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Ibu ibu

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Ibu ibu

 Àtụ:Human body weight

Mbelata ịdị arọ, n'ihe gbasara ọgwụ, ahụike, ma ọ bụ ahụike, na-ezo aka na mbelata nke oke ahụ, site na mbelata mmiri, abụba ahụ (anụ ahụ gbakwunyere), ma ọ bụ obere ibu (ya bụ, ọkpụkpụ mineral deposits, muscle, tendon, na anụ ahụ njikọ ndị ọzọ). Mbelata ibu nwere ike ime n'amaghị ama n'ihi nsogbu nri na-edozi ahụ ma ọ bụ ọrịa dị n'ime ya, ma ọ bụ site na mgbalị a na-eme iji melite oke ibu ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ buru oke ibu. "Ọnwụ ibu a na-akọwaghị akọwa" nke na-esoghị na mbelata nke calorific iri nri ma ọ bụ mmega ahụ a na-akpọ cachexia ma nwee ike ịbụ mgbaàmà nke ọnọdụ ahụike siri ike.

 

Ihe ama a ma mee

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ịma n'obi ibu ibu bụ ịla n'iyi n'ibu ahụ n'ihi mgbalị iji melite ahụike na ahụike, ma ọ bụ ịgbanwe ọdịdị site na ịkpụcha. Mbelata ibu bụ ọgwụgwọ bụ isi maka oke ibu, ma enwere ihe akaebe siri ike nke a nwere ike igbochi ọganihu site na prediabetes gaa na ụdị ọrịa shuga nke 2 na 7-10% ibu ibu ibu ma jikwaa ahụike obi maka ndị na-arịa ọrịa shuga na 5-15% ibu ibu ibu ibu.[1][2][3][4]

Ibu ibu n'ime ndị buru oke ibu ma ọ bụ buru oke ibu nwere ike belata ihe ize ndụ ahụike, mee ka ahụike dịkwuo mma, ma nwee ike igbu oge mmalite nke ọrịa shuga.[5][6][5] Ọ nwere ike belata ihe mgbu ma mee ka mmegharị ahụ dịkwuo n'etiti ndị nwere ọrịa ogbu na nkwonkwo nke ikpere.[6] Mbelata ibu nwere ike iduga na mbelata ọbara mgbali elu (ọbara mgbali elu), agbanyeghị ma nke a na-ebelata mmerụ ahụ metụtara ọbara mgbali ala edoghị anya. [nchọpụta na-adaghị ada] A na-enweta mbelata ibu site na ịnakwere ụdị ndụ nke a na'eri calorie ole na ole karịa ka a na-emefu.[5][7] Ịda mbà n'obi, nrụgide ma ọ bụ ike ọgwụgwụ nwere ike itinye aka n'ịbawanye ibu, na n'ọnọdụ ndị a, a na-adụ ndị mmadụ ọdụ ka ha chọọ enyemaka ahụike.[8] Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2010 chọpụtara na ndị na-eri nri na-ehi ụra abalị zuru ezu tụfuru ihe karịrị okpukpu abụọ nke abụba karịa ndị na-enweghị ụra.[9][10] Ọ bụ ezie na a na-eche na mgbakwunye vitamin D nwere ike inye aka, nnyocha anaghị akwado nke a.[11] Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-eri nri na-ebuwanye ibu n'ime ogologo oge.[12] Dị ka UK National Health Service na Dietary Guidelines for Americans si kwuo, ndị na-enweta ma na-achịkwa ịdị arọ dị mma na-eme ya nke ọma site n'ịkpachara anya iri calorie zuru ezu iji gboo mkpa ha, na ịrụsi ọrụ ike.[13][7]

Maka ibu ibu ka ọ bụrụ nke na-adịgide adịgide, mgbanwe na nri na ụzọ ndụ ga-abụkwa nke na-adịghị adịgide adịgide.[14][15][16] E nwere ihe akaebe na ndụmọdụ ma ọ bụ mmega ahụ naanị anaghị akpata ibu ibu, ebe naanị iri nri na-ebute ibu ibu ogologo oge, na njikọta nke iri nri na mmega ahụ na-enye nsonaazụ kachasị mma.[17] Ntinye nri, orlistat, nri na-enweghị calorie, na nlekọta ahụike siri ike nwekwara ike ịkwado ibu ibu.[18][19]

The cardboard packaging of two medications used to treat obesity. Orlistat is shown above under the brand name Xenical in a white package with Roche branding. Sibutramine is below under the brand name Meridia. Orlistat is also available as Alli in the United Kingdom. The A of the Abbott Laboratories logo is on the bottom half of the package.
Orlistat (Xenical), ọgwụ a na-ejikarị agwọ oke ibu na sibutramine (Meridia), ọgwụ a kwụsịrị n'ihi mmetụta ndị ọzọ nke obi

Nri na mmega ahụ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ụzọ ndị na-adịchaghị arọ, na ndị a na-atụkarị aro, bụ mgbanwe na usoro iri nri na mmụba nke mmega ahụ, n'ozuzu n'ụdị mmega ahụ.[20] Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa na-atụ aro ka ndị mmadụ jikọta mbelata nke nri ndị a na-edozi nke nwere abụba, shuga na nnu, yana mbelata iri calorie na mmụba nke mmega ahụ.[21][22] Ma mmemme mmega ahụ ogologo oge na ọgwụ mgbochi oke ibu na-ebelata abụba dị n'afọ.[23] Nnyocha onwe onye nke nri, mmega ahụ, na ịdị arọ bụ usoro bara uru maka ịdị arọ, ọkachasị n'oge mmemme ịdị arọ.[20][24][25][26] Nnyocha na-egosi na ndị na-ede nri ha ihe dị ka ugboro atọ n'ụbọchị na ihe dị ka okpukpu iri abụọ n'ọnwa nwere ike ịbawanye ibu.[20][27]

Mbelata ịdị arọ na-adịgide adịgide na-adabere n'ịnọgide na-enwe nguzozi ike na-adịghị mma ọ bụghị ụdị macronutrients (dị ka carbohydrate) a na-eri.[28] Nri protein dị elu egosila ịdị irè dị ukwuu n'oge dị mkpirikpi (n'okpuru ọnwa 12) maka ndị mmadụ na-eri ad libitum n'ihi mmụba nke okpomọkụ na afọ ojuju, agbanyeghị mmetụta a na-apụ n'anya ka oge na-aga.[29]

Ọgwụ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ụzọ ndị ọzọ e si eme ka mmadụ belata ibu na-agụnye iji ọgwụ ndị na-egbochi oke ibu nke na-ebelata agụụ, na-egide ịmịkọrọ abụba, ma ọ bụ na-ebepụ ọnụ ọgụgụ afọ. Ibu oke ibu anọwo na-eguzogide ọgwụgwọ dabere na ọgwụ, na nyocha 2021 na-ekwu na ọgwụ ndị dị ugbu a "na-enyekarị ọrụ na-ezughị ezu na nchekwa a na-enyo enyo".[30]

Ịwa ahụ n'ahụ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Enwere ike igosi ịwa ahụ bariatric n'ọnọdụ oke ibu. Usoro ịwa ahụ abụọ a na-ahụkarị bụ gastric bypass na gastric banding.[31] Ha abụọ nwere ike ịdị irè n'ibelata ike nri site n'i belata ogo afọ, mana dịka usoro ịwa ahụ ọ bụla, ha abụọ nwere ihe ize ndụ nke ha nke a ga-atụle na ndụmọdụ na dọkịta.[32]

Ụlọ ọrụ na-ebelata ibu

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

E nwere nnukwu ahịa maka ngwaahịa ndị na-azọrọ na ha na-eme ka ibu dịkwuo mfe, ngwa ngwa, dị ọnụ ala, bụrụ ihe a pụrụ ịdabere na ya, ma ọ bụ ghara ịdị arọ. Ndị a gụnyere akwụkwọ, DVD, CD, cremes, lotions, ọgwụ, mgbaaka na ọla ntị, mkpuchi ahụ, belt na ihe ndị ọzọ, ebe mmega ahụ, ụlọ ọgwụ, ndị nkuzi onwe onye, ìgwè ndị na-ebelata ibu, na ngwaahịa nri na ihe mgbakwunye.[33] Ihe mgbakwunye nri, ọ bụ ezie na a na-eji ya eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe, anaghị ele ya anya dị ka nhọrọ dị mma maka ibu ibu, ọ nweghịkwa ihe akaebe ahụike nke ịdị irè.[34] E gosighi na ọgwụ ahịhịa dị irè.[35]

N'afọ 2008, a na-emefu n'etiti ijeri US $ 33 na ijeri $ 55 kwa afọ na US na ngwaahịa na ọrụ ndị na-ebelata ibu, gụnyere usoro ahụike na ọgwụ, na ebe ndị na-eburu ibu na-ewere n'etiti pasent 6 na 12 nke ngụkọta mmefu kwa afọ. A na-emefu ihe karịrị ijeri $ 1.6 kwa afọ na mgbakwunye na-ebelata ibu. Ihe dị ka pasent 70 nke mgbalị iri nri ndị America bụ nke enyemaka onwe onye.[36]

N'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Europe, ahịa nke ngwaahịa ndị na-ebelata ibu, ewezuga ọgwụ ndị e dere ede, gafere ijeri euro 1.25 (£ 900 nde / $ 1.4 ijeri) na 2009.[36]

Eziokwu sayensị nke nri azụmahịa site n'aka ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ibu ahịa dịgasị iche iche, n'ịbụ ndị na-adabereghị na ihe akaebe, yabụ enwere naanị ihe akaebe pere mpe na-akwado ojiji ha, n'ihi ọnụego dị elu.[37][38][39][40][41][42] Nri azụmaahịa na-akpata obere ibu n'oge na-adịghị anya, na nsonaazụ yiri nke ahụ n'agbanyeghị akara, yana n'otu aka ahụ na nri ndị na-abụghị nke azụmahịa na nlekọta ọkọlọtọ.[39][41][43][44][37][3] Usoro nri zuru oke, na-enye ndụmọdụ na ebumnuche maka iri calorie, dị irè karịa iri nri na-enweghị nduzi ("onwe-enyere aka"), ọ bụ ezie na ihe akaebe ahụ pere mpe.[37][45][44][42] National Institute for Health and Care Excellence chepụtara usoro ihe ndị dị mkpa nke ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka nlekọta ibu azụmahịa ga-ezute iji kwado.[40]

Amaghi ama

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ịnọda ibu n'amaghị ama nwere ike ịpụta site na ọnwụ nke abụba ahụ, ọnwụ nke mmiri ahụ, nkwarụ nke uru ahụ, ma ọ bụ ngwakọta nke ndị a.[46][47] A na-ewere ya dị ka nsogbu ahụike mgbe ọ dịkarịa ala 10% nke ịdị arọ nke ahụ mmadụ efunahụla n'ime ọnwa isii ma ọ bụ 5% n'ọnwa gara aga.[46][48] Ụkpụrụ ọzọ a na-eji atụle ịdị arọ nke dị ala bụ body mass index (BMI).[49] Otú ọ dị, ọbụna obere ibu ibu nwere ike ịbụ ihe kpatara nchegbu siri ike na onye agadi na-adịghị ike.[50]

Ịdị arọ n'amaghị ama nwere ike ime n'ihi nri na-adịghị edozi ahụ nke ọma na mkpa ike nke mmadụ (nke a na-akpọkarị nsogbu nri na-edozi ahụ). Usoro ọrịa, mgbanwe na metabolism, mgbanwe homonụ, ọgwụ ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ ndị ọzọ, mgbanwe nri metụtara ọrịa ma ọ bụ usoro ọgwụgwọ, ma ọ bụ mbelata agụụ na-emetụta ọrịa ma ọ dị ọgwụgwọ nwekwara ike ịkpata ibu ibu na-enweghị isi.[46][47][51][52][53] Ojiji na-adịghị mma nke ihe oriri nwere ike ibute ibu, ọ pụkwara ibute site na fistulae na eriri afọ, afọ ọsịsa, mmekọrịta ọgwụ na-edozi ahụ, enzyme depletion na muscle atrophy.

Ịnọgide na-ebelata ibu nwere ike ịka njọ n'imebi, ọnọdụ akọwapụtara nke ọma a na-akpọ cachexia.[50] Cachexia dị iche na agụụ n'akụkụ ụfọdụ n'ihi na ọ na-agụnye mmeghachi omume mgbu.[50] A na-ejikọta ya na nsonaazụ ndị na-adịghị mma.[46][50][51] N'oge dị elu nke ọrịa na-aga n'ihu, metabolism nwere ike ịgbanwe ka ha wee belata ibu ọbụna mgbe ha na-enweta ihe a na-ewere dị ka nri na-edozi ahụ na ahụ enweghị ike ịkwụ ụgwọ. Nke a na-eduga n'ọnọdụ a na-akpọ anorexia cachexia syndrome (ACS) na nri na-edozi ahụ ma ọ bụ mgbakwunye agaghị enyere aka. Mgbaàmà nke ibu ibu site na ACS gụnyere oke ibu ibu site n'ike karịa abụba ahụ, enweghị agụụ na mmetụta nke afọ ojuju mgbe ha risịrị obere ihe, agbọ onunu, ụkọ ọbara, adịghị ike na ike ọgwụgwụ.[54]

Mbelata ịdị arọ dị njọ nwere ike belata ogo ndụ, mebie ịdị irè nke ọgwụgwọ ma ọ bụ mgbake, mee ka usoro ọrịa ka njọ ma bụrụ ihe ize ndụ maka ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ọnwụ.[46][50] Nsogbu na-edozi ahụ nwere ike imetụta ọrụ ọ bụla nke ahụ mmadụ, site na mkpụrụ ndụ ruo ọrụ kachasị mgbagwoju anya nke ahụ, gụnyere:[49]

  • mmeghachi omume nke usoro ahụike;
  • ọgwụgwọ ọnyá;
  • ike nke uru ahụ (gụnyere uru iku ume);
  • ikike akụrụ na mbelata na-eduga na nsogbu mmiri na electrolyte;
  • njikwa okpomọkụ; na
  • ịhụ nsọ.

Nsogbu na-edozi ahụ nwere ike ibute vitamin na ụkọ ndị ọzọ na enweghị ọrụ, nke n'aka nke ya nwere ike ibu ụzọ nweta nsogbu ndị ọzọ, dị ka ọnyá nrụgide.[49] Ịdị arọ n'amaghị ama nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-eduga na nchọpụta nke ọrịa dịka ọrịa kansa na ụdị ọrịa shuga 1.[46][55] Na UK, ihe ruru 5% nke ndị bi n'ozuzu ha erughị oke, mana ihe karịrị 10% nke ndị nwere ọrịa akpa ume ma ọ bụ eriri afọ na ndị a wara ahụ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya.[49] Dabere na data na UK site na iji Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool ('MUST'), nke na-agụnye ibu ibu na-enweghị isi, ihe karịrị 10% nke ndị karịrị afọ 65 nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke nsogbu nri na-edozi ahụ.[49] Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu (10-60%) nke ndị ọrịa ụlọ ọgwụ nọkwa n'ihe ize ndụ, yana ọnụ ọgụgụ yiri nke ahụ n'ụlọ nlekọta.[49]

Ihe na-akpata oria

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Enwere ike ịtụle nsogbu na-edozi ahụ metụtara ọrịa n'ụdị anọ:[49]

Nsogbu Ihe kpatara ya
Enweghị ike iri nri Nri na-adịghị mma nwere ike ịbụ ihe mgbaàmà nke ọrịa, ma ọ bụ ọrịa nwere ike ime ka iri nri na-egbu mgbu ma ọ bụ na-akpata agbọ onunu. Ọrịa nwekwara ike ịkpata enweghị nri.

Enweghị ike iri nri nwere ike ịpụta site na: mbelata nke ịma ihe ma ọ bụ mgbagwoju anya, ma ọ bụ nsogbu anụ ahụ na-emetụta aka ma ọ bụ aka, ilo ma ọ bụ ịta. A pụkwara itinye ihe mgbochi iri nri dị ka akụkụ nke ọgwụgwọ ma ọ bụ nyocha. Enweghị nri nwere ike ịpụta site na: ịda ogbenye, ihe isi ike n'ịzụ ahịa ma ọ bụ isi nri, na nri na-adịghị mma.

Nsogbu ịgbari nri na/ma ọ bụ ịmịkọrọ Nke a nwere ike ịpụta site na ọnọdụ na-emetụta usoro mgbari nri.
Ihe ndị a chọrọ gbanwere Mgbanwe na ihe ndị metabolic chọrọ nwere ike ibute ọrịa, ịwa ahụ na dysfunction nke akụkụ ahụ.
Ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ gabigara ókè Mfu site na eriri afọ nwere ike ime n'ihi mgbaàmà dịka ịgbọ agbọ ma ọ bụ afọ ọsịsa, yana fistulae na stomas. Enwere ike ịnwe mfu site na nsị, gụnyere tubes nasogastric.

Mfu ndị ọzọ: Ọnọdụ ndị dị ka ọkụ nwere ike ijikọta ya na mfu ndị dị ka akpụkpọ ahụ.

  • Ka ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala (COPD) na-aga n'ihu, ihe dị ka 35% nke ndị ọrịa na-enwe oke ibu a na-akpọ pulmonary cachexia, gụnyere mbelata nke uru ahụ.[51] Ihe dị ka pasent iri abụọ na ise na-enwe oke ibu, ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-ebelata ibu.[51] A na-ejikọta ibu ibu karịa na amụma dị ala.[51] Echiche banyere ihe ndị na-enye aka gụnyere enweghị agụụ nke metụtara ọrụ dị ala, ike ọzọ achọrọ maka iku ume, na ihe isi ike nke iri nri na dyspnea (ikuku siri ike).[51]
  • Ọrịa kansa, ihe a na-ahụkarị na mgbe ụfọdụ na-egbu egbu na-akpata ibu na-enweghị nkọwa (idiopathic). Ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ibu ibu na-enweghị isi bụ nke abụọ na malignancy. Ọrịa kansa a ga-enyo enyo na ndị ọrịa na-enweghị nkọwa na-agụnye gastrointestinal, prostate, hepatobiliary (hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic cancer), ovarian, hematologic ma ọ bụ malignancies akpa ume.
  • Ndị na-arịa nje HIV na-enwekarị ibu ibu, ọ na-ejikọkwa ya na nsonaazụ dị ala.[56] Nsogbu ịla n'iyi bụ ọnọdụ na-akọwa ọrịa AIDS.[56]
  • Nsogbu gastrointestinal bụ ihe ọzọ a na-ahụkarị na-akpata ibu ibu a na-akọwaghị - n'ezie ha bụ ihe kachasị njọ na-abụghị ọrịa kansa na-akpatakarị ibu idiopathic. [citation needed] ndị nwere ike ibu na-akparaghị ókè nke ibu na-enweghị nkọwa gụnyere: ọrịa celiac, ọrịa ulcer, ọrịa eriri afọ mgbu (ọrịa crohn na ulcerative colitis), pancreatitis, gastritis, afọ ọsịsa, chronic mesenteric ischemia[57] na ọtụtụ ọnọdụ GI ndị ọzọ.
  • Ọrịa. Ụfọdụ ọrịa na-efe efe nwere ike ime ka ibu ghara ịdị arọ. Ọrịa fungus, endocarditis, ọtụtụ ọrịa parasitic, AIDS, na ụfọdụ ọrịa ndị ọzọ na-adịghị njọ ma ọ bụ nke na-eme anwansi nwere ike ịkpata ibu.
  • Ọrịa akụrụ. Ndị ọrịa na-arịa uremia na-enwekarị agụụ na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụ enweghị agụụ, ịgbọ agbọ na agbọ onunu. Nke a nwere ike ime ka ibu dị arọ.
  • Ọrịa obi. Ọrịa obi, ọkachasị nkụchi obi, nwere ike ịkpata ibu ibu na-enweghị nkọwa.
  • Ọrịa nke anụ ahụ na-ejikọta
  • Nsogbu ọnụ, ụtọ ma ọ bụ ezé (gụnyere ọrịa) nwere ike belata iri nri na-edozi ahụ nke na-eduga n'ibu.

Mmekọrịta ọgwụgwọ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọgwụgwọ ahụike nwere ike ịkpata ibu ibu n'onwe ya ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè, na-emebi ịdị irè nke ọgwụgwọ na mgbake nke cycle

Many patients will be in pain and have a loss of appetite after surgery

Part of the body's response to surgery is to direct energy to wound healing which increases the body's overall energy

Requirements. Surgery effects nutritional status indirectly particularly during the recovery period ad it can interfere with wound healing and other aspects of recovery

Surgery directly affects nutritional status if a procedure permanently alters the digestive system

(Tube feeding)Is otten needed. However a policy of nil by mouth for all gastrointestinal surgery has not been shown to benefit with some weak evidence.

Early post operative nutrition is a part of enhanced recovery after surgery protocols.

These protocols also include carbohydrate loading in the 24hours before surgery but earlier nutritional intervention have not been shown to have a significant impact

Ọnọdụ mmadụ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dị ka ịda ogbenye, nnọpụiche na enweghị ike inweta ma ọ bụ kwadebe nri kachasị amasị ya nwere ike ịkpata ibu ibu na-enweghị isi, nke a nwere ike ịbụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na ndị agadi.[58] Ọdịbendị, ezinụlọ na usoro nkwenkwe nwekwara ike imetụta iri nri. Ezé ezé na-adịghị mma na nsogbu ezé ma ọ bụ nke ọnụ ndị ọzọ nwekwara ike imetụta nri na-edozi ahụ.[54]

Enweghị olileanya, ọnọdụ ma ọ bụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na nsogbu ime mmụọ nwere ike ịkpata ịda mbà n'obi, nke nwere ike ijikọta ya na mbelata nri na-edozi ahụ, dịka ike ọgwụgwụ.

Akụkọ ifo

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

E gosipụtara ụfọdụ nkwenkwe ndị a ma ama na-ejikọta ya na ibu ibu ibu nwere mmetụta dị ala na ibu ibu karịa ka a na-ekwere ma ọ bụ na-adịghị mma. Dị ka Harvard Health si kwuo, echiche nke metabolic rate ịbụ "isi ihe dị arọ" bụ "akụkụ eziokwu na akụkụ akụkọ ifo" dịka mgbe metabolism na-emetụta ịdị arọ, ike mpụga dị ka nri na mmega ahụ nwere mmetụta hà nhata.[59] Ha kwukwara na echiche nke ịgbanwe ọnụego metabolism nke mmadụ nọ n'okpuru arụmụka.[59] A na-ekwerekarị atụmatụ nri na magazin ahụike dị irè mana ọ nwere ike imerụ ahụ n'ezie site na ibelata iri calorie na ihe oriri dị mkpa kwa ụbọchị nke nwere ike imenye mmadụ ahụ dabere na onye ahụ ma nwedịrị ike ịchụpụ ndị mmadụ n'ibu.[60]

Mmetụta ahụike

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ibu oke ibu na-eme ka ihe ize ndụ ahụike dịkwuo ukwuu, gụnyere ọrịa shuga, ọrịa obi, ọbara mgbali elu, na ọrịa imeju na-abụghị mmanya na-aba n'anya, ịkpọ aha ole na ole. Mbelata oke ibu na-ebelata ihe ize ndụ ndị ahụ. A na-ejikọta mbelata 1-kg nke ịdị arọ nke ahụ na ihe dịka 1-mm Hg na ọbara mgbali elu.[61] A na-ejikọta mbelata ibu na mmelite arụmọrụ ọgụgụ isi na ndị buru oke ibu na ndị buru ibu.[62]

Hụkwazie

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  • Anorexia
  • Ịṅụ sịga maka ibu
  • Nri
  • Mmega ahụ
  • Ibu ibu

Edensibia

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
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