Ihe ndị metụtara nje
| obere ụdị nke | organic matter  |
|---|
Ihe onwunwe biotic ma ọ bụ ihe sitere na ndu bụ ihe ọ bụla sitere na ihe ndị dị ndụ . Ọtụtụ ihe ndị dị otú ahụ nwere carbon ma nwee ike ire ere .
Ndụ mbụ n'ụwa bilitere ma ọ dịkarịa ala ijeri afọ 3.5 gara aga. [1] [2] [3] Ihe akaebe anụ ahụ mbụ nke ndụ gụnyere graphite, ihe biogenic, na nkume metasedimentary dị ijeri 3.7 nke achọpụtara na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Greenland, [4] yana, “mkpụrụ ndụ biotic” dị na nkume ijeri afọ 4.1 na Western Western . Ọstrelia . [5] [6] Ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche nke ụwa agbasawanyela mgbe niile ma e wezụga mgbe a kwụsịrị site na mkpochapụ . [7] Ọ bụ ezie na ndị ọkà mmụta na-eme atụmatụ na ihe karịrị pasentị 99 nke ụdị ndụ nile (ihe karịrị ijeri ise) [8] ndị dịrịtụrụla n'ụwa ekpochapụla, [9] [10] a ka nwere atụmatụ 10-14 nde ụdị ndụ, [11] [12] [11] nke edere ihe dị ka nde 1.2 na ihe karịrị 86% akọwabeghị ya. [13]
Ihe atụ nke ihe biotic bụ osisi, ahịhịa, humus, nri, ogbugbo, mmanụ crude, owu, silk udide, chitin, fibrin, na ọkpụkpụ .
Ojiji nke biotic ihe, na nhazi biotic ihe ( bio-based material ) dị ka ndị ọzọ eke ihe, n'elu synthetics bụ ewu ewu na ndị na-ahụ gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi na ihe ndị dị otú ahụ na-emekarị biodegradable, mmeghari ohuru, na nhazi a na-aghọtakarị na nwere ntakịrị gburugburu ebe obibi. mmetụta. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị ihe niile biotic ka a na-eji eme ihe n'ụzọ enyi na gburugburu ebe obibi, dị ka ndị na-achọ nhazi ọkwa dị elu, na-egbute ihe na-adịghị adịgide adịgide, ma ọ bụ ndị a na-eji na-emepụta ikuku carbon .
Mgbe isi iyi nke ihe ndị dị ndụ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na-adịchaghị mkpa maka ngwaahịa a na-emepụta, dị ka na mmepụta nke biofuels, ihe a na-akpọ biotic ngwa ngwa biomass . Ọtụtụ ebe mmanụ ọkụ nwere ike ịnwe isi mmalite nke ndu, enwere ike kewaa ya ka ọ bụrụ mmanụ ọkụ, na biofuel .
Edensibia[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
nkume ijeri afọ 4.1 na Western Western . Ọstrelia . Ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche nke ụwa agbasawanyela mgbe niile
- ↑ Schopf, JW, Kudryavtsev, AB, Czaja, AD, and Tripathi, AB. (2007). Evidence of some Archean life: Stromatolites and microfossils. Precambrian Research 158:141–155.
- ↑ Schopf, JW (2006). Fossil evidence of Archaean life. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 29;361(1470) 869-85.
- ↑ Hamilton Raven (2002). Biology. McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 978-0-07-112261-0. Retrieved on 7 July 2013.
- ↑ Ohtomo (January 2014). "Evidence for biogenic graphite in early Archaean Isua metasedimentary rocks". Nature Geoscience 7 (1): 25–28. DOI:10.1038/ngeo2025. ISSN 1752-0894.
- ↑ Borenstein. "Hints of life on what was thought to be desolate early Earth", Excite, Mindspark Interactive Network, 19 October 2015. Retrieved on 2015-10-20.
- ↑ Bell (19 October 2015). "Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112 (47): 14518–21. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1517557112. ISSN 1091-6490. PMID 26483481. Retrieved on 2015-10-20. Early edition, published online before print.
- ↑ Sahney, S. (27 January 2010). "Links between global taxonomic diversity, ecological diversity and the expansion of vertebrates on land". Biology Letters 6 (4): 544–47. DOI:10.1098/rsbl.2009.1024. PMID 20106856.
- ↑ (31 December 1996) in Kunin, W.E.: The Biology of Rarity: Causes and consequences of rare—common differences. Springer. ISBN 978-0412633805. Retrieved on 26 May 2015.
- ↑ Stearns (2000). Watching, from the Edge of Extinction. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-08469-6. Retrieved on 30 May 2017.
- ↑ Novacek. "Prehistory's Brilliant Future", The New York Times, 8 November 2014. Retrieved on 25 December 2014.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Miller (1 January 2012). "Biodiversity and Evolution", Environmental Science. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-133-70787-5. Retrieved on 27 December 2014. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "MillerSpoolman2012" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ May (1988). "How many species are there on earth?". Science 241 (4872): 1441–1449. DOI:10.1126/science.241.4872.1441. PMID 17790039.
- ↑ Mora (23 August 2011). "How many species are there on Earth and in the ocean?". PLOS Biology 9 (8): e1001127. DOI:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127. PMID 21886479.