Al-Azhar mgbe ha na-ekwupụta ọrụ.[2] E mechara tọhapụ asatọ n'ime ndị Islamist iri na atọ ahụ e kpere ikpe maka igbu ọchụ.[8]
Otu n'ime ndị metụtara ogbugbu Foda, Abu El'Ela Abdrabu (Abu Al-'Ela Abd Rabbo), ka a tọhapụrụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ n'afọ 2012 mgbe ọ nọsịrị n'ụlọ ikpe ya. N'ajụjụ ọnụ nke gosipụtara na Al-Arabiya TV na June 14, 2013 (dị ka MEMRI sụgharịrị), Abdrabu gbachitere ogbugbu Foda, na-ekwu na "Nta ahụhụ maka onye si n'ezi ofufe dapụ bụ ọnwụ, ọbụlagodi na ọ na-akwagharị" nakwa na "...[ọ] onye ọchịchị anaghị emejuputa shari'a, onye ọ bụla n'ime ụmụ amaala nwere ikike ị ga-enye ntaramahụhụ nke Allah. "Farag Foda ka ị ga-an, ma nye gị site na-agwa gị site na ị ga-enweta ihe mgbu gị site na Here".[if][]
Nwa nwanyị nke okenye Foda bụ Samar agbaghawo nkwupụta banyere ndapụ n'ezi ofufe nke nna ya, na-ekwu, sị: "Nna m bụ onye na-eche echiche n'echiche zuru oke nke okwu ahụ ma jiri obi ya niile gbachitere okpukpe dị mma. Ana m ịma ndị gburu ya aka ma ọ bụrụ na ha nwere ike ịhụ otu ederede n'ihe odide ya megide okpukpe. "[9]
Ọrụ ndị e bipụtara
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Foda dere akwụkwọ iri na abụọ n'asụsụ Arabic:
- Eziokwu Na-adịghị
- Nkwurịta Okwu Banyere Sharia
- Onye na-egbu egbu
- Ịkpa Ókè?
- Tupu ọdịda - 1st Print 1985. Mbipụta nke Abụọ 1995
- Nkwurịta Okwu Banyere Ịkwụsị Ọchịchị - 1st Print 1993. Mbipụta nke Abụọ 2005
- The Warning - 1st Print 1989. Mbipụta nke Abụọ 2005
- The Played - 1st Print 1985. Mbipụta nke Abụọ 2004
- Ịbụ ma ọ bụ ghara ịbụ - 1st Print 1988. Mbipụta nke Abụọ 2004
- Alụmdi na Nwunye Obi Ụtọ - 1st Print 1990. Mbipụta nke Abụọ 2004
- Atụmatụ Ponzi
- Ya mere, Okwu agaghị adị n'ikuku
Hụkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Nnupụisi n'ezi ofufe
- Ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ n'Ijipt
- Iyi ọha egwu n'Ijipt
Ihe odide
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Miller (19 July 2011). God Has Ninety-Nine Names: Reporting from a Militant Middle East. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781439129418. Retrieved on 11 November 2020. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Miller" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ DOCUMENT - EGYPT: HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES BY ARMED GROUPS. amnesty.org. Amnesty International (September 1998). Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved on 2 December 2015.
- ↑ de Baets (2002). Censorship of Historical Thought: A World Guide, 1945-2000. Greenwood Publishing. ISBN 9780313311932. Retrieved on 2020-11-11. “In December 1992 Foda's collected works were banned”
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Soage (2007). "Faraj Fawda, or the Cost of Freedom of Expression". Middle East Review of International Affairs 11 (2): 26–33. Retrieved on 17 July 2014. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Soage" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Pollard. "Egypt's military gambles with repression", Sydney Morning Herald, December 27, 2013. Retrieved on 17 July 2014.
- ↑ de Waal (2004). Islamism and Its Enemies in the Horn of Africa. C. Hurst & Co.
- ↑ Bar (2008). Warrant for Terror: The Fatwas of Radical Islam and the Duty to Jihad. Rowman & Littlefield.
- ↑ Brown (1997). The Rule of Law in the Arab World: Courts in Egypt and the Gulf. Cambridge University Press.
- ↑ Al Sherbini. "Slain Egyptian anti-Islamist writer Faraj Fouda remembered", Gulf News, 12 June 2013. Retrieved on 14 January 2014.