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George Bizos

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George Bizos (Greek: Γιώργος Μπίζος; [1] 14 Nọvemba 1927 – 9 Septemba 2020) bụ onye ọka iwu na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na Greek-South Africa onye lụsoro ọgụ megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na South Africa. Achọpụtara ya maka ịnọchite anya Nelson Mandela n'oge ikpe Rivonia. Ọ gwara Mandela ka ọ gbakwunye iru eru "ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa" na adreesị ikpe ya, bụ nke a na-ekwu na ọ zọpụtara ya na ikpe ọnwụ. Bizos nọchikwara anya ezinaụlọ nke ndị na-akwado ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke gọọmentị gburu, n'oge a na-anụ okwu nke Truth and Reconciliation Commission.

Oge ọ malitere

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Bizos bụ nwa Antonios "Antoni" Bizos, onye isi obodo nke obere obodo Vasilitsi, ndịda Koroni na Kalamata nke dị na peninsula Messenia nke Peloponnese, Greece. A mụrụ ya na 14 November 1927, n'agbanyeghị na e dekọrọ nke a ezighi ezi na akwụkwọ njirimara South Africa ya dị ka 1928, n'ihi nkwupụta nna ya gwara ndị ọchịchị mgbe ọ bịarutere Egypt.[1]

Na Mee 1941 mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na atọ, Bizos na nna ya nyeere Ndị agha New Zealand asaa aka (Don Gladding, Mick Karup, Peter Martin, John Lewis na ndị ọzọ atọ) ndị zoro n'ugwu iji gbapụ n'ala ndị Gris nke Germany weghaara na Krit. 9 ahụ gawara n'oké osimiri n'abalị, naanị na compass dị ọnụ ala na map e wepụrụ site na atlas, na-ezube ịgbaga Krit. N'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'oké osimiri, ifufe siri ike wepụrụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ ma dọwaa ákwà ya. Ndị ikom ahụ ga-agbanwerịta ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri, n'abalị niile, ruo mgbe ha jisiri ike rụzie ákwà ifufe ahụ. N'ụbọchị nke atọ, ha hụrụ ụgbọ mmiri n'ebe dị anya. Ha jisiri ike dọta uche nke ndị ọrụ nke ihe mechara bụrụ onye na-ebibi ụgbọ mmiri Britain, HMS <i id="mwLQ">Kimberley</i>, n'ụzọ ọ na-aga Agha nke Krit. Mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, Kimberley kpọpụrụ ya na nna ya na Alexandria, Ijipt.[2]

Dị ka onye gbara ọsọ ndụ, e zigara Bizos na Union of South Africa wee daa na Durban.[3] Site n'ebe ahụ, o ji ụgbọ okporo ígwè gaa Johannesburg, na-agbadata na ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè Braamfontein.[4] N'oge ahụ, Ossewabrandwag, otu ndị Afrikaner nwere ọmịiko Ndị Nazi, na-eme ngagharị iwe megide mbata nke ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ. Ossewabrandwag boro Jan Smuts ụta maka iwebata Vuilgoed (ihe mkpofu) nke Europe na South Africa. Ndị Gris nọ n'ógbè ahụ nyeere aka itinye ya n'ime ọha mmadụ.[5]

Bizos agaghị ụlọ akwụkwọ n'ime afọ abụọ mbụ ya na mba ahụ ebe ọ na-asụghị Bekee ma ọ bụ Afrikaans.[5] Ọ banyere na Mahadum nke Witwatersrand na 1949, ebe ọ zutere Nelson Mandela wee nweta nzere Bachelor of Arts afọ atọ, wee soro ya nweta nzere LLB afọ atọ.[6] Ọ bụ n'oge a ka ọ malitere ịrụsi ọrụ ike na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, sonye na Kansụl nnọchiteanya ụmụ akwụkwọ n'okpuru nduzi nke Harold Wolpe.[4]

Ọrụ iwu

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Oge ịkpa ókè agbụrụ

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Bizos sonyeere ndị ọkàiwu na Johannesburg n'afọ 1954.[4] N'ime afọ 1950 na 1960 ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ nye ọtụtụ ndị a ma ama gụnyere Trevor Huddleston nke Sophiatown.[4]

Na ikpe ikpe Rivonia site na 1963 ruo 1964, Bizos so na ndị otu gbachitere Nelson Mandela, Govan Mbeki na Walter Sisulu. A mara ndị eboro ebubo mkpọrọ ndụ, mana ha gbapụrụ ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ekwu mgbe ụfọdụ na ọ na-ekwu na ọ depụtara okwu a ma ama nke Mandela kwuru n'oge ikpe ahụ, ọ na-ekwu na isi ihe nyere ya aka bụ inye ndụmọdụ maka iji okwu ndị a "ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa" tupu Mandela kwuo na ọ dị njikere ịnwụ. Bizos kwenyere na nke a nwere ike itinye aka na ịzere ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ, site n'ime ka Mandela ghara ịdị ka ọ na-achọ igbu mmụọ.[1] Ikpe a hụrụ mbata nke otu ndị ọka iwu ruuru mmadụ - Joel Joffe, Harry Schwarz, Arthur Chaskalson na Harold Hanson.[7]

Bizos bụ kansụl maka ndị a na-ebo ebubo na ọ dịkarịa ala ikpe 26 ndị ọzọ a ma ama na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na nyocha. N'afọ 1969, ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka ịgbachitere Winnie Madikizela-Mandela na ndị ọzọ 21 na ebubo nke imebi Iwu Mmachibido Iwu Kọmunist na Iwu Òtù Iwu. [8] Ya na Arthur Chaskalson na Dennis Kuny, ọ nọchitekwara anya NUSAS Five bụ ndị e boro ebubo ịkwalite ebumnuche nke African National Congress na ọchịchị Kọmunist na 1975. [8]

Bizos mechara bụrụ onye isi otu Johannesburg Bar na 1978. Ọ bụ onye otu National Council of Lawyers for Human Rights, nke o nyere aka chọta na 1979. Ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ dị elu na Legal Resources Centre na Johannesburg na Constitutional Litigation Unit. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye ọka ikpe n'ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị ikpe nke Botswana site na 1985 ruo 1993. [9]

Mgbe ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gasịrị

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Bizos ghọrọ onye otu African National Congress' (ANC) Legal and Constitutional Committee na 1990, [1] na na Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ ndị otu mkparita uka wee sonye n'ịmepụta iwu oge. . O tinyere aka na idebe iwu, na karịsịa Iwu Eziokwu na Ndozigharị na mmezigharị na Usoro Usoro Mpụ, iji mee ka ọ dabara na isi nke 3 nke usoro iwu ahụ, na-ekwe nkwa ikike ndị bụ isi maka ụmụ amaala South Africa niile..[10][11]

E debere Bizos dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na nyocha dị iche iche banyere ọnwụ nke ndị mmadụ nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ.[4] N'oge ikpe nke Truth and Reconciliation Commission, ọ bụ onye ndú nke otu na-emegide arịrịọ maka mgbaghara n'aha Biko, Hani, Goniwe, Calata, Mkonto, Mhlauli, Slovo na Schoon. [5][12]

Onye isi ala Mandela họpụtara Bizos ka ọ bụrụ Kọmitii Ọrụ Ikpe na 1994.[1] Ọ bụ ya kpatara ịkwado ndị ga-ahọpụta dịka ndị ọka ikpe, yana ịtụpụta mgbanwe mgbanwe nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na usoro ikpe. Bizos bụ onye ndú nke otu maka Gọọmenti South Africa na-arụ ụka na ọnwụ ọnwụ na-akwadoghị, [2] na ndụmọdụ maka National Assembly na Asambodo nke Constitution site na Constitutional Court. O mechara rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ gbasara iwu nye Mandela na 2005, n'oge esemokwu iwu dị ilu na onye ọka iwu nke ikpeazụ, Ismail Ayob.[4][5][6][7] Ọ nọchitere anya otu ndị otu ndị China nke South Africa n'okwu nke kwụsịrị na 2008 bụ nke enyere ndị China South Africa ọkwa 'enweghị nsogbu na mbụ', wee mee ka ha tozuo maka uru Black Economic Empowerment..[13]

Ihe nkiri banyere Rivonia

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Na 2017 Bizos pụtara ya na ndị na-anwụ anwụ na ikpe Rivonia, Denis Goldberg, Andrew Mlangeni na Ahmed Kathrada, yana ndị ọka iwu ibe ya Joel Joffe na Denis Kuny, na ihe nkiri nkiri akpọrọ Life is Wonderful, nke Sir Nicholas Stadlen duziri, [1] ] nke na-akọ akụkọ banyere ikpe ahụ. Aha ahụ gosipụtara okwu Goldberg gwara nne ya na ngwụcha ikpe ahụ mgbe ọ nụrụ na a gbanapụrụ ya na ndị otu ya ikpe ọnwụ..[14][15][16]

Ndị ama ama nọchitere anya

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Bizos nọchitere anya ndị na-esonụ, n'etiti ndị ọzọ:

  • Nelson Mandela, kemgbe afọ 1950[4][11]
  • Trevor Huddleston nke Sophiatown, 1950s[4]
  • Mac Maharaj na ikpe Little Rivonia [4]
  • Govan Mbeki na Ikpe Rivonia na 1963-64 [4]
  • Walter Sisulu na ikpe Rivonia na 1963-64, na mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị nwunye ya [4]
  • Ezinụlọ Ahmed Timol, banyere ọnwụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na 1971 [4]
  • Ezinụlọ Steve Biko, banyere ọnwụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na 1977 [11]
  • Ezinụlọ Neil Aggett, banyere ọnwụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na 1982 [4]
  • Rob Adam na ikpe maka itinye aka na ọrụ ANC, 1982 [4]
  • Patrick Lekota (nke a maara dị ka "Terror") na Popo Molefe na Delmas Treason Trial, 1985-89 [17][12]
  • Ezinụlọ Chris Hani, n'oge a na-ege ntị na Truth and Reconciliation Commission ebe ndị gburu Hani tinyere akwụkwọ maka mgbaghara [18]
  • Morgan Tsvangirai, onye ndú nke Movement for Democratic Change of Zimbabwe, mgbe e boro ya ebubo na ọ na-eme atụmatụ iwe ọchịchị tupu ntuli aka nke afọ 2002 [11][9]
  • Winnie Madikizela-Mandela[11]

Ihe omume ndị ọzọ

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N'afọ ndị 1970 Bizos nyere aka malite ụlọ akwụkwọ Grik, nke a na-akpọ SAHETI. Ọ nabatara Hellenism, ma ọ bụghị onye na-ewepu, ọbụlagodi n'oge obi nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Ọ bụ ebe a ka ndị mmadụ dị ka ụmụ Chris Hani gụrụ akwụkwọ.

Abụọ n'ime ụmụ nwanyị Mandela wetara ụlọikpe n'afọ 2013 ịchụpụ Bizos, onye bụbu minista na-ahụ maka ụlọ Tokyo Sexwale na onye ọka iwu Bally Chuene dị ka ndị isi nke ụlọ ọrụ Mandela abụọ. Bizos kwuru na ụmụ nwanyị na-agbalị "ịnweta aka ha n'ihe na-ekwesịghị ire". Ikpe a gbutere oge ka onye ọkaiwu ụmụ nwanyị Ismail Ayob wepụrụ na ikpe ahụ..[19][20][21][22]

Ndụ onwe onye na ọnwụ

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Bizos lụrụ Arethe Daflos, onye a maara dị ka "Rita", onye ọ zutere na 1948 mgbe ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ nka. Di na nwunye ahụ nwere ụmụ nwoke atọ. Rita nwụrụ na 2017, obere oge tupu ụbọchị ọmụmụ di ya dị afọ iri itoolu. [23] [7][9]

Bizos nwụrụ n'ụlọ n'ụbọchị nke 9 n'ọnwa Septemba 2020 mgbe ọ dị afọ 92.E nyere ya olili ozu pụrụ iche na 17 Septemba ma lie ya na Westpark Cemetery n'akụkụ nwunye ya Rita. [24] [25][26]

Nsọpụrụ na onyinye

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  • 1999: Ihe nrite Order for Meritorious Service Class II site n'aka Onye isi ala Mandela n'oge ahụ.[27][12]
  • 2001: International Trial Lawyer Prize of the Year site na International Academy of Trial Lawyers . [12]
  • 2004: The International Bar Association (IBA) kpọrọ Bizos onye mmeri nke 2004 Bernard Simons Memorial Award

Ihe Nketa

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  • George Bizos SAHETI Scholarship na Bursary Fund[7]
  • Arethe Daflos-Bizos Arts Scholarship (kwupụtara na ụbọchị ọmụmụ Bizos nke afọ 90 iji sọpụrụ nwunye ya nwụrụ anwụ) [7]

Ọrụ

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Ihe odide

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  1. ↑ Bizos (2017). 65 Years of Friendship. Penguin Random House South Africa. ISBN 9781415208861. Retrieved on 30 September 2019. 
  2. ↑ Media Challenge: Who and Where Are the Seven?. International Bar Association (22 October 2004). Archived from the original on 11 September 2014. Retrieved on 14 October 2014.
  3. ↑ Alcock. "Birthday tea with Bizos", Mail & Guardian, 16 November 2008. Retrieved on 30 September 2019.
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 Bizos (October 1989). Memoirs of George Bizos. Aluka. Archived from the original on 30 September 2019. Retrieved on 30 September 2019. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "memoir" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Johnson. "Greek patriarch of the struggle", Mail & Guardian, 26 September 1997. Retrieved on 30 September 2019. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "patriarch" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ Swart (10 September 2020). 'Legendary': Prominent human rights lawyer George Bizos dies. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 10 September 2020.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 "Friends, family celebrate Bizos' 90th", Befordview and Edendale News, 6 December 2019. Retrieved on 30 September 2019. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "90thbedford" defined multiple times with different content
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 de Villiers. "EXPLAINER: The Treason Trial, Rivonia, Madikizela-Mandela: This is why George Bizos was the premier anti-apartheid lawyer", News24, 10 September 2020. Retrieved on 28 November 2020.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 George Bizos (en). South African History Online (17 February 2011). Archived from the original on 23 January 2019. Retrieved on 24 February 2019. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "SAH" defined multiple times with different content
  10. ↑ (23 May 2012) in Marstine: The Routledge Companion to Museum Ethics: Redefining Ethics for the Twenty-First Century Museum. Routledge. ISBN 9781136715266. Retrieved on 10 September 2020. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Cowell. "George Bizos, Anti-Apartheid Lawyer Who Defended Mandela, Dies at 92", The New York Times, 9 September 2020. Retrieved on 9 September 2020. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "NYT obit" defined multiple times with different content
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Austin. "Bizos' fight against apartheid", The New Zealand Herald, 7 November 2004. Retrieved on 9 September 2020. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Austin" defined multiple times with different content
  13. ↑ Chinese qualify for BEE. News24 (18 June 2008). Archived from the original on 9 January 2016. Retrieved on 15 December 2015.
  14. ↑ Stadlen. "Unsung heroes: the men who stood trial with Mandela", The Guardian, 22 July 2018. Retrieved on 23 April 2019.
  15. ↑ Green (13 June 2018). Apartheid history: Overlooked Rivonia triallists feted in Life is Wonderful. Business Day. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved on 23 April 2019.
  16. ↑ 'Life is Wonderful' screening reinforces call for such histories in curriculum. Nelson Mandela University (15 June 2018). Archived from the original on 20 October 2018. Retrieved on 23 April 2019.
  17. ↑ Gerhart. "Trial by Color", The New York Times, 30 December 1990, p. 10. Retrieved on 9 September 2020.
  18. ↑ "George Bizos, Nelson Mandela's lawyer and anti-apartheid icon, dies at 92", The Guardian, 10 September 2020. Retrieved on 10 September 2020.
  19. ↑ "Mandela Fades Amid Battles Over Who Will Claim Legacy", The New York Times, 15 May 2013. Retrieved on 1 October 2019.
  20. ↑ "Nelson Mandela's children turn on his lawyer George Bizos", The Telegraph, 10 April 2013. Retrieved on 1 October 2019.
  21. ↑ "Nelson Mandela family feud deepens as Mandla hits back", BBC, 4 July 2013. Retrieved on 1 October 2019.
  22. ↑ "Nelson Mandela court case delayed after Ayob withdraws", BBC, 29 July 2013. Retrieved on 1 October 2019.
  23. ↑ George Bizos honorary degree citation. University of Cape Town (2008). Archived from the original on 10 September 2020. Retrieved on 10 September 2020.
  24. ↑ Human rights advocate George Bizos has died. The Citizen (9 September 2020). Archived from the original on 10 September 2020. Retrieved on 10 September 2020.
  25. ↑ George Bizos: Anti-apartheid lawyer who defended Mandela dies aged 92. BBC News (9 September 2020). Archived from the original on 10 September 2020. Retrieved on 10 September 2020.
  26. ↑ "In memory of George Bizos (1928-2020)". Retrieved on 10 September 2020.
  27. ↑ George Bizos. South African History Online. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved on 9 September 2020.
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