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Iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke ihe ndị dị ndụ

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Ejikọtara iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke ndu ya na otu "pristine" gburugburu  si bụrụ na ọrụ ya dabere na ikike ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ izizi nke odidi gburugburu tupu etinyere mgbanwe mmadụ. A na-ewulite iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe dị ndụ n'echiche na mbelata nke ụkpụrụ nke ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi bụ n'ụzọ bụ isi ọrụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ mgbanwe. Ka a na-agbanwewanye gburugburu ebe obibi na usoro mbụ ya, ka ahụ na-adịchaghị ike n'ezi ihe nke ndu ọ na-ejide maka obodo n'ozuzu ya. Ọ bụrụ na usoro ndị a ga-agbanwe ka oge na-aga, na-enweghị mmetụta mmadụ, iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke gburugburu ebe obibi ga-adịgide. Iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke gburugburu ebe obibi na-adabere kpamkpam na usoro ndị na-eme n'ime ya n'ihi na ndị na-ekpebi ihe ndụ nwere ike ibi n’otu mpaghara na mgbagwoju anya nke mmekọrịta ha. Ọtụtụ n'ime ngwa nke echiche nke iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke ndu ekwuwo banyere gburugburu mmiri, mana enwere mbọ iji tinye echiche ahụ na gburugburu ụwa.[1] Determining the pristine condition of the ecosystem is in theory scientifically derived, but deciding which of the many possible states or conditions of an ecosystem is the appropriate or desirable goal is a political or policy decision and is typically the focus of policy and political disagreements.[2] Ecosystem health is a related concept but differs from biological integrity in that the "desired condition" of the ecosystem or environment is explicitly based on the values or priorities of society.[3]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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Echiche nke iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke ndu pụtara n'afọ 1972 mmezigharị na US Federal Water Pollution Control Act, nke a makwaara dị ka Iwu Mmiri dị ọcha . Ndị United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ejirila okwu ahụ dị ka ụzọ iji tụọ ụkpụrụ nke mmiri kwesịrị isi na-edobe, ma okwu ndị ahụ kpalitere arụmụka ọtụtụ afọ banyere ihe ọ pụtara na ọ bụghị nanị ihe iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe dị ndụ pụtara, kamakwa otú o si dị. enwere ike tụọ . EPA kwadoro ọgbakọ mbụ gbasara okwu ahụ na Maachị 1975. Nzukọ a, nke a na-akpọ "Iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke Mmiri", nyere nkọwa nke mbụ anabatara maka iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke ndu. [4] N'afọ 1981, EPA kpọkọtara ndị ọkachamara site na US Fish and Wildlife Service, agụmakwụkwọ, na ndị ọrụ nke ya iji mee ka nkọwa ahụ dịkwuo mma ma chọpụta isi ihe na-egosi iji tụọ iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke ndu. Ọ bụghị naanị na ọgbakọ ahụ achọpụtala nkọwa, kamakwa ụzọ a ga-esi nyochaa obodo, wee guzobe na a ga-eji ọtụtụ saịtị chọpụta ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi.

Nkọwa

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Taa, nkọwa a nabatara bụ "ikike ịkwado na ịnọgide na-enwe obodo dị mma, jikọtara ọnụ, nke na-agbanwe agbanwe nke ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere ụdị dị iche iche, ụdị dị iche, na nhazi ọrụ nke yiri nke ebe obibi okike nke mpaghara ahụ. "[5] A gbanwere nkọwa a site na akwụkwọ David Frey nyere na nzukọ "Integrity of Water" nke afọ 1975. Ihe nkọwa a pụtara bụ na usoro ndụ nwere ihe dịgasị iche iche dị na ha dị, na mmadụ nwere ike ịkọwa akụkụ ndị na-akwado ma ọ bụ na-enye aka na sistemụ na-arụ ọrụ nakwa na a ghaghị ịhụ usoro niile na gburugburu ha na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke evolushọn.[4] Okwu a na-ezo aka na gburugburu mmiri n'ihi na okwu a sitere na Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha, mana enwere ike itinye echiche ndị ahụ na gburugburu ebe obibi ndị ọzọ.

Ụzọ nyocha

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Iji chọpụta ma nyochaa iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke usoro, James Karr chepụtara ndepụta nke iguzosi ike'ezi ihe (IBI) na 1981.[6][7] N'ime ndeksi a, a na-atụta nguzosi ike n'ezi ihe dị ndụ (ọrụ ya tupu mmetụta mmadụ) na ọrụ dị ugbu a nke gburugburu ebe obibi megide ibe ya iji nyochaa ole ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi echekwara. IBI na-enyocha gburugburu ebe obibi site n'iji biosurvey na atụnyere ụbara ụdị, taxa na-egosi, ngwakọ, na ụdị mkpasu iwe. A na-eji IBI eme ihe n'ụzọ bụ isi iji nyochaa gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri ọ bụ ezie na echiche a na-adabara maka ịlele iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke ndu na gburugburu ebe obibi okike ọ bụla.

Hụkwa

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Edensibia

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  1. ↑ Andreasen (2001). "Considerations for the development of a terrestrial index of ecological integrity". Ecological Indicators 1 (1). DOI:10.1016/S1470-160X(01)00007-3. 
  2. ↑ Landis (2009). "The Exxon Valdez oil spill revisited and the dangers of normative science". Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 3 (3): 439–431. DOI:10.1002/ieam.5630030312. PMID 17695114. 
  3. ↑ Wicklum (1995). "Ecosystem health and integrity?". Canadian Journal of Botany 73 (7): 997–1000. DOI:10.1139/b95-108. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 (1975) in Ballentine: The Integrity of Water. Proceedings of a Symposium, March 10–12, 1975.. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA 832-R-75-103.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "EPA integrity" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ Karr (January 1991). "Ecological perspective on water quality goals". Environmental Management 5: 55–68. DOI:10.1007/BF01866609. 
  6. ↑ Karr (1981). "Assessment of biotic integrity using fish communities". Fisheries 6 (6): 21–27. DOI:<0021:AOBIUF>2.0.CO;2 10.1577/1548-8446(1981)006<0021:AOBIUF>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1548-8446. 
  7. ↑ Karr (1991-02-01). "Biological Integrity: A Long-Neglected Aspect of Water Resource Management". Ecological Applications 1 (1): 66–84. DOI:10.2307/1941848. PMID 27755684. 

Njikọ mpụga

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