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International human rights law

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Iwu ikike mmadụ zuru ụwa ọnụ ( IHRL ) bụ otu iwu mba ụwa emebere iji kwalite ikike na ụzọ mmadụ na ibe, mpaghara na ụlọ.  ka ụdị nke iwu mba ụwa, mba ụwa iwu ruuru mmadụ bụ isi mebere nke ,bụrụ n'etiti sovereign states ezubere inwe adigide ike iwu n'etiti ndị ọzọ kwera na ha;  na iwu mba ụwa .  Ngwa mba ofesi ndị ọzọ ruuru mmadụ, ọ bụ ebe na ọ bụghị iwu akwụkwọ, na-enye aka na mme iwu, iche na nke iwu ikike mmadụ na mba ụwa ma bụrụ ndị na-azụ dị ka isi iyi nke onye ọrụ mgba . [1]

Iwu mmadụ nke mba ụwa nke, ikike na-achịkwa omume obodo n'ebe ndị ya nọ n'oge udo ka a na-ahụ dị ka ihe dị iche na iwu ndị mmadụ nke mba ụwa nke na-achịkwa omume nke steeti na ndị agha.  na- steeti nke steeti n'oge, [2] n'agbanyeghị na ngalaba abụọ nke iwu.  bụ Nkwado na n'ụzọ ụfọdụ jikota. [2] [3] [4] [5]

Nleba anya n'usoro dị iche iche na-ahụ na iwu mba ụwa na-ahụ maka ndị mmadụ na- anya ọrụ nke iwu ikike mmadụ zuru ụwa ọnụ;  ọ-maka ibu izugbe na-              onye bábá n’oge niile yana pụtara ndị ọzọ nke iche n’ichepụta ụfọdụ dị ka ogụ n’etiti ma steeti na ọrụ ndị agha (ie IHL) ma ọ bụ ụfọdụ ndị na-egwu egwuregwu ndị gbara ọsọ.  ndụ (aka ọmụmaatụ Mgbakọ Mgbapụta 1951), bọtịnụ ( Nkwe ezi Maka Ndị Ruuru Nwatakịrị ), na ndị nche nke agha ( Nkwekọrịta Geneva nke atọ nke 1949).

Usoro United Nations

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Ezumezu nke Mba Ndị n'Otu nakweere ike Vienna na malite nke Action na 1993, n'ihe gbasara nke e hiwere Òtù Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ

N'afọ 2006, Òtù Mba Dị Ndị n'Otu na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ nọchiri ya na òtù Mba Ndị n'Otu Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ maka mmanye nke iwu ikike mmadụ zuru ụwa ọnụ.  Mgbanwe ndị ahụ buru mgbasa ahụ ahaziri hazi ihe mkpa iji ikpe gbasara ikike mmadụ kwa aafa anọ.  ọkọ 10 nke United Nations Sustainable Development Goal na-achịkwa anya n'ịkwalite iwu na mmụta maka ibelata ahaghị nhata. [6]

Iwu mba ụwa nke ikike mmadụ

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Nkwupụta zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ikike mmadụ

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Eleanor Roosevelt UDHR

Flash Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ (UDHR) bụ ịhụnanya UN General Assembly nke na-adịghị n'ụdị na-ihe ikike ikike zuru ụwa ọnụ.  [7] Ọtụtụ ndị chọrọ iwu na-ezo aka UDHR dị ka ihe anụ nke iwu mba ụwa .

N'ụzọ sara mbara, UDHR abụrụla akwụkwọ ntụaka ikike mmadụ nwere ikike.  O nyela ihe ndabere maka akwụkwọ ikike ikike mmadụ nke mba ụwa na-esote nke na-etolite etolite ya, mana n'ikpeazụ nwere ikike iwu ikike mmadụ zuru ụwa ọnụ..

Nkwekọrịta ikike mmadụ zuru ụwa ọnụ

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E wezụga na 1966 nke ihe ndị abụọ buru ibu nke በደረጃ nke International Bill of Human Rights (ya bụ iwu ndụ mba ụwa na ikike obodo na-iche ọdịiche na ngwaahịa ndụ mba ụwa na ikike akụ na ngwaọrụ, mba na eze na  mgbochi), anabatala ndị ọzọ.  na ɔkwan mba ụwa.  A na-akpọkarị ihe ndị a dị ka ngwa ikike mmadụ .  ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ajụjụ mkpa ndị a:

  • Usoro maka ịghọ otu steeti na nkwekọrịta
    Nkwekọrịta maka Mgbochi na ntaramahụhụ nke Mpụ nke mgbukpọ (CPCG) (nakweere 1948 wee banye n'ike na 1951);
  • Nkwekọrịta metụtara ọnọdụ ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ (CSR) (nke a nabatara na 1951 wee banye n'ọrụ na 1954);
  • Nkwekọrịta maka mkpochapụ ụdị ịkpa oke agbụrụ niile (CERD) (nke a nabatara na 1965 wee banye n'ọrụ na 1969); [7]
  • Nkwekọrịta maka mkpochapụ ụdị ịkpa oke niile megide ụmụ nwanyị (CEDAW) (banyere ike na 1981); [8]
  • Nkwekọrịta Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu Against Torture (CAT) (nke a nabatara na 1984 wee banye n'ọrụ na 1987); [9]
  • Nkwekọrịta maka ikike ụmụaka (CRC) (nke a nabatara na 1989 wee banye n'ọrụ na 1990); [10]
  • Nkwekọrịta Mba Nile Maka Nchekwa ikike nke ndị ọrụ niile na-akwaga mba ọzọ na ndị òtù ezinụlọ ha (ICRMW) (nke a nabatara na 1990 wee banye n'ọrụ na 2003);
  • Nkwekọrịta maka ikike nke ndị nwere nkwarụ (CRPD) (banyere ike na 3 Mee 2008); [11] na
  • Nkwekọrịta mba ụwa maka nchekwa nke mmadụ niile site na mwepu nhụsianya (ICPPED) (nadoro na 2006 wee banye n'ọrụ na 2010).

Nchedo mpaghara na ụlọ ọrụ

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Sistemụ mpaghara nke iwu ikike mmadụ zuru ụwa ọnụ na-agbakwunye ma na-akwado iwu ikike mmadụ nke mba na nke mba ụwa site na ichekwa na ịkwalite ikike mmadụ n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ụwa. Enwere isi ihe atọ dị mkpa mpaghara ikike mmadụ bụ ndị guzobeworo iwu ikike mmadụ na mpaghara mpaghara:

  • Charter nke Afrịka na ikike mmadụ na ndị mmadụ maka Africa nke 1981, na-arụ ọrụ kemgbe 1986;
  • Nkwekọrịta America Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ maka America nke 1969, na-arụ ọrụ kemgbe 1978; na
  • Nkwekọrịta European na ikike mmadụ maka Europe nke 1950, na-arụ ọrụ kemgbe 1953.

America na Europe

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Òtù Na-ahụ Maka ụmụ America na Council of Europe, dị ka UN, anabatala ካርዶች (n'agbanyeghị na usoro mme na-esiwanye ike) nwere akwụkwọ ndị nke ikike akụ na nyere ndị mmadụ na ibe ya na omenala, na mgbakwunye na  ụnya ndị ahụ e kwuru n'elu na-emetụta ikike obodo na-azụ ahịa :

  • European Social Charter maka Europe nke 1961, na-arụ ọrụ kemgbe 1965 (nke usoro mkpesa ya, nke e kere na 1995 n'okpuru Usoro Mgbakwunye, na-arụ ọrụ kemgbe 1998); na
  • Protocol nke San Salvador na ACHR maka America nke 1988, na-arụ ọrụ kemgbe 1999.

Africa

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  African Union (AU) bụ otu mba ụwa nwere mba Africa iri ise na ise.  [12] Tọrọ ntọala na 2001, ebumnobi AU bụ inye aka chekwa onye onye kwuo uche ya, ikike mmadụ na akụ na-adị na-adịgide adịgide, ngwaọrụ site n'iweta, dị n'etiti Africa na ọrụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ.  nke ọma na nke na-ewu ihe. [12]

Charter on Human and People's' Rights bụ ihe bụ isi isi ikike mmadụ, bụ nke nọmba n'okpuru ngalaba nke Òtù Na-ahụ Maka akpụkpọ n'otu Africa (OAU) (ebe ọ bụ na African Union nọchiri anya ya).  Ekwuputara ebum n'obi i wepụta Charter on Human and People's 'African Charter on 1979. Atọ Charter a n'otu ọnụ na Mgbakọ OAU nke 1981.

N'ikwekọ n'akwụkwọ akụkọ 63 (nke ọ ga-abụ "ịmalite n'ọrụ ọnwa atọ mgbe onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu nabatachara akwụkwọ ikike nke ratification ma ọ bụ nrubeisi nke ọnụ ọgụgụ dị mfe" nke mba ndị otu OAU), Charter African Charter on Human and People's' Rights. malitere na 21 Ọktoba 1986, iji sọpụrụ 21 Ọktọba bụ ụbọchị ụbọchị ikike mmadụ nke Afrịka. [13]

African Commission on Human and People's' Rights (ACHPR) ngalaba bụ na-ahụ maka ikpe nke African Union, nke e nyere ọrụ na ichekwa ikike mmadụ na mkpokọta (ndị mmadụ) na mpaghara Afrịka niile, yana akwụkwọ akwụkwọ Charter Africa.  na ikike mmadụ na ndị mmadụ, na akwụkwọ nke onye ọla maka edemede nke Charter.  Kọmishọna ahụ nwere ikike atọ sara mbara nke ọrụ: [14]

N'ịchụso ihe mgbaru ọsọ ndị a, a na-enye ndị ọrụ ahụ iwu ka ha "ịchịkọta akwụkwọ, na-eme nnyocha na nyocha banyere nsogbu Africa n'ihe gbasara ikike mmadụ na ndị mmadụ, hazie nzukọ ọmụmụ, symposia na nnọkọ, gbasaa ozi, gbaa ụlọ ọrụ mba na mpaghara ume metụtara ụmụ mmadụ. na ikike ndị mmadụ na, ọ bụrụ na ikpe ahụ bilitere, nye echiche ya ma ọ bụ nye ndụmọdụ na gọọmentị." [14] [15]

Site n'ịmepụta ndị ikpe Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ na Ndị Mmadụ (n'okpuru ụkpụrụ nke Charter nke a na 1998 wee tọ ọrụ na January 2004), kọmitii ahụ ga-enwekwu ọrụ nke agha okwu maka aka na  ikike nke ikpe.  .  [16] Na isi Julaị 2004, Mgbakọ AU ihe na a ga-alụso Ndị Ikpe Maka Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ na Ndị Mmadụ n'Ụbọ na Onyeikpe Ikpe nke Africa

Ebum n'obi na Onyeikpe Ikpe nke African Union ka ọ bụrụ "isi ngalaba ikpe nke otu".  [16] [17] N'agbanyeghị na e guzobe akara ya, e bu n'obi weghara ọrụ nke African Commission on Human and People's' Rights, nakwa ka onye ọrụ dị ka ụlọ ikpe kacha elu nke African Union, na-na-achọ iwu.  na nsogbu dị mkpa.  Protocol na-esobe Ndịikpe Afrịka na ikike mmadụ na ndị mmadụ akụkọ na January 2004, [18] mana ijikọ ya na Ndị Ikpe Ikpe Ziri Ezi egbula oge nguzobe ya.  Protocol na-esobe Onyeikpe Ikpe Ziri Ezi ga-amalite fim irẹ mgbe mba iri na ise tọrọ ya. [16]

Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) bụ ụgwọụrụ onwe nke òtù Na-ahụ Maka ụmụ America, bụkwa nke na Washington, DC yana Inter-American Court of Human Rights, nke na-egosi na San José, Costa Rica, ọ bụ  otu.  nke otu ndị ndu usoro n'etiti America maka nkwalite na nchekwa nke ikike mmadụ.  [17]IACHR bụ otu na-adịgide nke na-ezukọ na n'nkiri oge niile na nke egwuregwu iche ọtụtụ oge n'afọ ebubo nke ikike ikike na mpaghara ụwa.  Ọrụ ya ruuru sitere na akwụkwọ atọ: [17]

  1. Akwụkwọ ikike OAS ;
  2. Nkwupụta America nke ikike na ọrụ mmadụ ; na
  3. Nkwekọrịta America maka ikike mmadụ .

E hiwere Ụlọikpe Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ na Inter-American na 1979 na ebumnobi nke ịmanye na ịkọwa ndokwa nke American Convention on Human Rights. Ya mere, isi ọrụ ya abụọ bụ ikpe na ndụmọdụ:

Nkwe ima European maka ikike mmadụ 1950 kọwapụtala ma kwado ikike ọgụgụ na akwụkwọ onwe ndị bụ isi na Europe.  [18] Mba 47 niile so na Kansụl Europe abanyela aka na ebu a, ya mere ha nọ n'okpuru ikike nke ndị ọchịchị ikpe Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ na Europe na Strasbourg.  [18] Iji jide ịta ụgwọ na mmeso nri ma ọ bụ mmeso, [19] [20] e hiwere Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Mgbochi Ahụhụ . [18]

Council of Europe nakweere Nkweere na omume na-adọrọ aha ndị na May 2005, maka mkpa nke ịdọ aka ná ntị ndị mmadụ na mmegbu mmekọahụ, Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse na October 2007, na Mgbakọ maka mmekọrịta na ịlụ ọgụ.  ogụ ime ihe ike megide ụmụ echere na ime ihe ike ụlọ na Mee 2011 </link>[ a chọrọ nkọwa ]

Ụlọikpe Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ na Yurop bụ naanị ụlọikpe mba ụwa nwere ikike ikpe ikpe ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu wetara kama ịbụ obodo. [19] Ná mmalite 2010, ụlọikpe ahụ nwere ihe ndekọ nke ihe karịrị 120,000 ikpe na ndepụta nchere ọtụtụ afọ. [20] [21] [22] Ihe dị ka otu n'ime okwu iri abụọ ọ bụla e debere n'ụlọ ikpe ka a na-ewere na ọ ga-anabata ya. [23] N'afọ 2007, ụlọikpe ahụ kpebiri ikpe 1,503. N'ọnụego nke usoro a dị ugbu a, ọ ga-ewe afọ 46 maka mkpochapụ azụ azụ. [24]

Nleba anya, mmejuputa iwu na mmanye

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Enweghị ụlọ ikpe mba ụwa ugbu a na-ahụ maka iwu ikike ikike zuru ụwa ọnụ, mana otu ndị na-ahụ maka ikpe dị n'okpuru ụfọdụ UN (dị ka kọmitii ikike n'okpuru ICCPR).  ikpe mba ụwa (ICC) nwere ikike maka mpụ nke mgbu, mpụ agha na mpụ ụmụaka .  [25] Onyeikpe Europe na-ahụ maka ikike mmadụ na Inter-American Court of Human Rights na-akwado iwu mpaghara ikike mmadụ..

Ọ bụ ezie na otu òtù mba ụwa ndị a nwekwara ikike maka ikpe gbasara iwu mba ụwa, ọ dị oke mkpa ịghọta, dịka a tụlere n'elu, na usoro abụọ a bụ usoro iwu dị iche iche. [25]

Otu United Nations na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru nwere ụfọdụ usoro mmanye na- nke iwu.  Ndị a òtù òtù ndị na-abụ asaa na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a, yana usoro mmepụta nke United Nations Human Rights Council, na Universal Periodic Review na United Nations Special Rapporteur (nke a maara dị ka usoro 1235 na 1503 n'otu n)  'otu. [26]

Hụkwa

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Ntụaka

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  1. ↑ Human rights, A very short introduction replace this with a better reference later
  2. ↑ Ben-Naftali (2011). International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law (in en). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-100160-4. 
  3. ↑ What is the difference between IHL and human rights law? (en). ICRC (22 January 2015). Archived from the original on Nov 21, 2023.
  4. ↑ IHL and human rights law (en). ICRC (29 October 2010). Archived from the original on Feb 14, 2024.
  5. ↑ Koskenniemi (September 2002). "Fragmentation of International Law? Postmodern Anxieties". Leiden Journal of International Law 15 (3): 553–579. DOI:10.1017/S0922156502000262. 
  6. ↑ Goal 10 targets (en). UNDP. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved on 2020-09-23.
  7. ↑ OHCHR (30 May 2008). Archived from the original on 30 May 2008. Retrieved on 9 October 2011.
  8. ↑ Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. United Nations. Retrieved on 9 October 2011.
  9. ↑ OHCHR (9 March 2008). Archived from the original on 9 March 2008. Retrieved on 9 October 2011.
  10. ↑ Convention on the Rights of the Child. UNICEF. Retrieved on 9 October 2011.
  11. ↑ Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities. United Nations (30 March 2007). Retrieved on 9 October 2011.
  12. ↑ AU in a Nutshell. Archived from the original on 30 December 2007. Retrieved on 3 January 2008.
  13. ↑ African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Mandate of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights. Archived from the original on 20 January 2008. Retrieved on 3 January 2008.
  15. ↑ Art. 45.
  16. ↑ African Court of Justice. African International Courts and Tribunals. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved on 3 January 2008.
  17. ↑ What is the IACHR?. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. Retrieved on 3 January 2008.
  18. ↑ About the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture. European Committee for the Prevention of Torture. Retrieved on 4 January 2008.
  19. ↑ Historical Background to the European Court of Human Rights. European Court of Human Rights. Archived from the original on 22 December 2007. Retrieved on 4 January 2008.
  20. ↑ Virginia Law. Law.virginia.edu (24 March 2008). Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved on 29 August 2010.
  21. ↑ BBC article
  22. ↑ Swiss info article. Swissinfo.ch. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved on 29 August 2010.
  23. ↑ The Guardian. TheGuardian.com (16 July 2008). Retrieved on 29 August 2010.
  24. ↑ Breaking news, Ireland. Breakingnews.ie (23 January 2008). Retrieved on 29 August 2010.
  25. ↑ The Program for Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research, "Brief Primer on IHL"
  26. ↑ OHCHR. Human Rights Council Complaint Procedure. Archived from the original on 8 March 2009. Retrieved on 6 February 2009.

Njikọ mpụga

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