Ihe osise
Manigiramam, ma ọ bụ manigramam, na-ezokarị aka n'òtù ndị akara mgbe ochie, nke ndị mmadụ ego n'India na-eme njem haziri, bụ ndị na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ndí India. [1] [2] Tinyere ainurruvar (narị ise Ayyavole) na anjuvannam (anjuman), manigiramam na-ekere òkè dị ukwuu na ọrụ azụmahịa nke mpaghara ahụ. [3] N'adịghị ka anjuvannam nke kpọchiri na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke ndị India, a na-ahụ manigramam ma n'ime ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na n'ebe ndị na-azụ ahha na-azụ. [1]
[1]Otu ndị na-egosi a mara dị ka "Vani grama" ma ọ bụ "Vania grama" na-egosi ike ya na ugwu India dị ka mbụ awụ mbụ BC. [1] Ha meta n'ihe odide Karle (narị afọ mbụ TOA), akwụkwọ ikike nke eze Vishnusena sitere na Kathiawad (narị afọ nke isii OA) nakwa na akwụkwọ ikike Sanjeli nke eze Toramana (narị afọ nke isii OA)
A na-ahụ ihe ndị nke ihe omume manigramam na South India site na mberede nke ise OA. A na-ahụ ntụaka mbụ maka manigiramam na ndị dike ọla kọpa abụọ sitere na ndịda Karnataka (site na Melekote, Tumkur na nke mpaghara Hassan), ha abụọ dị na ike awụ nke ise OA. [1] Akwụkwọ ikike Melekote de nri nke ala nye ụlọ arụ ndị Buddha . [1] Efere ọla kọpa nke Quilon Siria, nke akpan afụ nke OA, gosikwara nke nke ndị ihu manigiramam. [2] Ọ dị ka ka ọ na-erule ndị awụ nke ndụ, manigramam enweela ozi n'ịzụ akara osimiri ma soro ndị anjuvannam (anjuman) na-arụkọ ọrụ n'ike ọrụ n'ike osimiri ike. [1] Ihe odide Tamil sitere na Takua Pa (narị afọ nke ndụ OA) na Thailand na-ezo aka na guild manigiramam[2]
Site na akpa adọ nke 10 ainurruvar (narị ise Ayyavole) dị ka ndị ahụhụ kacha elu nke ndụ India. E webatara manigiramam na anjuvannam n'ime ainurruvar . Ainurruvar, n'ime na mgbe afu nke 12 OA nchebe, onye ọrụ dị ka "nchịkọta nche anwụ" iji guild ndị isi ndị ọzọ niile. [3] [4]
Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Ainurruvar (narị ise nke Ayyavole)
- Anjuvannam (Anjuman)
- India ka ukwuu
- Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmetụta India na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia
Ntụaka[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Y. Subbarayalu (2015-06-01). "Trade guilds of south India up to the tenth century" (in en). Studies in People's History 2 (1): 21–26. ISSN 2348-4489.
- ↑ Noburu Karashima (ed.), A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 136-138.
- ↑ Noburu Karashima (ed.), A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 136-144.
- ↑ Y. Subbarayalu (2015-06-01). "Trade guilds of south India up to the tenth century" (in en). Studies in People's History 2 (1): 21–26. ISSN 2348-4489.